Introduction to caste history briefly. Indian caste system
In the fundamental works of the Russian scientist, doctor economic sciences Valentin Yuryevich Katasonov explores the history and ideology of capitalism - the monetary civilization that created new system slavery, more effective than the traditional slave system.
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Gold scam. The New World Order is like a financial pyramid.
Year of publication 2013
MGIMO professor and famous publicist V.Yu. Katasonov, in his new book, reveals the background of the global financial crisis as the machinations of banksters (the word is a derivative of “banker” and “gangster”), seeking to force the world to choose between bad and very bad. The banksters are playing a win-win gold scam. Moreover, the role of “suckers of last resort” in the global financial system is destined Russian citizens. Who is withdrawing money offshore and how will it be withdrawn? What do you need to know about the coming global confiscation of bank deposits? Who stole all the gold in the world? Will gold become the world's money again? What awaits the dollar, euro and ruble in the near future? How to save your money in the face of bankster robbers? Read about this in the new book by Valentin Katasonov.
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Capitalism. History and ideology of “monetary civilization”.
Year of publication 2013
The fundamental work of the Russian scientist, Doctor of Economics Valentin Katasonov explores the history and ideology of capitalism - a monetary civilization that created a new system of slavery, more effective than the traditional slave system.
The author convincingly proves that the basis of capitalism is the ideology of Judaism, dividing the whole world into a certain chosen minority and the rest of humanity, called upon to serve it. Katasonov explores the genesis of the development of capitalism from Ancient world to the present day, showing the emergence of tax and debt slavery.
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World Cabal: Jewish Robbery.
Year of publication 2013
Valentin Yurievich Katasonov - professor at MGIMO, Doctor of Economics - is known as a researcher of the behind-the-scenes aspects of the global financial system. In his books, he shows who regulates financial flows in the world and how, and most importantly, why Russia, with many unresolved internal problems, is now a sponsor of the West and transfers billions of dollars there.
According to the author, the powerful banking clans of the West, primarily the Rothschilds, have long developed their own global financial doctrine and are doing everything to ensure that Russia invariably remains a monetary and raw materials appendage of Western civilization.
How was this doctrine developed, what specific actions were and are being taken to implement it, what role is assigned to the current Russian authorities- Valentin Katasonov dwells on all this in detail in his new book, presented to your attention. The materials presented by the author have been collected over many years and are of an exclusive nature.
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About interest on loans, jurisdictional, and reckless.
Year of publication 2011
A systematic analysis of the underlying causes of the global financial and economic crisis provides a wealth of problematic material for research in seminars and lectures with students and senior students of economic universities and departments.
The author examines the origin and formation of the so-called “monetary civilization” or market economy in the context of the spiritual and moral evolution of society. Overcoming the permanent crisis, according to the author, is possible only with the complete dismantling of “monetary civilization.” The author’s rather radical conclusion allows us to maintain and deepen interest in the study of economic disciplines. Retrospective and predictive presentation of the material allows the reader to build his own cause-and-effect scenarios, models of the present and future, allows him to agree with or oppose the author, which makes the book an effective teaching aid.
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From slavery to slavery. From Ancient Rome to modern Capitalism.
Year of publication 2014
The book represents an attempt at a metaphysical understanding of human history from Ancient Rome to the present day. Despite many changes in everyday life, the incredible development of productive forces, the emergence of many technical innovations, the people and society of Ancient Rome and our time are surprisingly similar. We habitually call the society of that time a slave system, and modern society- capitalism. Meanwhile, at that time there was slave-owning capitalism, and in our time we have capitalist slavery-owning. Two thousand years ago, humanity found itself on the brink of an abyss. Today it balances over the same abyss.
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Religion of money. Spiritual and religious foundations of capitalism.
Year of publication 2013
The proposed book for the first time in a hundred years extra years Since the publication of the works of German sociologists Max Weber and Werner Sombart, he has returned to a fundamental understanding of the religious and spiritual roots of modern capitalism.
The author exposes critical analysis the works of these sociologists, separates the “wheat” from the “chaff” in their concepts, reveals new phenomena in capitalism, caused by the spiritual transformations of man and society in the 20th century - beginning of XXI centuries The work puts forward a fundamental thesis that today all the major world religions are undergoing a process of transformation into a single world religion, which the author conventionally calls the “religion of money.”
Such a “diagnosis” is extremely important for humanity to understand the underlying causes of the crises and cataclysms impending upon it and to consciously begin to dissociate itself from the “religion of money.” The final part of the work briefly outlines the Christian (Orthodox) alternative to capitalism.
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Owners of money. 100-year history of the Federal Reserve.
Year of publication 2014
In the twentieth century, the United States managed to become a hegemon. In the 21st century, America is the sole superpower, the world's creditor and the world's policeman. And it owes all this to the Federal Reserve System, the structure that stands behind all American politics.
This year marks the centenary of the Federal Reserve serving as the central bank of the United States. Over the course of a century, politicians and statesmen who tried to curb a private corporation with the sly sign “Federal backup system USA".
Today, for most Americans, the threats associated with a permanent financial and economic crisis have become obvious. Gradually, an understanding began to emerge of the role played by the banksters and the US Federal Reserve System, which owns the “printing press,” in creating this crisis. But the Fed is becoming the target of criticism and harsh attacks not only from the Americans.
This is the first Russian study Fed. Its author is Valentin Katasonov, professor of the Department of International Finance at MGIMO, Doctor of Economic Sciences, corresponding member of the Academy of Economic Sciences and Entrepreneurship. He has written many monographs and books devoted to how the modern financial system functions.
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Graduated from MGIMO in 1972.
Professor of the Department of International Finance at MGIMO, Doctor of Economics, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Economic Sciences and Entrepreneurship. In 2001-2011 — Head of the Department of International Monetary and Credit Relations at MGIMO University (University) of the Russian Foreign Ministry. In 1991-1993 - UN Consultant (Department of International Economic and social problems). In 1993-1996. - member Advisory Council under the president European Bank reconstruction and development (EBRD).
In 1995-2000 — Deputy Director of the Russian program for organizing investments in improving the environment (World Bank project on managing environment). Specialist in the field of environmental economics, international movement capital, project financing, investment management. Author of ten monographs, including: “Great Power or Ecological Power?” (1991), “Project financing as a new method of organizing investment in the real sector of the economy” (1999), “Capital flight from Russia” (2002), “Capital flight from Russia: macroeconomic and monetary and financial aspects” (2002) and others.
List of scientific works:
Project financing as a new method of organizing investments in the real sector of the economy. M.: publishing house Ankil, 1999.
Project financing: organization, risk management, insurance. M.: publishing house Ankil, 2000.
Project financing: global experience and prospects for Russia. M.: publishing house Ankil, 2001.
Flight of capital from Russia. M.: publishing house Ankil, 2002.
Capital flight from Russia: macroeconomic and monetary and financial aspects. M.: publishing house Ankil, 2002.
Investments: in the fuel and energy complex of Russia: main indicators, sources and methods of financing. M.: publishing house MGIMO-University.
Investment potential economic activity macroeconomic and financial and credit aspects. M.: publishing house MGIMO-University.
Investment potential of the economy: mechanisms of formation and use. M.: Ankil publishing house.
And Evgenia Fedorov. The time has come for another financier who dresses up in the toga of a patriot, although his biography modern connections There is no place to put marks. This is Valentin Katasonov.
In fact, the biography of Valentinin Yurievich speaks for itself.
European Bank reconstruction and development, World Bank, Central Bank of Russia….
For those who are a little out of the loop, what is the EBRD:
- In connection with the beginning of economic transformations in the post-Soviet space in the 1990s. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was established. Its purpose is to promote market reforms in the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe. Its founders are all European countries (except Albania), the USA, Canada, Japan, other states (40 in total) and two international organizations (the EU and the European Investment Bank). Members of the EBRD can be not only European states, but any other countries that are members of the IMF.
Washington. IMF. All the same “faces”. And Valentin Yuryevich, who is very worried about the monetary policy of our state, worked for them for three years. Then five years of work for the World Bank, which, to put it bluntly, also has nowhere to put a stamp:
- A condition of membership in the World Bank is membership in the International Monetary Fund, that is, each member country of the IBRD must first become a member of the International Monetary Fund. Only those countries that are members of the IBRD can be members of other organizations within the World Bank Group.
As of 2006, the votes were distributed as follows:
USA - 16.39%
Japan - 7.86%
Germany - 4.49%
France - 4.30%
UK - 4.30%
China - 2.78%
India - 2.78%
Italy - 2.78%
Canada - 2.78%
Russia - 2.78%
Saudi Arabia - 2.78%
Netherlands - 2.21%
Brazil - 2.07%
Belgium - 1.81%
Spain - 1.75%
Switzerland - 1.66%
Australia - 1.53%
Iran - 1.48%
Venezuela - 1.27%
Mexico - 1.18%
Argentina - 1.12%
The remaining 164 countries - 29.90%
I think that the requirement for mandatory participation in the IMF to enter the capital of the World Bank, together with the distribution of votes of countries in the World Bank, speaks louder than a thousand words about in whose interests this organization works.
And after such an “internship,” Valentin Katasonov becomes an economic adviser to the Central Bank of Russia. I honestly admit that for me the title of this position is almost consonant with “supervisor”. By the way, this position in the central office of the Central Bank of Russia is this moment could not be found. An interesting nuance. Especially if we remember the fact that the Central Bank of Russia was one of those who took part in the deepening of the crisis of 2008-2009.
Among other interesting nuances concerning Valentin Yuryevich, it would be interesting to note his opinion about Evgeny Fedorov and Nikolai Starikov, which he expressed in August 2014. And Katasonov’s attitude towards Putin can be seen quite well in the statements of Valentin Yuryevich:
He walked through them dashingly, didn’t he? But less than a year has passed since Valentin Yuryevich took a different position and speaks together with Evgeniy Alekseevich:
What can I say: a person’s integrity is immediately obvious.
Well, for those who consider Valentin Katasonov an excellent economist and financier, I suggest listening to his accusations against the President that he almost gave direct instructions to speculators to attack the ruble (around the 4th minute):
Valentin Yuryevich’s forecast for the dollar exchange rate in January-February 2015 “for a hundred rubles” - no comment.
And surprisingly, Valentin Katasonov, like many of the current promoted different ways“patriots”, surprisingly saw the light after leaving important posts and, since 2011, has been writing books at such a pace that it is breathtaking. The person is bursting with energy, knowledge and devotion to the country, but for some reason our state power bypasses him. I wonder why? Is it because Valentin Yuryevich worked for almost twenty years of his life in structures that cannot be called friendly towards Russia? I don’t know about you, but for me, Valentin Katasonov is de facto another politician from the economy and, hiding behind financial topics, in fact directly attacks Vladimir Putin.
V. Katasonov about the Concept of Public Security
Caste system in India divides society into different groups. Many sociologists believe that it is almost impossible to clearly determine the size of caste groups due to the complexity of this phenomenon.
In essence, the caste system is based on religious traditions and is influenced by socio-ecological changes.
The word “caste” itself comes from the Portuguese – casta, which means “kind, origin, pure breed”.
Although the Indian Constitution of 1950 proclaimed the equality of castes, remnants of caste social relations persist in the country to this day.
Two concepts of caste
The Indians themselves do not have a term to describe the class system as a whole.
They divide it according to social basis (these customs come from the ancient Vedic society, which is called Varna) or according to birth (which means the transmission of professional occupation by inheritance and is referred to as Jati).
Modern types of caste are the result of social changes that began in the mid-nineteenth century and were intensified during British colonization, which forced many social classes to work in the colonial administration.
Caste system “Varna”
The word “Varna” means color. This system is based on ancient Hindu literature and is divided into four main categories, which have their origins in Vedic society.
- Priests, scientists (Brahmins)
- Wars, rulers (Kshatriyas)
- Craftsmen, traders (Vaisyas)
- Servants, hired workers (Sudras)
Those who did not fit into the above categories belonged to a group of untouchable castes called Dalits (oppressed) or pariahs.
Representatives of the first three varnas in Ancient India were also called “twice-born”. Their second birth was considered to be a special initiation rite performed in childhood and introduction to the sacred knowledge of the Vedas.
“Jati” caste system
The word “jati” itself means birth. Many sociologists believe that this caste system arose from the mixing of varnas. Initially, they resembled European medieval guilds: each of them had its own governing bodies (panchayats) and mutual assistance systems. At present there are about three thousand jatis. The number of one jati can range from several hundred to several million people. On today the emergence of new specialties leads to the formation of new jati castes.
What is the impact of the caste system?
The caste system is the rules of interaction between members of society who occupy different positions in the hierarchy. Restrictions include:
* Social connections: upper castes have limited connections with low castes * Geographic segregation: upper castes live in the center, lower castes live in the periphery * Rich upper castes exploit poor lower castes * India faces caste-based violence. According to the “2005 UN report”: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2004_dl_sheth.pdf there were more than 30,000 acts of violence against Dalits in 1996. Castes and modern India
The country's constitution calls discrimination lower castes illegal:
*After independence public policy of India aims to eliminate caste barriers * The emergence of positive discrimination, which includes government quotas, in employment and education for members of lower castes * For the proper application of this policy, thousands of communities and castes are qualified by local authorities * The lowest castes are given special status * Under this system than below social status– the more benefits
caste system), a system of social stratification of a society, in which people are grouped in accordance with a definition. ranks. Options K.s. can be found in all ind. religious about-wah, not only Hindus, but also among Jains, in Muslims, Bud. and christ. communities. The division into castes comes from the three-level social division of the Aryans, who invaded the North. India approx. 1500 BC However, only Hindus developed theological. and legislator. the basis of caste division is Hindu law). The three hierarchies of K.s., or varnas, represented the Brahmins (priests and intellectuals), the Kshatriyas (rulers, warriors and administrators) and the Vaishyas (farmers and merchants). Each varna was divided into several. castes, or jatis, traditionally defined by occupation, but often linked to geography, marital relations or dietary habits. Relig. the varna-jati system is confirmed in the Rig Veda, ancient text The Vedas, where it is described as purusha, is originally cosmic. man was divided by the gods into varnas, each of which has distinctive features And special role in about. One of the prejudices of K.s. - the concept of purity: the degree of pollution is determined by the occupation of the jati, their traditions. food or customs. Those who do the most dirty work are considered untouchable. The latter are outside the varnas, although they are part of K.s. Mahatma Gandhi, in order to improve the status of the untouchables, renamed them Harijans (children of God), but from this the name. he subsequently abandoned it in favor of others - Dalits (oppressed). The untouchables remain the most oppressed members of India. about-va, despite the law stipulating for them the right to state. work, places in educational institutions and parliament. IN last years proposals for similar positive discrimination for other castes were Ch. care ind. politicians. Critics are positive. discrimination claim that in democr. system, such a policy is nothing more than an election trick and that urbanization and modernization will gradually destroy the K.s., however, its supporters refer to the general for durability K.s.
It will come across, I know many Indian travelers who live there for months, but are not interested in castes because they are not necessary for life.
The caste system today, like a century ago, is not exotic, it is part of the complex organization of Indian society, a multifaceted phenomenon that has been studied by Indologists and ethnographers for centuries, dozens of thick books have been written about it, so I will publish only 10 here interesting facts about Indian castes - about the most popular questions and misconceptions.
1. What is an Indian caste?
Indian caste is such a complex phenomenon that it is simply impossible to give an exhaustively complete definition!
Castes can only be described through a number of characteristics, but there will still be exceptions.
Caste in India - system social stratification, isolated community group, bound by the origin and legal status of its members. Castes in India are built according to the following principles: 1) general (this rule is always observed); 2) one profession, usually hereditary; 3) members of castes enter into relationships only among themselves, as a rule; 4) members of the caste generally do not eat with strangers, with the exception of other Hindu castes of significantly higher social position than their own; 5) caste members can be determined by who they can accept water and food, processed and raw.
2. There are 4 castes in India
Now in India there are not 4, but about 3 thousand castes, they can be called in different parts countries are different, and people with the same profession may have different castes in different states. Full list for modern castes by state, see http://socialjustice...
What nameless people on tourist and other near-Indian sites they are called 4 castes - these are not castes at all, these are 4 varnas - chaturvarnya - an ancient social system.
4 Varnas (वर्ना) is an ancient Indian class system. Brahmins (more correctly a brahmin) historically are clergy, doctors, teachers. Varna Kshatriyas (in ancient times it was called Rajanya) are rulers and warriors. Varna vaishyas are farmers and traders, and varna sudras are laborers and landless peasants who work for others.
Varna is a color (in Sanskrit again), and each Indian varna has its own color: the Brahmins have white, the Kshatriyas have red, the Vaishyas have yellow, the Shudras have black, and before, when all representatives of the varnas wore a sacred thread - he was just their varna.
Varnas correlate with castes, but in very different ways; sometimes there is no direct connection, and since we have already delved into science, it must be said that Indian castes in contrast to varnas they are called jati - जाति.
Read more about Indian castes at modern India
3. Caste Untouchables
The untouchables are not a caste. During times ancient india everyone who was not part of the 4 varnas automatically found themselves “outside” of Indian society; these strangers were avoided and not allowed to live in villages, which is why they are called untouchables. Subsequently, these untouchable strangers began to be used in the dirtiest, lowest-paid and shameful work, and formed their own social and professional groups, that is, untouchable castes, in modern India there are several of them, as a rule this is associated with either dirty work or murder living creatures or death, so that all hunters and fishermen, as well as gravediggers and tanners, are untouchable.
4. When did Indian castes appear?
Normatively, that is, legislatively, the caste-jati system in India was recorded in the Laws of Manu, which date back to the 2nd century BC.
The Varna system is much older; there is no exact dating. I wrote in more detail about the history of the issue in the article Castes of India, from varnas to modern times
5. Castes have been abolished in India
Castes in modern India are not abolished or prohibited, as is often written.
On the contrary, all castes in India are counted and listed in the annex to the Indian Constitution, which is called the Table of Castes. In addition, after the population census, changes are made to this table, usually additions; the point is not that new castes appear, but that they are recorded in accordance with the data indicated about themselves by the census participants.
Only discrimination on the basis of caste is prohibited, this is written in Article 15 of the Indian Constitution, see the test at http://lawmin.nic.in...
6. Every Indian has a caste
No, this is also not true.
Indian society is very heterogeneous in its structure, and besides the division into castes there are several others.
There are caste and non-caste, for example, representatives of Indian tribes (aboriginals, adivasis), with rare exceptions, do not have castes. And the part of non-caste Indians is quite large, see the census results http://censusindia.g...
In addition, for some misdemeanors (crimes) a person can be expelled from the caste and thus deprived of his status and position in society.
7. Castes exist only in India
No, this is a fallacy. There are castes in other countries, for example, in Nepal and Sri Lanka, since these countries developed in the bosom of the same huge Indian civilization, as well as on. But there are castes in other cultures, for example, in Tibet, and Tibetan castes do not correlate with Indian castes at all, since the class structure of Tibetan society was formed from India.
For the castes of Nepal, see Ethnic mosaic of Nepal
8. Only Hindus have castes
No, this is not the case now, we need to go deeper into history.
Historically, when the overwhelming majority of the Indian population professed - all Hindus belonged to some caste, the only exceptions were pariahs expelled from castes and the indigenous, tribal peoples of India who did not profess Hinduism and were not part of Indian society. Then other religions began to spread in India - India was invaded by other peoples, and representatives of other religions and peoples began to adopt from the Hindus their class system of varnas and the system of professional castes - jati. Now there are castes in Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Christianity, but they are different from the Hindu castes.
It is curious that in northern India, in the modern states, the Buddhist caste system is not of Indian, but of Tibetan origin.
It is even more curious that even European Christian missionary preachers were drawn into the Indian caste system: those who preached the teachings of Christ to high-born Brahmins ended up in the Christian “Brahmin” caste, and those who communicated with untouchable fishermen became Christian untouchables.
9. You need to know the caste of the Indian you are communicating with and behave accordingly.
This is a common misconception, propagated by travel sites, for no known reason and not based on anything.
It is impossible to determine which caste an Indian belongs to just by his appearance, and often by his occupation too. One acquaintance worked as a waiter, although he came from a noble Rajput family (that is, he is a kshatriya). I was able to identify a Nepalese waiter I knew by his behavior as an aristocrat, since we had known each other for a long time, I asked and he confirmed that this was true, and the guy was not working because of a lack of money at all.
My old friend started his labor activity at the age of 9, as a laborer, he removed garbage from a shop... do you think he is a Shudra? no, he is a brahmin (brahmin) from poor family and 8th child in a row... 1 more Brahmin friend sells in a shop, he is the only son, he needs to earn money...
Another friend of mine is so religious and bright that one would think that he is a real, ideal Brahmin. But no, he was just a sudra, and he was proud of it, and those who know what seva means will understand why.
And even if an Indian says what caste he is, although such a question is considered rude, it will still give nothing to the tourist; a person who does not know India will not understand what and why it works in this amazing country. So there is no need to be puzzled by the caste issue, because in India it is sometimes difficult to even determine the gender of the interlocutor, and this is probably more important :)
10. Caste discrimination in modern times
India is a democratic country and, in addition to prohibiting caste discrimination, has introduced benefits for representatives of lower castes and tribes, for example, there are quotas for admission to higher educational establishments, to occupy positions in state and municipal bodies.
discrimination against people from lower castes, Dalits and tribal people in India is quite serious, casteism is still the basis of life for hundreds of millions of Indians outside large cities, it is there that the caste structure and all the prohibitions arising from it are still preserved, for example, in some temples in India Indian Shudras are not allowed in, this is where almost all caste crimes take place, for example, a very typical crime
Instead of an afterword.
If you are seriously interested in the caste system in India, I can recommend, in addition to the articles section on this site and publications on the Hindunet, reading major European Indologists of the 20th century:
1. Academic 4-volume work by R.V. Russell "and the castes of the central provinces of India"
2. Monograph by Louis Dumont "Homo hierarchicus. Experience in describing the caste system"
In addition, in recent years, a number of books on this topic have been published in India; unfortunately, I myself have not held them in my hands.
If you're not ready to read scientific literature- read the novel by the very popular modern Indian writer Arundhati Roy “The God of Small Things”, it can be found in RuNet.
