Andrey and oak analysis. Excerpts for memorizing from the novel "War and Peace" (two optional)
N. G. Chernyshevsky wrote his novel “What is to be done?” while imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In this novel, he wrote about “new people” who had just appeared in the country.
In the novel “What is to be done?”, in all its figurative system Chernyshevsky tried to present in living heroes, in life situations those standards that, as he believed, should be the main measure of public morality. In their statement, Chernyshevsky saw the high purpose of art.
Heroes "What to do?" - “special people”, “new people”: Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna. Their so-called reasonable egoism is the result of a conscious sense of purpose, the conviction that an individual can only feel good in a rationally structured society, among people who also feel good. These rules, as we know, were adhered to by Chernyshevsky himself in life, and they are followed by the “new people” - the heroes of his novel.
“New people” do not sin and do not repent. They always think and therefore only make errors in calculations, and then correct these errors and avoid them in subsequent calculations. Among the “new people”, goodness and truth, honesty and knowledge, character and intelligence turn out to be identical concepts; The smarter a person is, the more honest he is, because he makes fewer mistakes. “New people” never demand anything from others; they themselves need complete freedom of feelings, thoughts and actions, and therefore they deeply respect this freedom in others. They accept from each other what is given - I don’t say voluntarily, this is not enough, but with joy, with complete and living pleasure.
Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, who appear in the novel “What to do?” the main representatives of the new type of people, do not do anything that would exceed ordinary human capabilities. They are ordinary people, and the author himself recognizes them as such people; this circumstance is extremely important, and it gives the whole novel a special deep meaning. Describing Lopukhov, Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, the author states: this is how ordinary people can be, and this is how they should be if they want to find a lot of happiness and pleasure in life. Wishing
To prove to readers that they are truly ordinary people, the author brings onto the stage the titanic figure of Rakhmetov, whom he himself recognizes as extraordinary and calls him “special.” Rakhmetov does not participate in the action of the novel, and he has nothing to do in it. People like him are necessary only then and there, when and where they can be historical figures. Neither science nor family happiness satisfies them. They love all people, suffer from every injustice that occurs, experience in their own souls the great grief of millions and give everything they can give to heal this grief. Chernyshevsky's attempt to introduce a special person to readers can be called successful. Before him, Turgenev took on this matter, but completely unsuccessfully.
Chernyshevsky’s “new people” are the children of city officials and townspeople. They work, study natural sciences, and began to make their way in life early. Therefore, they understand working people and take the path of transforming life. They are engaged in work that is necessary for the people, abandoning all the benefits that private practice could give them. Before us is a whole group of like-minded people. The basis of their activities is propaganda. Kirsanov’s student circle is one of the most effective. Young revolutionaries are brought up here, the personality of a “special person”, a professional revolutionary, is formed here.
Chernyshevsky also touches on the problem of women's emancipation. Having escaped from her parents' house, Vera Pavlovna frees other women. She creates a workshop where she helps poor girls find their place in life. Chernyshevsky thus wants to show what needs to be transferred from the future to the present. These are also new labor Relations, and fair wages, and the combination of mental and physical work.
Thus, Russian literature, like a mirror, reflected the emergence of “new people”, new trends in the development of society. In the same time literary heroes became models for worship and imitation. And the social literary utopia “What is to be done?” in the part that talks about the fair organization of labor and remuneration for labor, it became a guiding star for several generations of Russian revolutionaries.
"New People" in the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" (2)
I wanted to portray ordinary decent people new generation.
The revolutionary-democrat Chernyshevsky, a follower of Belinsky, is near and dear to everyone honest people lands with their faith in a better future for working humanity, with their historical optimism. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What to do?” was a political testament addressed to revolutionary youth. The strength of the novel lies in the fact that it convinces of the truth, beauty and greatness of the new, advanced in life. He answers the most main question era: what should people do who do not want to live in the old way, who strive to bring closer the beautiful tomorrow of their Motherland and all humanity. Chernyshevsky's heroes are progressive people of Russia. They are convinced socialists, the ultimate goal of their activities is a people's revolution. They embody the character traits of the revolutionaries emerging in Russia with their unyielding will to fight, high moral nobility, and boundless devotion to the people and the Motherland. The heroes of the novel contain the best traits of Chernyshevsky himself and his friends.
Lopukhov and Kirsanov are typical commoner democrats, who through their labor created the opportunity for themselves to receive an education. They are atheists and materialists in their worldview. Chernyshevsky’s “new people” not only destroy old world, but they themselves are building a new society. They recognize art aesthetic impact on a person of the beauty of nature, they firmly believe in friendship and show a comradely attitude towards a woman. They give their whole lives to the people, work for their benefit, sparing no effort, and find great satisfaction in this. Chernyshevsky's heroes are even ready for people to condemn their behavior if this is necessary for the common good.
Chernyshevsky's heroes passionately defend their right to self-respect. This is their “benefit”, their “selfishness”. Like real revolutionaries, Lopukhov and Kirsanov want happiness, equality, brotherhood for all peoples. So Lopukhov, having arrived in America, is actively involved in the struggle for the liberation of blacks.
Chernyshevsky gave in his novel the image of “ new woman”, Vera Pavlovna, whom Lopukhov rescued from the “basement of bourgeois life.” Vera Pavlovna harmoniously developed person. She actively helps her comrades in all their endeavors. What is especially remarkable about her is her desire to improve - she decides to become a doctor in order to bring more great benefit to people.
We see that all the activities of Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna are inspired by faith in the advent of a bright future. They are no longer alone, although their circle of like-minded people is still small. But it was precisely people like Kirsanov, Lopukhov, Vera Pavlovna and others that Russia needed at that time. Their images served as an example for shaping the worldview of the revolutionary generation.
Chernyshevsky realized that the people depicted in the novel were his dream. But this dream at the same time turned out to be a prophecy. “Years will pass,” says the author of the novel about the type of new person, “and he will be reborn in more numerous people.”
Chernyshevsky's work was continued by other people. They were ahead of him in many ways, but they proceeded from the foundations that he laid while living and working in feudal Russia.
Bibliography
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New people
The novel “What to do?” was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky in 1862-1863 within the walls Peter and Paul Fortress. In it he presented whole line“new” personalities who could replace the usual society and become the social core of that time. The socio-political background of the novel was not immediately noticed by the censors, so his work was easily published. The main plot line was the theme of love. Within a year, the text had spread throughout the country. However, over time, it became clear that the author wanted to introduce readers to the “new people” of his novel. The world of these people was formed in the struggle against the old regime, which had long since outlived its usefulness, but continued to dominate.
So, for example, mother main character- Marya Alekseevna is interested exclusively in issues of profit and profit. This moneylender dreams of marrying her daughter to a rich gentleman and tells her to be courteous to the owner’s son. Vera Pavlovna is the complete opposite of her mother. This is a reasonable, sensible and mature-spirited girl who understands perfectly what this rich womanizer is trying to achieve. Over time, staying in home For Vera, it becomes completely unbearable and a young student at the medical academy, Dmitry Lopukhov, begins to help her. Although he is the son of a landowner, he always paved his own path. So, gradually, around Vera Pavlovna and Lopukhov, a new circle of people.
These people are young, energetic, interesting, full of strength and new ideas. They often visit the house of the Lopukhovs, who entered into a fictitious marriage to save Vera. This is the intelligent Kirsanov, and the desperate Rakhmetov, and other young students from St. Petersburg and abroad educational institutions. Having decided to open a sewing workshop, Vera Pavlovna invites girls to work there who find themselves in the same predicament as she once was. These girls now work not for hire, but for equal rights with Vera Pavlovna. They not only work together, but also relax in free time, organizing picnics, tea parties and small talk. All commoners involved in the novel are united by a heightened sense of duty and dignity.
Chernyshevsky’s “New Lyuli” are full of hopes for a bright future. For them, honesty and integrity come first. They know for sure that other personal happiness cannot be built on misfortune. Not last place The novel is occupied by introspection and the psychology of behavior of each individual individual. The greatest resonance in society was caused by the chapter “A Special Person” about the extraordinary student Rakhmetov, in whom the author saw an ideal revolutionary. Perhaps this is the most active person of all the “new people”. He fights for " new world“not for life, but for death, and for this I am ready to resort to all sorts of means. This young man strengthened his strength of character through physical labor and material deprivation. This is exactly how the author saw it “ new person", capable of making fundamental changes in society and developing it.
Independent work No. 4.
Nikolai Gavrilovich CHERNYSHEVSKY (1828-1889)- one of the most prominent representatives cohorts of “raznochintsy” - writers, scientists, public figures of the 60s of the 19th century, who came either from the semi-peasant environment of the village clergy, or from among the bankrupt landowners, or from the lower classes of the city bureaucracy. This generation was distinguished by a thirst for knowledge, faith in own strength, the desire to change the social relations in Russia that did not suit them by any means, including violence, for the sake of future social harmony and equality.
While still a student at St. Petersburg University, Chernyshevsky sets the goal of his life to fight poverty, dreaming of a time when all people will live “at least the way people live who earn 15 - 20,000 rubles a year. income". At first he assumed that the path to this material well-being lay through technical progress, even at one time was interested in creating a perpetual motion machine. But then, largely under the influence of the famous public figure Petrashevsky, he is inclined to think about the need for a violent overthrow of the autocracy. He is credited with the authorship of the proclamation “Bow to the lordly peasants from their well-wishers,” the purpose of which was to call Russia “to the axe.” He dreamed of “splitting the people”, organizing peasant unrest, “which can be suppressed everywhere and, perhaps, will make many unhappy for a while, but... this will give broad support to all uprisings.” “For malicious intent to overthrow the existing order, for taking measures to indignate and for composing an outrageous appeal,” Chernyshevsky was arrested and sentenced "deprive all rights of the estate and exile to hard labor in the mines for fourteen years and then settled in Siberia forever".
But even in hard labor, he did not stop his active revolutionary and social activities, thanks to which a generation of commoners of the 70s and 80s was formed, even more radically and irreconcilably disposed towards the autocracy, even more decisively making bloody revolutionary sacrifices - these are revolutionary terrorists, notorious in the case of Nechaev, Vera Figner, Alexander Ulyanov, the elder brother of the future leader of the Bolsheviks.
Only a few months before his death, in 1889, Chernyshevsky was able to return home to Saratov, where he managed to work for some time as a teacher in a gymnasium.
The novel “What to do?”- the most famous work N.G. Chernyshevsky, written in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he was placed after his arrest, actually for four and a half months. The novel was published in 1863, since censorship did not immediately understand the revolutionary meaning of the work. This novel is didactic and utopian. Chernyshevsky dreamed that already in the process of reading ordinary person became a new person in the sense in which the author himself understands this word, and some of the readers would decide to take the path of special people about whom the author himself said: “They are few, but life blossoms with them. They are the engines of engines, the salt of the earth.”
Artistic originality novel, among other things, lies in the double understanding positive hero, through which the author’s ideals are expressed.
The focus is on the heroes whom Chernyshevsky calls “new” due to their unconventional attitude to social and moral values society in which they live. These are Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Katya Polozova, girls from Vera Pavlovna’s workshop, whom she managed to introduce to the views that she herself held. These are people for whom the main thing is honesty and decency in relation to each other, an indifferent attitude towards wealth not earned by honest labor, and at the same time the desire to live with dignity, without denying themselves the small joys of life such as soft goat shoes and coffee with cream.
Having come from among the commoners, who studied for “copper pennies,” they consider decent work and the desire for the good of their neighbor to be the most important things in life. They form the so-called “theory of reasonable egoism,” the essence of which is that a person can feel good only when others around him feel good. By doing a good deed for others, even while infringing on one’s own rights and opportunities, a person becomes happy because those close to him are happy. The characters test this theory with their lives. When Lopukhov saw that Verochka Rozalskaya needed to be saved from her own mother, who intends to marry her to the rich and immoral Storeshnikov, he decides to marry her, although this requires him to quit his studies and look for work. He completely disinterestedly passes on the data of his scientific research to his friend Kirsanov, making it easier for him to get his diploma. Vera Pavlovna starts workshops for poor girls, saving them from poverty and consumption, and divides the profits equally. In case of marriage, he gives a substantial dowry for the girl. When Vera Pavlovna fell in love with Kirsanov, she informs her husband about this, trusting him infinitely, and he stages his own suicide, freeing Vera from marriage.
As a result, this universal dedication leads to universal happiness: Lopukhov, having gotten rich honestly somewhere in America, finds love and mutual understanding with Vera Pavlovna’s friend Katya Polozova.
The rationalism and normativity of such a plot structure are obvious, and the author does not hide it, wishful thinking. The morality of new people is not based on religion. To introduce new way relationships, the writer schematizes human nature.
This remark is still in to a greater extent concerns a “special person” - the nobleman Rakhmetov, who renounced all the rights and benefits of his class and even personal happiness for the sake of the happiness of all people. Rakhmetov tempers himself in anticipation of future trials and suffering, strengthens himself physically and spiritually: he works as a barge hauler on the Volga, receiving the nickname Nikitushka Lomov, limits himself to food, not allowing any delicacies, even if financial situation allows (and this little thing distinguishes him from the “new people!”), sleeps on felt studded with nails, or does not sleep at all for three days, strengthening his will, spending time reading books. The “cause” that Rakhmetov serves is not specifically shown for censorship reasons, but general atmosphere The 60s of the 19th century allowed us to draw the correct conclusion: he is a revolutionary, like the author himself and his comrades.
Chernyshevsky's utopian views were most fully expressed in Vera Pavlovna's 4th dream. With the help of this conventional technique, which does not constrain the freedom of imagination, Chernyshevsky tries to look into the future. His ideas about the future are optimistic, and this is the most important thing. Humanity, according to Chernyshevsky, will realize its right to freedom, work, creativity and personal happiness. Another thing is that Chernyshevsky’s very understanding of happiness is naive and limited. In Chernyshevsky’s future there is no place for personal feelings and qualities, or rather, they are seen as an exception to the rule. Members of the community are provided free of charge with all the conditions for a normal, or rather, normative life, but if the needs of the individual go beyond the norm (you want something tasty or especially beautiful outfits), then you have to pay for it. The very forms of payment for labor in the future society are not specified. There is no family as a unit of society, as the strongest human community, which includes both personal and altruistic relationships.
Some of what Chernyshevsky predicted, having barely begun to come true, turned into its opposite, for example, the active change of nature, the transfer of northern rivers into the desert, the construction of canals, etc. led to irreparable losses of the ecological balance of the planet; aluminum as a material of the future is outdated, humanity increasingly values natural, natural materials. People are increasingly concentrated in megacities rather than in settlements surrounded by nature. Predicting the future is a difficult and thankless task, and Chernyshevsky is not alone in his mistakes and delusions.
In the society of the future there are no fears of want or grief, but there are no memories either. These are people without a past. The article illustrates Chernyshevsky’s idea of a harmonious person, whose life combines easy, pleasant work with songs, development creativity people (choir, theater), relaxation, fun (dancing and singing), love and procreation, health care, respect for the elderly. But this rationality and harmony turn out to be unconvincing, since the problems of the individual in its relation to other members of society are not highlighted; In their desire for an easy and carefree life, people of the future are deprived of the past, historical memory, and bypass the complexities of existence. Call “Love the future, bring it closer, transfer from it to the present everything that you can transfer” turns out to be overly journalistic, unfounded and declarative.
In the novel by G.N. Chernyshevsky, a special place belongs to the so-called “new people”. They are in between ordinary people immersed in their own selfish interests (Marya Alekseevna), and special person modern times - Rakhmetov.
Chernyshevsky’s “new people” no longer belong to the dark old world, but they have not yet entered another. Vera Pavlovna, Kirsanov, Lopukhov, and Mertsalovs found themselves at this intermediate stage. These heroes are already solving family and family problems in a different way. public life. They gradually discard the conventions of the old world and choose their own path of development. In order to decide on such a path of development, which consists of reading, observing life, “no sacrifices are required, no hardships are asked...” “Intermediate” heroes prefer a peaceful path intellectual development, awakening of the ordinary person, accessible to the majority. At the height at which Vera Pavlovna, Kirsanov, Lopukhov stand, “all people must stand, can stand.” And this can be achieved without sacrifice or hardship.
However, Chernyshevsky knows that, in addition to development, reading and observation of life, a heroic struggle against tyranny and despotism, social inequality and exploitation is needed. " Historical path, - says G.N. Chernyshevsky - not the sidewalk of Nevsky Prospekt; it goes entirely through fields, sometimes dusty, sometimes dirty, sometimes through swamps, sometimes through wilds. Anyone who is afraid of being covered in dust and getting their boots dirty should not take up public activities.”
According to the author, not everyone is ready for such a struggle. Therefore, Chernyshevsky divides “new people” into “ordinary” (Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, Mertsalovs, Polozova) and “special” (Rakhmetov, “a lady in mourning”, “a man of about thirty”).
Identification of these two types among positive characters The novel has its own philosophical and socio-historical reasons. But the writer does not contrast “special” people with “ordinary” people, leaders revolutionary movement ordinary figures, but outlines the connection between them. So, Lopukhov saves Vera Pavlovna from unequal marriage, creates a family with her based on freedom, mutual understanding, and trust. The heroine herself does not want to go through life like her mother Marya Alekseevna. She does not want to live in constant lies, selfishness, and the struggle for existence by any means. Therefore, in Lopukhov she finds her salvation.
The heroes commit a fictitious marriage. They are organizing their economic activity. Vera Pavlovna starts a sewing workshop and hires dressmakers who live together. Describing in detail the activities of Vera Pavlovna in the workshop, G.N. Chernyshevsky emphasizes new character relations between workers and the mistress. They are not so much of an economic nature as they are based on achieving a common goal, mutual assistance, and good attitude towards each other.
The atmosphere in the workshop is reminiscent of a family. The writer emphasizes that Vera Pavlovna thus saved many of her charges from death and poverty (for example, Masha, who later became her maid). Here we see the enormous importance of G.N. Chernyshevsky assigns the role of labor. According to the writer, work ennobles a person, therefore “new people” should strive to direct their work for the benefit of others, thereby protecting them from the harmful influence of destructive passions. In the sphere of activity of “ordinary” people, Chernyshevsky included educational work in Sunday schools (teaching Kirsanov and Mertsalov in a group of sewing workshop workers), among the advanced part of the student body (Lopukhov could spend hours talking with students), at factory enterprises (Lopukhov’s classes in the factory office) .
The name of Kirsanov is associated with the plot of a clash between a common doctor and the “aces” of a St. Petersburg private practice - in the episode of the treatment of Katya Polozova, as well as the theme scientific activity. His experiments on the artificial production of protein are welcomed by Lopukhov as “a complete revolution in the whole question of food, the whole life of mankind.”
These scenes reflected the writer's socialist views. Although time has shown that in many ways they turned out to be utopian and naive. The author of the novel himself deeply believed in them progressive role. At that time, the opening of Sunday schools, reading rooms, and hospitals for the poor was widespread among progressive youth.
Thus, G.N. Chernyshevsky accurately noticed and reflected the new positive trends of the era using the example of Vera Pavlovna’s workshop. The “new people” in his novel resolve their personal, intra-family conflicts differently. Although outwardly their family seems prosperous, friendly, and quite successful, in reality everything is different. Vera Pavlovna respected her husband very much, but never felt anything more for him. Unexpectedly for herself, the heroine realized this when she met best friend her husband - Kirsanov. Together they took care of Lopukhov during his illness.
Vera Pavlovna has completely different feelings for Kirsanov. comes to her real love, which plunges her into absolute confusion. But in this episode the key role is not played by love story between Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, and Lopukhov’s act. He does not want to interfere with his wife’s happiness; he cannot build a family on a lie. Therefore, he, like a true man of modern times, withdraws himself and stages suicide.
Lopukhov commits such a brave act because he does not want to cause his wife unhappiness or be the cause of her moral torment. Vera Pavlovna was inconsolable for a long time. Only Rakhmetov managed to revive her to life. There were no obstacles to the development of love for Kirsanov. As a result, Chernyshevsky's heroes create real family, based not only on mutual respect, but also on deep feeling.
The life of a new person, according to G.N. Chernyshevsky, must be harmonious socially and personally. Therefore, Lopukhov is not left alone either. He saves Mertsalova from death and marries her. And in this marriage he finds well-deserved happiness. Moreover, G.N. Chernyshevsky goes further, depicting ideal relationships between people, without mutual hostility, anger, or hatred. At the end of the novel we see two happy families: Kirsanovs and Lopukhovs, who are friends with each other.
Describing the life of “new people,” the writer focuses our attention on the economic and personal side of the heroes’ lives. With their help, he proves that the unjust, inhumane principles of life of the old world are outdated, and in society there is a desire for renewal, new relationships between people.
