What is ethnogenesis, definition from history. The meaning of the word "ethnogenesis"
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book
Ethnogenesis
(from Greek ethnos tribe, people and “genesis”)
origin of peoples. Ethnogenesis includes both the initial stages of the emergence of a people and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological characteristics. Historically, two types of ethnogenesis are distinguished. The first one refers to ethnic history primitive communal and pre-industrial societies and ends with the formation of nationalities (mainly in the early feudal period). In ethnogenetic processes of the second type during the formation of modern ethnic communities (for example, modern peoples America) decisive role played by representatives of already formed peoples and processes of acculturation. Ethnogenesis is characterized by the interrelation of two types of processes, the consolidation of autochthonous (related and unrelated) ethnic components and the inclusion of settlers (migrants) in the process of ethnogenesis.
The beginnings of modern natural science. Thesaurus
Ethnogenesis
(from Greek ethnos - people + genesis) - the origin of peoples.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference book
Ethnogenesis
(Greek ethnos - tribe, people) - the origin of peoples. Ethnogenesis includes both the initial stages of the emergence of a people and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological characteristics.
☼ History the process of the origin of ethnic groups from their origin to the formation of integral ethnosocial organisms and their specific features. ethno cultural systems. Modern science suggests several basic principles. mechanisms for the formation of new ethnic groups:
Integration, when an ethnic group is formed by combining different people. tribal communities (such as the French or Poles), the mixing of alien conquerors or colonists with the indigenous population (for example, Turks or Peruvians) or through the integration of different ethnic groups of immigrants (for example, South African Boers, Canadians, US Americans);
Differentiation when, for some reason, a marginal or territorially isolated part of a large ethnic group is separated from it (for example, Australians from the British) or large ethnic group breaks up into several smaller ones (for example, the Old Russian ethnic group into Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians);
Transformation, when the old ethnic group becomes a new one. conditions, as a rule, assimilating into itself new ethnic inclusions, it is transformed into a new ethnocultural community (for example, other Greeks - into the Byzantines, and some of the latter - into modern Greeks).
In contrast to early primitive tribal communities, where social organization and regulation were based on blood relationships. relations, ethnicity is, first of all, a cultural and linguistic community. In the emergence of an ethnos, the decisive factor is the common territory and language of social communication, and often also water. unity and commonality of household techniques. practices of the population, on the basis of which, in the course of acquiring and intergenerational transmission of the experience of living together, interacting and communicating between people, the uniformity of features of the complex of everyday culture is formed. Since Ch. enich mechanism consolidation of people is, first of all, culture inherited as a tradition, then in the processes of ethnogenesis two equivalent components can be distinguished: the formation of ethnic. populations (due to the processes of endogamy) and the formation of ethnic. cultural system (language, customs, mores, economic practices, ethnically colored features in specialized areas of life, adherence to a common religion, etc.). Both processes occur simultaneously and only together represent E. However, many elements of culture are very mobile, easily borrowed by other peoples, so that the commonality of language and certain cultural traditions does not at all indicate obligation. population relatedness of the corresponding peoples (for example, Turkic). At the same time many cultural traits subject to strong history. variability, therefore, already a few centuries after the formation of the ethnos, they can differ noticeably from the “primary” features of the period of E.
Historically, the earliest eras are usually attributed to the era Upper Paleolithic- the formation of the first tribal associations. The most active E. processes occur in the so-called. "barbaric" stage of development of peoples - the transition from the late primitive to the early class stage social evolution. At the same time, the genesis of new sociocultural communities continues at later stages of development (for example, modern peoples of the American continent, Australians, etc.), although the question of classifying such newly formed cultural systems as ethnic. remains controversial.
In recent scientific literature, the hypothesis that ethnicity is not a universal form of cultural integration, but only a historically staged one, occurring in the phase of decomposition of the primitive tribal type, is gaining more and more recognition. social organization and the transition to its early class type. At this stage, the process of adaptation of the territorial-neighboring community of people to the natural geography is completed. conditions of their living (i.e., the problem of guaranteed self-sufficiency in food is essentially solved) and a systemic complex of economic and cultural means of developing the enclosing landscape is formed, which determines the main. features of lifestyle, picture of the world, specifics of social organization, regulation and communication, value and existential orientations, etc. The conventional formation of such a complex of features of everyday culture is the process of E.
At the stage of formation and evolution of a civilized (early class, pre-industrial) type of social organization and regulation, with the formation of cities, states, letters. culture, the development of social stratification of the society, the identification of functionally specialized segments of culture, etc. history becomes dominant. conditions of existence, the problem of adaptation of a community to its social environment, competition for territories and resources, exchange of products and information, etc. This creates the need to implement new principles of sociocultural integration and consolidation of people, based primarily on the functioning of institutional means of ensuring such integration - political ., legal, religious, educational. and so on. This type of sociocultural organization and regulation is no longer defined as ethnic, but as national. both civilizational and peoples that emerged at the pre-industrial (and even more so at the industrial) stage of evolution are consolidated by culture not so much ethnically as nationally. (i.e. registered in the system sociocultural institutions).
Lit.: Alekseev V.P. The formation of humanity. M., 1984; It's him. Ethnogenesis. M., 1986; Arutyunov S.A. Peoples and cultures: development and interaction. M., 1989; Flier A.Ya. Ethnic functions of culture // Culturology: Scientific and educational. messenger 1996. n 5.
origin of peoples. E. Includes both the initial stages of the emergence of any peoples and the further formation of their ethnographic, linguistic, anthropological and other characteristics.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Ethnogenesis
Greek ethnos - tribe, people) - the origin of peoples. Ethnogenesis includes both the initial stages of the emergence of a people and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological characteristics. ? Histor. the process of the origin of ethnic groups from their origin to the formation of integral ethnosocial organisms and their specific features. ethnocultural systems. Modern science suggests several basic principles. mechanisms for the formation of new ethnic groups: - integration, when an ethnic group is formed by uniting various. tribal communities (such as the French or Poles), the mixing of alien conquerors or colonists with the indigenous population (for example, Turks or Peruvians) or through the integration of different ethnic groups of immigrants (for example, South African Boers, Canadians, US Americans); - differentiation, when for some reason a marginal or territorially isolated part of a large ethnic group is separated from it (for example, Australians from the British) or a large ethnic group breaks up into several smaller ones (for example, the Old Russian ethnic group into Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians); - transformation, when the old ethnic group becomes a new one. conditions, as a rule, assimilating into itself new ethnic inclusions, it is transformed into a new ethnocultural community (for example, other Greeks - into the Byzantines, and some of the latter - into modern Greeks). In contrast to early primitive tribal communities, where social organization and regulation were based on blood relationships. relations, ethnicity is, first of all, a cultural and linguistic community. In the emergence of an ethnos, the decisive factor is the common territory and language of social communication, and often also water. unity and commonality of household techniques. practices of the population, on the basis of which, in the course of acquiring and intergenerational transmission of the experience of living together, interacting and communicating between people, the uniformity of features of the complex of everyday culture is formed. Since Ch. enich mechanism consolidation of people is, first of all, culture inherited as a tradition, then in the processes of ethnogenesis two equivalent components can be distinguished: the formation of ethnic. populations (due to the processes of endogamy) and the formation of ethnic. cultural system (language, customs, mores, economic practices, ethnically colored features in specialized areas of life, adherence to a common religion, etc.). Both processes occur simultaneously and only together represent E. However, many elements of culture are very mobile, easily borrowed by other peoples, so the commonality of language and certain cultural traditions does not at all indicate obligations. population relatedness of the corresponding peoples (for example, Turkic). At the same time, many cultural traits are subject to strong history. variability, therefore, already a few centuries after the formation of the ethnos, they can differ noticeably from the “primary” features of the Ethnic period. Historically, the earliest Ethnic ones are usually attributed to the Upper Paleolithic era - the formation of the first tribal associations. The most active E. processes occur in the so-called. the “barbarian” stage of development of peoples - the transition from the late primitive to the early class stage of social evolution. At the same time, the genesis of new sociocultural communities continues at later stages of development (for example, the modern peoples of the American continent, Australians, etc.), although the question of classifying such newly formed cultural systems as ethnic. remains controversial. In recent scientific literature, the hypothesis has become increasingly recognized that ethnicity is not a universal form of cultural integration, but only a historically staged one, occurring in the phase of decomposition of the primitive tribal type of social organization and the transition to its early class type. At this stage, the process of adaptation of the territorial-neighboring community of people to the natural geography is completed. conditions of their living (i.e., the problem of guaranteed self-sufficiency in food is essentially solved) and a systemic complex of economic and cultural means of developing the enclosing landscape is formed, which determines the main. features of lifestyle, picture of the world, specifics of social organization, regulation and communication, value and existential orientations, etc. The conventional formation of such a complex of features of everyday culture is the process of E. At the stage of the formation and evolution of a civilized (early class, pre-industrial) type of social organization and regulation, with the formation of cities, states, letters. culture, the development of social stratification of the society, the identification of functionally specialized segments of culture, etc. history becomes dominant. conditions of existence, the problem of adaptation of a community to its social environment, competition for territories and resources, exchange of products and information, etc. This creates the need to implement new principles of sociocultural integration and consolidation of people, based primarily on the functioning of institutional means of ensuring such integration - political ., legal, religious, educational. and so on. This type of sociocultural organization and regulation is no longer defined ethnically. , but as a national both civilizational and peoples that emerged at the pre-industrial (and even more so at the industrial) stage of evolution are consolidated by culture not so much ethnically as nationally. (i.e. formalized in the system of sociocultural institutions). Lit.: Alekseev V.P. The formation of humanity. M., 1984; It's him. Ethnogenesis. M., 1986; Arutyunov S.A. Peoples and cultures: development and interaction. M., 1989; Flier A.Ya. Ethnic functions of culture // Culturology: Scientific and educational. messenger 1996. n 5. AND I. Flier
(from Greek ethnos - people and genesis - birth, origin; English - ethnogenesis; German - Ethnogenose) - the term is used in two meanings; in what is sometimes encountered (chiefly sampled by L.N. Gumilyov and his followers) E. is essentially the entire ethnic history of mankind.
In the first case, E. is the formation of new ethnic groups (see) on the basis of various components. Most often, ethnicity is the result of the interaction of several ethnic communities, sometimes a very strong transformation of the original ethnic group. E. - First stage ethnic history of the people, one of the most obvious milestones of which is the emergence of a relatively stable ethnic identity and self-names for the new community. Therefore, the proposal to separate “ethnogenesis” and “ethnic history” as supposedly independent phenomena(V.P. Alekseev) seems insufficiently substantiated.
Three historical-stage stages of Ethnicity can be distinguished. The first (paleoethnogenesis) is the formation of ethnic communities of different toxonomic levels (including ethnolinguistic metacommunities) (see Metaethnos) in primitive society. The second type (mesoethnogenesis) is the emergence of “nationalities” during the transition from pre-class to early class societies (see); important role at the same time, it often belongs to migrations and mixing of peoples, the interaction of ethnic substratum and superstrate (see). The third type (neogenesis) refers to the ethnic processes of developed class societies, during which, as a result of the interaction of several predominantly established ethnic groups or their parts (often immigrants), new ones are formed ethnic communities(such, for example, is the origin of most modern ethnic communities in America).
Thus, although E. is usually associated with the distant past, in reality it also applies to the present; Moreover, it is possible that new ethnic communities may arise in the future.
E. in most cases is the result of the interaction of all varieties of unifying ethnic processes (see), especially consolidation (see) and meta-ethnic mixing (see); At the same time, new ethnic groups also arise as a result of dividing or divergent ethnic processes.
The study of E. (especially in relation to early stages) requires an integrated approach involving data from ethnography, ethnic anthropology, archeology, ethnolinguistics, folkloristics, etc.
A unique concept of E. was proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, who connected it with the activities special people- passionaries that appear in some naturally special areas of the world due to the mutagenic effects of cosmic rays. This concept was not widespread among Soviet ethnologists.
LIT.: Tokarev S.A. Towards the formulation of problems of ethnogenesis // Soviet ethnography, 1949, No. 3.
Bromley S.V. Ethnicity and ethnography. M., 1973.
Bromley S.V. Essays on the theory of ethnicity. M., 1982.
All modern ethnic groups that make up humanity, no matter what level of civilization one or another of them is at, is the result of ethnogenesis. Therefore, let us consider this procedural phenomenon in more or less detail.
Definition of the concept and the problem of the possibility of a unified concept
Ethnogenesis("ethnos" from Greek. Ethnos- people, "genesis" Greek. Genesis- origin, development) is a set of socio-historical and spiritual-cultural processes that lead to the emergence of ethnicity as a phenomenon and determine it further development. In a broader aspect, it is a set of changes that occur as a result of the interaction and interrelations of various ethnic communities.
In 1996, the modern Ukrainian ethnopolitical scientist L. Shklyar stated that “today there is no single concept of ethnogenesis in science.” However, he had no doubt about not only the possibility, but also the necessity of its creation, arguing that “it’s time the question of a holistic and comprehensively substantiated theory of ethnogenesis becomes urgent.” However, already in 2003, Ukrainian ethnosociologists K. Galushko and A. Popok spoke out fundamentally in the opposite sense: “Today, given the popularity of pluralistic approaches,” they believed, it is useless to count on the presence of any single, universally satisfying concept of ethnogenesis.”
We are inclined to evaluate L. Shklyar's scientific optimism as completely justified. However, in the absence of this unified concept, it seems advisable to at least point out the most important features of ethnogenesis.
The complexity of the process of ethnogenesis
Ethnic existence is represented both by the life of humanity as a kind of giant polyethnic group, and by the life of the most inconspicuous monoethnic formations.
1. At the same time " there cannot be a one-line scheme of ethnogenesis , which is confirmed by the facts of the history of specific ethnic groups - ancient, relatively young and modern" (emphasis and italics by the author. - Ed.) . That is, ethnogenesis is an internally quite complex and externally ambiguously directed process. He knows both the disappearance of a whole number of ethnic groups (through their physical destruction or artificial or natural assimilation by other ethnic groups), and the emergence of completely new ethnic groups (through or falling away from existing ethnic groups in different historical conditions small groups and the gradual entry of characteristics of a separate ethnic group, or the merging of two or more ethnic groups into one new one, qualitatively different from the ethnic groups, merge, etc.).
2. The process of ethnogenesis is known and cases of extraordinary viability of individual , relatively small ethnic groups. So, turning to ethnic history of Albanians, you can find out that, “despite the endless invasions of the conquerors of the Romans, Byzantines and Slavs, it continued to exist local culture". Moreover, peculiar reverse processes also took place. What is meant is that, starting from the 14th century, "Internecine wars, as well as relative overpopulation in the mountainous areas, forced groups of peasants (especially mountaineers) to move from their places and look for new ones lands. This movement especially intensified when a favorable political situation was created in the Balkans. Then the reverse process of Albanization of the already Slavicized Albanian population began and the assimilation of the remnants of Slavic tribes in Albania grew "(italics by the author. - Ed.) .
3. Ethnogenesis as global process begins to show previously unknown trends. So, Today humanity is united into a systemic integrity , and therefore most of the problems relating to the life of large human groups, communities, societies, nations, must be solved through the prism of this fact. That's exactly what they are ethnic problems, and their solution requires taking into account the fact that “in individual development, living and non-living systems evolve from more reliable to less reliable, the correlation connections of the system weaken; entropy increases, and Negentropy and the probability of further existence decreases. In historical development“On the contrary, systems evolve from less reliable to more reliable, the entropy of the system decreases, Negentropy and life expectancy increase."
So, today ethnic problems have their specific historical background the tendency for humanity to gain integrity, maturity and immortality. At the same time, as a moment of sociogenesis, Ethnogenesis is characterized by increasing acceleration in time and prevalence in space.
Modern stage ethnogenesis as a world-historical process , On the one side, inherent in the growing reduction of tensions in relations between ethnic groups, is already quite long time have their own statehood. This becomes a necessity under the pressure of technical, economic, scientific, information and other connections. This very need becomes possible thanks to the activities of the United Nations and other international organizations. Ethnic mutual respect and understanding of the enduring values of each are becoming the norm. ethnic culture for the meaningful existence of humanity as a whole.
On the other side, the continued existence of such ethnic conglomerates as the former states of the USSR, Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia becomes impossible. Ethnogenesis has as its essential feature the aspirations of ethnic groups became free, towards national existence. At the same time, there is reason to believe that in its ethnogenesis humanity must turn into a multi-ethnic community in the future.
According to the academician's definition V.P. Alekseeva Ethnogenesis is understood as a set of historical phenomena and processes that took place during the formation of a particular people and led to the final formation of an ethnic person. The processes during which the ethnic face of a people is formed are called ethnogenetic. Ethnogenesis is a complex, long-term, often contradictory process that is closely related to the natural-geographical factor, socio-economic history, cultural interaction with other peoples, and the history of their resettlement.
At the very beginning of its history, little humanity was a group of people, homogeneous in racial, ethnic, social and other aspects. As their numbers increased, people settled into new territories. As this process of settlement lasted hundreds and thousands of years, people adapted to new geographic and climatic conditions. This led to a change in both the general initial anthropological type and individual ethnic characteristics, i.e. led to the formation of different races. The farther from starting point As people left, the more varied these signs were.
One of the ethnic characteristics is language. There is even a classification of peoples based on language.
Theory of ethnogenesis of a historian-linguist S.P. Tolstova based on hypothesis "primary linguistic continuity": according to it, numerous languages originated from a single center and gradually passed into each other in adjacent territories and, as a whole, constituted a single continuous network. The farther groups of people moved from the center of origin, the more their language differed from the original base language. Within these human populations, various traditions of stone processing and tool making skills were consolidated, and a primary self-awareness was formed, based on contrasting one’s own with others. Primary languages most likely covered not one, but several populations that spoke the same language. The spread of language between groups of populations speaking other languages was difficult. Here there is an interaction between the processes of differentiation and integration, which became integral parts of ethnogenesis from its earliest stages. As the total population grew, the processes of ethnogenesis led to increased intertribal contacts, the development and complexity of which contributed to the transformation of tribal ethnic communities into nationalities, united them territorially, and stimulated the formation of common economic, social and other interests.
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S.P. Tolstov V.P. Alekseev L.N. Gumilyov
Another vision of the main causes of ethnogenesis is mass migrations, accompanied by the conquest of some ethnic groups by others. In the process of ethnogenesis associated with the interaction of conquerors and aborigines, a synthesis of the substrate (local population) and superstrate (newcomer population) usually occurs, during which a new ethnic group arises. One of the results of the migration of peoples can be considered the mixing and interaction of languages. The presence of writing in at least one of the interacting ethnic communities is of decisive importance, which predetermines the victory of one language over the other. In some cases, religion played a very active role in the victory of the corresponding language, in particular, Islam played such a role in the spread of Arabic in Egypt. Often with such interaction there are pidgins– languages that arise in extreme situations of interethnic contacts with an urgent need to achieve mutual understanding. When a pidgin is formed, as a rule, three or more languages come into contact. Typically, pidgins arose during contacts of European civilization with colonized peoples, or, as a lingua franca, as a result of trade relations. As a rule, these formations are primitive and remain only means of interethnic communication. Vocabulary usually does not exceed 1500 words. If a pidgin is adopted by children and becomes their mother tongue (as with the children of slaves on plantations), it can develop into a creole language.
Of particular importance in the process of ethnogenesis is such a factor as the political dominance of the newcomer population. The special unity of the conquerors, due to military democracy, created favorable conditions for the victory of one language over another and had a significant impact on many aspects of cultural and economic development.
A special place, due to its debatability, is occupied by the theory of passionary ethnogenesis, created L.N. Gumilev. He drew attention to the fact that in ethnic history, as in the history of biological species, we are faced with the fact that from time to time in certain areas of the Earth there is an absolute breakdown, when old ethnic groups collapse and disappear and new ones appear. Gumilyov connects the beginning of the formation of each new ethnic group with the regular appearance in part of the population of people of a certain characteristic - “passionarity” (from passio - passion). Passionarity arises as a result of a certain passionary impulse (its reasons are still unclear and are the subject of heated debate; it is already clear that passionarity is not a genetic mutation) and within the population forms a certain number of people who have an increased desire for action - passionaries. Passionaires strive to change the world and are capable of this. They organize long campaigns, from which few return, fight to conquer the peoples surrounding their ethnic group, and fight against the invaders. But the level of passionarity and the number of passionaries in an ethnic group does not remain unchanged. Therefore, an ethnos, having arisen, goes through a number of natural phases of development, which can be likened to the ages of a person. The life expectancy of an ethnos, as a rule, is about 1500 years from shock to complete destruction, with the exception of those cases when the aggression of foreigners disrupts the normal course of ethnogenesis.
The first phase is the phase of the passionate rise of the ethnos, caused by a passionary push. The old ethnic groups, which were in a state of homeostasis before the shock, are united as a complex system. From sometimes dissimilar subethnic groups, an integrity is created, welded together by passionate energy, which, expanding, subjugates territorially close peoples. This is how ethnicity arises. The first phase is divided into hidden and explicit stages.
The greatest rise in passionarity—the akmatic phase (the phase of passionary overheating)—causes people’s desire not to create integrity, but, on the contrary, to be themselves: not to submit to general institutions, to reckon only with their own nature. In history, this phase is accompanied by such internal rivalry and massacre that the progress of ethnogenesis is slowed down.
As a result of bloodshed, the passionary charge of the ethnos is reduced - the passionaries physically exterminate each other. The breakdown phase begins. As a rule, it is accompanied by a huge dispersion of energy, crystallizing in the creation of empires, in monumental monuments of culture and art. It turns out that the highest flowering of culture corresponds to the decline of passionarity, and not its rise. This phase usually ends with new bloodshed, civil wars; the ethnosystem throws out the remnants of excessive passionarity, and apparent balance is restored in society.
The ethnos begins to live “by inertia”, thanks to the acquired values. During the inertial phase, the mutual subordination of people to each other again takes place, the formation of large states, the creation and accumulation of material wealth, and the flourishing of science and the arts. But gradually passionarity dries up.
When there is little energy in the system, the leading position in society is occupied by subpassionaries - people with reduced passionarity. They strive to suppress and destroy not only restless passionaries, but also harmonious people. The obscuration phase begins, in which the decay processes become irreversible. Everywhere dominated by sluggish, selfish people, guided by consumer psychology. After the subpassionaries have squandered everything valuable that has been preserved from heroic times, the last phase of ethnogenesis begins - memorial: the ethnos retains only the memory of its historical tradition. Then memory disappears: the time of balance with nature (homeostasis) comes, when people live in harmony with the landscape and prefer philistine peace to great plans.
A new development cycle can be caused by the next passionary impulse, in which a new passionate population arises. But it does not reconstruct the old ethnic group, but creates a new one, giving rise to the next round of ethnogenesis - a process due to which humanity is constantly renewed and does not disappear from the face of the Earth.
Passionary tremors identified by L. N. Gumilyov:
I (XVIII century BC). 1. Egyptians-2 (Upper Egypt). Collapse of the Ancient Kingdom. Conquest of Egypt by the Hyksos in the 17th century. New kingdom. Capital in Thebes (1580) Change of religion. Cult of Osiris. Stopping the construction of the pyramids. Aggression into Numibia and Asia. 2) Hyksos (Jordan. Northern Arabia). 3) Hittites (Eastern Anatolia). Formation of the Hittites from several Hatto-Huritic tribes. The Rise of Hattussa. Expansion into Asia Minor. Capture of Babylon.
II (XI century BC). 1) Zhou people (Northern China: Shaanxi). Conquest of the Shang Yin Empire by the Principality of Zhou. The emergence of the cult of Heaven. End of human sacrifices. Expansion of range to the sea in the east, the Yangtze in the south, deserts in the north. 2) (?) Scythians (Central Asia).
III (VIII century BC). 1) Romans (central Italy). The appearance in place of a diverse Italic (Latin-Sabino-Etruscan) population of the Roman community-army. Subsequent settlement into central Italy, the conquest of Italy, ending with the formation of the Republic in 510 BC. e. Change of cult, army organization and political system. The emergence of the Latin alphabet. 2) Samnites (Italy). 3) Aequi (Italy). 4) (?) Gauls (southern France). 5) Hellenes (central Greece). Decline of the Achaean Kritomicen culture in the 11th-9th centuries. BC e. The oblivion of writing. Formation of the Dorian states of the Peloponnese (8th century). Colonization of the Mediterranean by the Hellenes. Appearance Greek alphabet. Reorganization of the pantheon of gods. Legislation. Polis way of life, 6) Lydians. 7) Cilicians (Asia Minor). 9) Persians (Persia). Education of the Medes and Persians. Deiokes and Achaemenes are the founders of dynasties. Expansion of the Mussels. Division of Assyria. The rise of Persia on the site of Elam, which ended with the creation of the Achaemenid kingdom in the Middle East. Change of religion. Cult of fire. Magi. I
V (III century BC). 1) Sarmatians (Kazakhstan). Invasion of European Scythia. Extermination of the Scythians. The appearance of heavy knightly cavalry. Conquest of Iran by the Parthians. The emergence of estates. 2) Kushans-Sogdians ( middle Asia). 3) Huns (southern Mongolia). Formation of the Xiongnu tribal union. Clash with China. 4) Xianbi. 5) Buyeo. 6) Goguryeo (southern Manchuria, North Korea). The rise and fall of the ancient Korean state of Joseon (III-II centuries BC). Education in place of the mixed Tungus-Manchu-Korean-Chinese population tribal unions, which subsequently grew into the first Korean states of Koguryo, Silla, and Baekje.
V (1st century). 1) Goths (southern Sweden). Migration of the Goths from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea (II century). Widespread borrowing of ancient culture, which ended with the adoption of Christianity. Creation of the Gothic Empire in Eastern Europe. 2) Slavs. Widespread from the Carpathian region to the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Seas. 3) Daki (modern Romania). 4) Christians (Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine). The emergence of Christian communities. Break with Judaism. Formation of the institution of the church. Expansion beyond the Roman Empire. 5) Jews-2 (Judea). Renewal of the cult and worldview. The emergence of the Talmud. War with Rome. Widespread emigration outside of Judea. 6) Aksumites (Abyssinia). Rise of Aksum. Wide expansion into Arabia, Nubia, access to the Red Sea. Later (IV century) adoption of Christianity.
VI (VI century). 1) Muslim Arabs (Central Arabia). Uniting the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. Change of religion. Islam. Expansion to Spain and the Pamirs. 2) Rajputs (Indus Valley). Overthrow of the Gupta Empire. Destruction of the Buddhist community in India. Complication of the caste system with political fragmentation. Creation of the religious philosophy of Vedanta. Trinity monotheism: Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu. 3) Bots (southern Tibet). Monarchical coup with administrative and political support from Buddhists. Expansion in Central Asia and China. 4) Tabgachi. 5) Chinese-2 (northern China: Shaanxi, Shandong). In place of the almost extinct population of northern China, two new ethnic groups appeared: Sino-Turkic (Tabgachi) and medieval Chinese, which grew out of the Guanlong group. The Tabgachi created the Tang Empire, uniting all of China and Central Asia. Spread of Buddhism, Indian and Turkic customs. Opposition of Chinese chauvinists. Death of the dynasty. 6) Koreans. War for hegemony between the kingdoms of Silla, Baekje, Koguryo. Resistance to Tang aggression. Unification of Korea under Silla rule. The assimilation of Confucian morality, the intensive spread of Buddhism. Formation of a single language. 7) Yamato (Japanese). Taika coup. The emergence of a central state headed by a monarch. Adoption of Confucian morality as state ethics. Wide spread of Buddhism. Expansion to the north. Stopping the construction of mounds.
VII (VIII century). 1) Spaniards (Asturias). The beginning of the Reconquista. Formation of the kingdoms: Asturias, Navarre, Leon and the counties of Portugal based on the mixture of Spanish-Romans, Goths, Alans, Lusitanians, etc. 2) Franks (French). 3) Saxons (Germans). The split of Charlemagne's empire into national-feudal states. Reflection of the Vikings, Arabs, Hungarians and Slavs. The split of Christianity into orthodox and papist branches. 4) Scandinavians (southern Norway, northern Denmark). The beginning of the Viking movement. The emergence of poetry and runic writing. Pushing the Lapps back into the tundra.
VIII (XI century). 1) Mongols (Mongolia). The emergence of “people of long will.” Uniting tribes into a people-army. Creation of legislation - Yasa and writing. Expansion of the ulus from the Yellow to the Black Sea. 2) Jurchen (Manchuria). Formation of the Jin Empire of the semi-Chinese type. Aggression to the south. Conquest of northern China.
IX (XIII century) 1) Lithuania. Creation of strict princely power. Expansion of the Principality of Lithuania from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Acceptance of Christianity. Merger with Poland. 2) Great Russians. Disappearance Ancient Rus' occupied by Lithuania (except Novgorod). The rise of the Moscow Principality. The growth of the service class. Widespread miscegenation of Slavic, Turkic and Ugric population Of Eastern Europe. 3) Ottoman Turks (west of Asia Minor). Consolidation by the Ottoman beylik of the active Muslim population of the Middle East, captive Slavic children (janissaries) and sea tramps of the Mediterranean (fleet). Military type sultanate. Ottoman Porta. Conquest of the Balkans, Western Asia and North Africa to Morocco. 4) Ethiopians (Amhara, Shoa in Ethiopia). The Disappearance of Ancient Aksum. Solomonid coup. Expansion of Ethiopian Orthodoxy. Rise and expansion of the kingdom of Abyssinia in East Africa.
In connection with the activation of China, Japan, Iran, Iraq in the 19th-20th centuries. The question of the X shock, which occurred at the end of the 18th century, is being discussed. Some (V.A. Michurin’s hypothesis) carry it out along the latitudinal line Japan - the Middle East, others (M. Khokhlov’s hypothesis) - along the meridian line passing through the Caucasus. The last option is more realistic.
