Independent and non-independent parts of speech. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech: classification and examples

§1. What is the classification of words based on parts of speech?

Morphology studies the grammatical nature of words and classifies them based on their inherent morphological features. In principle, a variety of classifications are possible: the result depends on what features are used as the basis. Therefore, when faced with a classification, always think about what it is based on.

Morphological classification of words - this is their division into classes, which are called parts of speech.
This is a complex classification. It is built not on one, but on three criteria:

grammatical meaning
set of morphological characters
syntactic role in a sentence

Grammatical meaning- this is the most generalized meaning characteristic of the entire class of words. More subtle differences in meaning reflect ranks by value, which are allocated for one or another part of speech. For example, let's look at a noun.

The grammatical meaning of a noun is “object”. It is expressed in words that answer the questions: Who what?
Examples: Who what? - leg, lamp, son, Moscow, gold, silver, nobility, youth, goodness, greed.
These words, of course, convey different meanings: concrete and abstract, material, collective, proper. What is important for morphology is that these differences in meaning are expressed at the morphological level. For example, most nouns with specific meanings usually have singular and plural forms: leg legs, and all the rest - only one form: either singular or plural: Moscow(own) - singular, gold(real) - units. h., nobility(collective) - units. h., good(abstract) - singular But all these words are of the same class. They answer certain questions, which distinguishes them from other classes of words, such as verbs that answer questions: What to do?, What to do? and express the grammatical meaning of “action”: walk, jump, laugh, fight, study.

Morphological characteristics - these are characteristics of the grammatical nature of words. For morphology it is important:

whether the words change or not,
what sets of forms does a word have,
what endings are these forms expressed by,
what these forms express.

Some morphological features are common to several parts of speech, for example case, others are characteristic of only one class of words, for example time. One and the same feature can be unchangeable, constant for some class of words and changeable for others, such as, for example, genus. Each part of speech has its own set of morphological features. Without knowing them, it is impossible to carry out a morphological analysis of a word and understand what unites words of one part of speech and distinguishes them from words of other parts of speech.

Syntactic role in a sentence - it is the role that words of a certain class play in a sentence. Important:

whether the word is a member of a sentence,
what is its role in the grammatical structure of a sentence.

§2. Parts of speech

Attention:

The dotted line shows that not all authors distinguish participles, gerunds and the category of state. This issue is discussed in more detail below.

Part of speech is a class of words united by a common grammatical meaning, a set of morphological features and a syntactic role in a sentence. This class of words differs from other classes in a set of characteristics.

The logic of this classification of Russian words by parts of speech is generally accepted.

It is also common to distinguish:

interjections and non-interjective word classes,
non-interjectives are divided into auxiliary and independent classes of words,
among independent ones, distinguish between significant and pronominal words,
nominatives are divided into changing and unchanging (adverbial),
inflected ones are divided into inflected and conjugated (verbs),
Declined ones are further divided by types of declension (nouns inflected by number and cases and others inflected by number, cases and gender).

Traditionally distinguished 10 parts of speech:

Nouns
Adjectives
Numerals
Pronouns
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
Unions
Particles
Interjections

§3. Why do textbooks indicate different numbers of parts of speech?

Linguistics is an interpretive science, i.e. explanatory.
Specific interpretations of linguistic phenomena depend on the point of view of the author.
There are phenomena in language that can be interpreted (explained) in different ways.

Participles and gerunds

The dotted lines on the diagram show the special status of participles and gerunds. Depending on the point of view, they are either considered forms of the verb, in which case they form part of speech Verb, or are identified as special parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?

The peculiarity of participles is that they retain verbal features, for example, aspect, tense, transitivity, reflexivity, conjugation. But at the same time, participles are modified in a special way, like adjectives. Full participles - by case and number, and in the singular - by gender, and short participles - by number and in the singular - by gender. And the participles do not change at all.

Interpretation 1 : Participle and gerund are special forms of verbs.
Initial form: verb in the infinitive form, i.e. infinitive.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are formative suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles: and gerunds: erecting- these are just different forms of one word erect.

Interpretation 2 : participle and gerund are independent parts of speech.
Initial form of participle: unit form. numbers, husband kind.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are word-forming suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles erecting, erecting, erecting and gerunds erecting - different words belonging to different parts of speech.

The line of dots on the diagram shows the special status of words in the state category. The name itself, by the way, is also unlike the names of other parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?

It has long been noted that adverbial words are very diverse. In particular, a group of adverbial unchangeable words that denote the state of a person is distinguished. To me Cold, and to him hot. This is not the same as: loud scream, quiet laugh. Both the meaning and role in the sentence of the words: cold, hot - loud quiet vary.

Interpretation 1: All these words are adverbs. Among them there is a special subgroup that has its own characteristics.

Interpretation 2: Adverbs and words of the state category are different parts of speech. They have different meanings and different roles in a sentence.

Discussing the problem of interpretation

How should children answer teachers' questions? How to complete test tasks? How to perform morphological analysis of words? And word-formation analysis, by the way, too?

Nowhere does it say: figure it out for yourself and make a choice which point of view to adhere to. The textbooks clearly state: this is so. Some authors categorically do not accept other points of view and directly state: the other point of view is erroneous. That is, the adults could not agree among themselves. What should schoolchildren do? Everyone has the State Examination or the Unified State Exam ahead, and the younger guys have both exams.

Remember:

how this material is given by the authors of your textbook;
what textbook are you studying with: learn the names of the authors;
When completing tasks, do not rush between different concepts, act consciously and, most importantly, consistently.

For graduates: be prepared to explain the point of view you share and name the textbook in which it is presented. No one has the right to consider it unacceptable and reduce the grade for it. In case of misunderstandings when assessing your knowledge, which arose as a result of different interpretations of linguistic phenomena in school textbooks, persistently ask to understand the situation. The necessary information for protection is on this site.

§4. Servants - independent parts of speech

Any person who speaks Russian understands that there is an important difference between auxiliary and independent classes of words.

Functional parts of speech:

Prepositions
Unions
Particles

Independent parts of speech:

Noun
Adjective
Numeral
Verb
Adverb

Attention:

Interjection is a special part of speech. She is neither official nor independent.

What is the main difference?

Service parts of speech express not independent meanings, but relationships between members of a sentence or sentences, or give words and sentences different shades of meaning. They do not have a set of morphological characteristics and are not members of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech express the grammatical meaning characteristic of the entire class of words:

Nouns - "thing"
Adjective - “sign of an object”
Numeral - “number, quantity, order in counting”
Verb - "action"
Adverb - “a sign of a sign, a sign of an action”
Pronoun - “indication”

Independent parts of speech are divided into nominatives and pronouns.
Significant parts of speech name objects, signs, actions, numbers, and pronouns only point to them.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

What classification is based on the grammatical meaning of words, a set of their morphological features and the syntactic role of words in a sentence?
- Members' proposals
- Parts of speech
Can one and the same morphological feature be common to words from different parts of speech?
Can one and the same morphological feature be changeable in some words and unchangeable in others?
Can words from the same part of speech be different parts of a sentence?
Can words from different parts of speech be one part of a sentence?
Is it correct to believe that significant words are divided into changeable and unchangeable?
What part of speech is an interjection?
- Self-sufficient
- Service
- Neither one nor the other
What parts of speech is opposed to interjection?
- Official
- Independent
- Both one and the other, that is, everyone
Do numerals decline?
Are pronouns conjugated?
Are all independent parts of speech significant?
Are all significant parts of speech independent?

Right answers:

Parts of speech
Neither one nor the other
Both one and the other, that is, everyone

How do words change in Russian? (for high school students and those who want to understand this)

In contact with

1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.

Together with syntax, morphology makes up a branch of the science of language called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has characteristics that can be grouped into three groups:

3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.

4. Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

	Part of speech	Questions	Examples
1	Noun	Who? What?	Boy, uncle, table, wall, window.
2	Verb	what to do? what to do?	To saw, to saw, to know, to find out.
3	Adjective	Which? whose?	Nice, blue, mom's, door.
4	Numeral	How many? which?	Five, five, five.
5	Adverb	How? When? Where? and etc.	Fun, yesterday, close.
6	Pronoun	Who? Which? How many? How? and etc.	I, he, so, my, so much, so, there.
7	Participle	Which? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.)	Dreaming, dreaming.
8	Participle	How? (doing what? doing what?)	Dreaming, deciding.

Notes

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and forms of the verb. In this manual we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such parts of speech as numerals. In particular, in “academic grammar” it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.

3) Different manuals characterize the composition of pronouns differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere etc. in some school textbooks they are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in “academic grammar” and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

5. Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.

Functional words cannot be questioned.

Function words are not parts of the sentence.

Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.

The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);

union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);

particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. occupy a special position among parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).

Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.

7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.

TO immutable include all auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:

adverbs ( forward, always);

gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also remain unchanged:

nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);

adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);

pronouns ( then, there).

by using graduation;

Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.

by using endings and prepositions;

Sister - to sister, with sister, with sister.

by using auxiliary words.

To independent parts speeches include noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun, speeches e. A noun is an independent part speeches, which generally names the subject and answers the questions who? What? This group of words can denote an object (table, house), a person (boy, student), ( , ), a sign (depth, height), an abstract concept (conscience, altruism), an action (singing, dancing), an attitude (equality, exclusivity ). Nouns, animate or inanimate, proper or common, have gender, number and case. In a sentence they most often appear or. Adjective - independent part speeches, denoting a feature of an object and answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “whose?”. A sign is usually understood as properties, quality, belonging, characterizing objects. According to their meaning, adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. Adjectives depend on nouns and agree with them, that is, they are placed in the same case, number and gender. Adjectives can have a full and short form (green, green). In a sentence these parts speeches there are usually agreed upon definitions. Short adjectives are used only as predicates. The verb is an independent part speeches, which denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do? (to be, to look). Verbs are imperfect and perfect, transitive and intransitive. This part speeches changes according to inclination. The initial (indefinite) form of a verb is called the infinitive. It has no time, number, person or gender (to do, to walk). The verbs in the sentence are . A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action. It answers the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?” (flying, drawn). A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb that denotes a sign, but acts as a sign of another action. It answers the questions “doing what?”, “having done what?” (crying, playing, missing). The numeral is an independent part speeches, which denotes the number, number of objects, as well as their order when counting. According to their meaning, they are divided into quantitative (answer the question “how much?”) and ordinal (answer the questions “which?”, “which ones?”). The numerals change (fifth, fifth, fifth). In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, adverbial tense, and attribute. Pronoun is an independent part speeches, indicating objects, signs, but not naming them (I, mine, this). In a sentence they are used as a subject, an object, a determiner, less often - a circumstance, a predicate. According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into personal (I, you, he, they), reflexive (themselves), interrogative (who, which), relative (who, what, which), indefinite (something, some), negative (no one, how many). then), possessive (my, our, yours), demonstrative (that, such, so much), (any, other). On speeches e - independent part speeches, which denotes a sign of an object, a sign of an action, a sign of another sign. It answers the questions “how?”, “where?”, “where?”, “when?”, “why?”, “for what?” (good, carefully, beautiful, tomorrow, very). On speeches e is not inflected, does not conjugate, and is most often an adverbial adverbial clause in a sentence.

The great Russian language is rich in its diversity. And that is why all words are divided into independent and auxiliary parts of speech. This means that some of them can represent something whole separately, while others can only be combined with the first.

Independent and auxiliary parts of speech: characteristics and classification

So, the science of morphology deals with parts of speech. This is one of the sections of grammar that studies words as individual “molecules of language.” Independent parts of speech are words that separately represent semantic connotation and meaning. Such groups include nouns, numerals and adjectives, as well as verbs, pronouns, adverbs and participles along with gerunds. Each of the above parts of speech has its own general morphological features, which include gender/case/number, tense, invariability of the word, person, its conjugation or declension. Independent parts of speech are also called significant. They denote objects, as well as any of their signs and actions.

Detailed description

Now it’s worth talking about each part of speech in more detail. It’s worth noting right away that in the Russian language there is no consensus on the relationship between participles and gerunds to one of the groups of parts of speech. So, a noun is a word that denotes an object or something that performs an action (for example, window, boy, dad, girl). A verb is a word that indicates and defines the action of an object. Accordingly, he answers questions such as “what to do”, “what did you do”, “what did you do” (for example, sawing, singing, will eat, walking). The numeral name speaks for itself - these are words that determine degree and quantity (for example, fifth, six, eight, one and a half). An adjective is a word that denotes a sign of what is performing an action, its qualities (for example, wooden, motherly, strong, smart). The next part of speech from the category of independent ones is an adverb, which answers all sorts of questions like “where”, “how”, “why”, “when” (for example, close, fun, quickly, yesterday). A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a name (for example, he, it, and others). That is, pronouns seem to replace and spatially generalize the object that performs the action. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech have many meanings, so you need to know the characteristics of each group. Participle and gerund are special forms of the verb, only the first indicates the definition of the attribute, and the second indicates the image of the action performed. For example, “dreaming” is a gerund, “dreaming” is a participle.

Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech are non-independent words. This group traditionally includes particles, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. It is worth recalling that these words existing separately cannot be members of a sentence, but they can be part of them. For example, together with a noun. Thus, when analyzing a proposal, do not forget about such subtleties. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are the basis of literacy. Knowing the features of each group, you can easily make the correct morphological analysis, as well as draw up sentence diagrams.