Created a transitive or intransitive verb. Determining the transitivity of a verb

The indicator that we want to present in the article is one of the most difficult to understand verbal differences in the Russian language. Therefore, we will try to analyze it in many ways. What is a transitive and intransitive verb is the main topic of our material. Let's start by defining the basic concept.

What is transitivity?

In this context, transitivity is one of the grammatical features of verbs, which reflects the ability of the latter to attach direct objects. In other words, it is she who indicates the ability to control nouns without a preposition. Those that denote an active object - a person, an animal, an inanimate object, etc.

From here the transitive and intransitive forms of the verb are distinguished. Let's take a closer look at each group.

Transitive verbs

We begin to determine what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Let's look at the first category.

A transitive verb denotes an action or attitude that is aimed at a specific object, passes to it. The main feature is that such verbs control an unprepositional noun, a pronoun, which is in the accusative case. But this is not an absolute rule.

If the verb form is negative, then the noun or pronoun will be in the genitive case. This state of affairs is also typical for the case when the verb does not control the entire object, but only part of it.

Transitive verbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -i- and a prefix: green, whiten and so on.

To make it clearer what an intransitive and transitive verb is, let's look at examples of the latter:

Invite relatives.
Experience joy.
Read a newspaper.
Get paid.
Drink some juice.

Features of transitive verbs

Speaking about transitive and intransitive verbs, the rules for their definition, we note that it is from the former that passive participles can be formed.

Let's look at the lexical features. In this regard, transitive verbs have the following meanings:

Creation, change, destruction of something, material and intangible, movement ( write a book, repaint a wall, break a contract).
Sensory perception ( hear footsteps, see the world, feel the cold).
Impact on something that does not lead to a change in this object ( thank your mother, scold your student, pet your puppy).
Expressing your emotional attitude, feeling or perception ( hate betrayal, love the Motherland, prefer fruits).

Intransitive verbs

We continue to find out what a transitive and intransitive verb is. Logically, we will include in the second group what is not included in the first.

An intransitive verb denotes any action that does not transfer to the object and does not need the latter at all. Hence, it does not combine with accusative case nouns without a preposition.

Here are some examples of intransitive verbs:

Sit on the chair.
Go to the shop.
Live with you.
Enjoy the new day.

Features of intransitive verbs

In lexical terms, intransitive verbs can have the following meaning:

Narration about mental, physical state, position in space ( lie down on the couch, feel homesick, get a sore throat).
Existence, movement ( walk the road, be yourself, show up at the office).
Description of any activity, property of a person, object ( teach at school, lounge around in the garden).
The appearance, change of any qualities, the formation of a certain characteristic ( turn red to the ears, lose weight).

Intransitive verbs are also distinguished by the following:

Many have the suffixes -sya, -sya ( meet, get carried away, catch fire).
They are also characterized by the suffixes -icha-, -nicha-, -e- ( to become weak, to be greedy, to be capricious).
A considerable part of them are returnable (

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn At school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

Bibliography

Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

I think the above rule is more than clear. Based on this, we will now try to select a list of transitive verbs:

stroked the cat;
looked for the keys;
wrote down the recipe, etc.

and intransitive verbs:

fell asleep standing up;
jump;
fly.

Transitive verbs are those whose action passes to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, draw, look, warm, and so on.
Intransitive verbs are those whose action does not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, study, fly, develop, and so on. Everything is very simple!
Transitive verbs, examples:
I read a magazine
watching a movie,
didn't drink tea
amassed a collection
ironing clothes
to love life,
foamed the soap.
Intransitive verbs, examples:
thought about life
got ready to visit
get the flu,
wave a flag

stared at the fire.
Transitive verbs can be identified by conjugation; these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to an object and on this basis transitive verbs differ from intransitive verbs, which denote an action in itself. The tables contain definitions and examples of two types of verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs after which you need to write an addition or clarification. And intransitive ones are independent verbs.
Examples of transitive verbs:
- Girl writes composition.
- The boy is already saw This movie.
Examples of intransitive verbs:
- Old man fell.
- Finally a bus I arrived.
Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).

Some examples of intransitive verbs: dress, have fun, rejoice.
Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another object. Transitive verbs are verbs that control the accusative case of a noun without pretext and the genitive case with negation, with the noun designating a part of the whole or, on the contrary, a large number of objects.
Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked mushrooms, did not learn the rules.
All other verbs are intransitive and returnable Same.
For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking your fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.
Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.
After the verb it is necessary to ask the question whom? or what?. If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive; if not, then it is intransitive.
For example: I see (what?) a tree,
I know (what?) the rule,
I'm preparing (what?) soup.
BUT I admire (the question WHAT? cannot be asked),
I’m coming (you can’t ask such a question either).
There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the noun in the accusative case next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stand the birch bluntly. I look at the birch tree- look intransitive, because the noun in the accusative case comes with a preposition. I see a birch tree verb to see transition, because the noun came into vin. pad. without pretext. And everything like that. Very easy and simple.
The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case the word birch, but in the text any word) can also be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2). before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.
The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sya or -sya on a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transitive ones than intransitive ones.
Verbs can be transitional And not transitional. In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.
This can happen, firstly, when a verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.
Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when there is a negative particle before the transitive verb (watched TV - didn’t watch TV), and also when the action extends to part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part of things).
Other verbs are not transitive: get involved in (what?) football.
If you take into account the transitivity/non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: stand for an hour (in line), - the noun is in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.

Transitivity/intransitivity is a category on the basis of which the relationship between the subject and object of an action can be distinguished. The meaning of this category is that the subject performs a certain action, and its result may or may not “appear” (not transfer) to the subject. Therefore, verbs in Russian are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Lexical meaning

To determine transitivity, it is necessary to identify a key feature that acts as an addition to the verb and has a certain case marking.

A transitive verb is a verb that has the meaning of an action that is aimed at an object and changes or produces it (check the work, dig a hole).

Intransitive verb - denotes movement or position in space, or a moral state, or a physical state.

So-called labile verbs are also distinguished. They can act as both transitive and intransitive (the editor edits the manuscript - the world is ruled by the person himself).

Syntactic difference

The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:

In addition, the object of action with transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in the following cases:

when designating part of an object: buy water, drink tea;
if the verb has a negation: I have no right, I haven’t read the book.

Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have the following basic differences.

Morphological characteristics

As a rule, these verbs do not have special But still, certain types of word formation act as indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So, a transitive verb is:

all verbs with the suffix -sya (make sure);
denominative verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha-(-icha-) stands out: to be picky, to become weak, to be greedy.

Transitive verbs include verbs that are formed from adjectives using the suffix -i-: green, blacken.

There are some cases when, by attaching a prefix to intransitive unprefixed verbs, transitive verbs are formed. Examples: harm and neutralize.

If there is no object in the sentence, then the transitive verb performs the function of an intransitive verb: The student writes well (the property inherent in this person is indicated).

Intransitive verbs contain a special group of reflexive verbs; their formal sign is the suffix -sya (to wash, to return).

Reflexive verbs. Peculiarities

Reflexive verbs are studied in the school curriculum, just like transitive verbs (grade 6).

A reflexive verb denotes an action directed towards oneself. It is formed using the particle (postfix) -sya (-s).

The following main features of these verbs can be identified:

Firstly, they can come from both transitive verbs (dress - dress) and intransitive verbs (knock - knock). But still, reflexive verbs (transitive verbs after adding the postfix -sya (-sya)) in any case become intransitive (to dress - to dress).
Secondly, these postfixes are added: -sya - after consonants (washed, washed, washed), -sya - after vowels (dressed, dressed). It is worth noting that participles are always written with the postfix -sya (dressing, washing).
Thirdly, reflexive verbs are formed in three ways: suffixal-postfixal - by adding a suffix and a postfix to the stem (res+vi(t)sya), prefixal-postfixal (na+drink_sya), postfixal (wash+sya).

Formation of derivatives in -sya and passive participles

Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs are the formation of derivatives in -sya and which is not typical for intransitive verbs, let’s take a closer look at this process.

In most cases, a transitive verb is one that forms a passive participle or derivatives with the ending -sya, which can have a reflexive (hurry up), passive (create), or decausative (break up) meaning.

Exceptions are the verbs add (in weight), cost, weigh, and most semelfactives in -nu (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and reflexive derivatives.

But still, there are intransitive verbs that can form passive constructions. For example, the verb expect. He forms a passive from an intransitive construction with the addition in I expect the arrival of Vasily - the arrival of Vasily is expected.

Correlation of verb transitivity

Despite the fact that transitivity does not have a single formal expression, there are still trends that connect the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verbal prefixes:

The overwhelming majority of non-reflexive verbs with the prefix raz- are transitive (to blur, to push apart). The exceptions are: verbs denoting movement with the suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, driving around); verbs expressing spontaneous changes in the properties of an object, in particular those containing the suffix -nu-, formed from intransitive verbs (soak, melt, swell); verbs containing thematic vowels -e-, which denote a change in properties (get rich, get rich); including calling, thinking about it.
Almost all containing the prefix iz-, are transitive (exceptions: get wet, run out, deign and others).

Semantic properties of transitive verbs

The Russian language has a large class. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb may have a direct object that plays another semantic role (for example, see, have, create - with these transitive verbs nothing happens to the object, it is not destroyed, does not change).

So it turns out that contrast by transitivity should not be strictly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that a transitive verb does not necessarily have to denote an agential-patient situation. But still, some trends can be noted.

So, a transitive verb is:

Semantic properties of intransitive verbs

Having identified the semantic properties of transitive verbs, we can determine the properties of all the others, that is, intransitive ones:

Verbs are one-place, without objects, that is, characterizing a change in the state of the patient (direct object, significantly affected by the situation), which was not caused by the agent. Or a case is possible when the agent plays an insignificant role: die, rot, fall, get wet.
Doubles with an indirect addition. That is, verbs of help (with the exception of support): promote, help, condone, assist.
Verbs that are used with an object that is an integral part of the agentive participant of the verb (to move, move, wave).
Verbs of perception of a fictitious situation (count on, expect (what), rely on, hope for).

Non-canonical types of direct objects

It has already been said more than once that the key property of transitive verbs is the ability to interact with the direct object in the accusative case. But there are classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but also with a word or phrase of another part of speech that is semantically identical to it to one degree or another. It can be:

prepositional phrase (I scratched his ear);
genitive group (grandfather did not read this newspaper);
adverbial group (he drinks a lot, I decided so);
sentential actant (infinitive phrase - I like to go to the theater; subordinate clause used together with the conjunction - so that or - that - I understood that he will go to the sea; subordinate clause together with the conjunction - when - I don’t like it when it rains).

Some of the listed constructions can not only replace the direct object used with transitive verbs, but also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:

Analogues of the above complements in the accusative case have, to varying degrees, the prototypical properties of direct complements.

Let's sum it up

Despite the fact that this topic is one of the difficult ones, we were able to determine what a transitive verb means. We also learned to distinguish it from the intransitive and distinguish reflexive ones from the latter. And to prove this, let us give as an example phrases with transitive verbs, with intransitive and reflexive verbs:

transitional: paint the walls, treat a patient, read a book, sew a suit, widen a sleeve, buy tea, drink water, has no right, rock a child;
intransitive: walk the streets, believe in goodness, walk in the park, become exhausted from fatigue;
reflexive: achieve a goal, disagree, get closer to each other, obey the boss, think about existence, vouch for a brother, touch on an issue.