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Outbreaks of anthracnose in wet years cause a loss of 75% of the crop and a decrease in it in the following year. When plants are damaged by terry, losses can range from 30% to 100%.

Agrotechnical method should be the main one in protecting plants from diseases and pests. If the site for planting healthy planting material is correctly selected, the most resistant varieties are selected, and high agricultural technology for caring for soil and plants is maintained, then the number of pests and diseases is significantly reduced.

In order to combat glass rust It is necessary to burn out sedge thickets around gardens within a radius of 500 m in the fall or spring and drain the wetlands.

Willow scale should be destroyed on wild vegetation. Birds that feed on caterpillars and pest larvae should be attracted to the garden.

Pesticides destroy and beneficial insects, accumulate in varying quantities in fruits, which is harmful to humans. Therefore, they are used when there are large stocks of infection and mass reproduction of pests. Greatest effect provides the use of a complex of agrotechnical, chemical and biological measures.

Pest mite

Currant bud mite in the Non-Black Earth Zone it is the most serious pest. It causes the death of 50-80% of the kidneys. The harmfulness of the bud mite is also enhanced by the fact that it is the main carrier of the disease of this crop - terry disease. Currently, it has spread to areas of industrial cultivation of currants, where it has become the most dangerous of all its many pests. The mite develops inside the buds, young individuals emerge from them and colonize the newly formed buds. The period of mite migration is from the beginning of bud break to the ripening of berries. This makes it difficult to carry out radical protective measures.

Very few varieties resistant to it have been created, and there are still no reliable means for destroying it on fruit-bearing plantations. However, among currant varieties there is a large variation in the degree of susceptibility to this pest. Western European varieties are severely affected. Varieties European group, weakly affected by the bud mite, there are few: this is Neapolitan, Non-shattering.

Of the zoned varieties, Pobeda, Vystavochnaya, Nina, Stakhanovka Altaya and others are severely affected. It has been noted that the initially moderately resistant variety Stakhanovka Altaya quickly loses this property, and the plants become low-yielding or completely infertile due to severe damage by the bud mite, as well as terry.

Varieties Golubka and Primorsky Champion “resist” severe defeat for a long time, ensuring a good harvest. Currant variety Golubka for a long time as if it “self-cleanses” itself from mites. Severyanka, Rus, Nyaryadnaya, Zhelannaya show stability. However, the noted varieties are mostly low-yielding.

Until recently, not enough attention was paid to the susceptibility of red and white currant varieties to the bud mite. In this regard, the bud mite progresses on this crop. The bud mite was also found on wild red currants.

Ticks are very small with the naked eye invisible, they can only be seen through a magnifying glass. On bushes they are easily detected by swollen spherical buds, especially clearly visible in the spring (Fig. 1). In the affected kidney there can be up to 8 thousand of them. Severely affected buds produce neither leaves nor flowers. In the summer, usually in June, ticks move into newly formed young buds, where they multiply, reaching a maximum number by the end of summer. They overwinter in the kidneys. On some varieties (Golubka, Zoya, Primorsky Champion), the affected buds, cracking in the spring, become like small heads of cabbage. In others, they are larger than usual and round, but dry out. In red currant, the damage is less pronounced.

The bud mite is transmitted with planting material, birds, insects and people during the treatment of plantings and during its migration.

In the spring, before the buds open, the plants are sprayed with a 2-3% solution of 60% nitrafen (30-40 kg/ha); after 10-12 days and before flowering (beginning of flower buds) spray with the same. Then, after flowering in hot weather at temperatures above 18°C, the plants are sprayed with 1% colloidal sulfur (3-4 kg/ha) with OP-7 adhesive (0.3-0.4 kg/ha), or ISO (0 .5-1° according to Baume), or 0.2-0.3% solution of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha). The affected buds are collected, branches with massively damaged buds are cut out and burned. Only healthy planting material is planted.

Common spider mite distributed everywhere. It is especially harmful to currants in dry, hot years, sucking the juice from the leaves. The leaves become dull due to the appearance of numerous very small spots, then turn yellow, dry out and fall off. Their underside, most often near the midrib and at the base of the leaf blade, is braided with a very thin web, where the mite is located. Appears in mid-May and produces several generations.

Weeds are breeding and overwintering sites for ticks. Female ticks overwinter under plant debris and lumps of soil.

How to deal with ticks and disease. The chemicals are the same as those used against kidney mites. High agricultural technology and the provision of moisture to plants reduce mite damage to currants.

Pest moth

Currant bud moth damages red and black currants. Moth caterpillars are small, yellowish, red or green, completely eat up the buds, move from one to another, leaving small excrement on them, entangled in cobwebs. Young ovaries are also damaged. Butterflies lay eggs in the ovary. The developed caterpillars eat the seeds. Damaged berries turn red and dry out prematurely. Moths usually damage currants in patches, especially in dense plantings and on waterlogged soils. Caterpillars overwinter in small cocoons under the bark, at the base of the bush and on stumps.

How to deal with pests (moths). Spraying is carried out with a 0.2-0.3% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha) during the swelling phase of the buds and during the flight of butterflies or with 50% trichlorometaphos-3 before flowering and after collection yield (1.2-3 l/ha).

Currant leaf roller pest

Currant leaf roller when massively propagated, it can destroy up to 80% of currant leaves. Leaves are usually damaged by green, very mobile caterpillars, which can be easily detected by eaten leaves, rolled into a bundle or tube and fastened with cobwebs. Young caterpillars overwinter in cocoons under loose bark or dry leaves on a bush.

Measures to protect against pests and diseases. Spraying plants before flowering (during the budding phase) and after picking berries with a 0.2-0.3% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha).

Sawfly pest

Yellow gooseberry and other sawflies They eat leaves entirely, leaving only petioles and large veins. The larvae are harmful.

The larvae overwinter in cocoons in the soil under bushes at a depth of 10-15 cm. The pest develops in several generations.

How to deal with pests and diseases. The bushes are sprayed against the first spring generation during the period from bud opening to the release of buds and immediately after flowering against the second (summer) generation with a 0.2-0.3% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha) . The larvae are shaken off onto the litter (or umbrella). Autumn digging and loosening of the soil causes the death of some of the larvae that have gone to winter.

Pest moth

Gooseberry moth damages currant berries, which turn red and dry out long before ripening. They are entangled in a web and pulled into a nest, where (most often inside the berries) light green caterpillars with a black head eat the berries. The pupae overwinter in cocoons in the upper layers of the soil.

How to protect currants from pests. Spraying immediately after flowering with a 0.2-0.3% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha). In autumn it is necessary to dig up the soil under the bushes.

Currant gall midge pest

Currant gall midge in the Non-Chernozem Zone it often damages black currants. The larvae damage shoots, sometimes young branches, which break off or dry out. At the base of damaged branches and shoots there are spots of dying bark and cracks, under which red small larvae are concentrated, feeding on the bark tissue. The larvae overwinter in the top layer of soil.

Leaf currant flower (bud) gall midge damages blackcurrant buds. They grow unnaturally, do not bloom, acquire a yellowish or reddish color and fall off prematurely. Larvae develop in the buds from the laid eggs.

Leaf currant gall midge damages young currant leaves. The apical leaves seem to be gnawed (become torn), curl along the midrib, turn brown and dry out, and the shoots branch abnormally. Young bushes and seedlings are more severely damaged. Gall midge larvae overwinter in the soil, under bushes at a depth of up to 5 cm.

Methods of combating gall midges. When gall midges emerge from the soil in the spring (during budding) and after harvesting, the bushes are sprayed with a 0.2-0.3% suspension of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha); after flowering - 1% colloidal sulfur (3-4 kg/ha). In the fall (no later than mid-September) cut out, leaving no stumps, and destroy dying branches damaged by stem gall midge larvae. Mechanical damage to plants must be avoided. Digging (ploughing), loosening and mulching the soil under bushes destroys a significant number of gall midges. When mass reproduction of shoot gall midge occurs, spraying is also carried out after harvesting.

Aphid pest

Gooseberry shoot aphid damages leaves and shoots of black currant. The leaves curl and form a dense clump at the tops of the shoots, and the shoots (tops) grow poorly and even die. On the underside of damaged leaves and at the ends of shoots there are small wingless and winged dark green insects. Several generations develop.

Leaf gall aphid Damages mainly young leaves of red (and white) currants. The leaves have pronounced swellings (galls) or wrinkles; they become cherry-red or red-yellow in color. Inside the swellings on the underside of the leaves are colonies of pale greenish (yellowish) shiny aphids. With severe damage, the leaves die.

Aphids overwinter in the egg stage, laid in the fall on the bark of young branches near the buds. Aphid larvae hatch during bud break.

How to deal with pests (aphids) and diseases. In early spring, before the buds open, the bushes are sprayed against aphid eggs with a 2-3% solution of nitrafen (30-40 kg/ha). On blossoming leaves (before and after flowering), aphids are destroyed with a 0.2% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha). Against adult insects, a soap solution is used for spraying (300 g of soap per 10 liters of water).

Willow scale pest

Willow scale- a widespread pest. On the bark of the branches there are many attached small insects, covered with scutes colored to match the color of the bark. They suck out the juice. Affected branches weaken and sometimes die. Small purple-red eggs overwinter under the scutes of dead females.

Pest and disease control measures. Early spring spraying with a 2-3% solution of nitrafen (30-40 kg/ha). Summer sprays against sawflies and moths are also effective against stray scale insect larvae.

In early spring and autumn, severely affected branches are cut out and burned. Whitewashing with slaked lime or coating the branches with clay and mullein also destroys the scale insect. It is not recommended to plant currants next to willow.

Currant glass pest

Currant glass damages currants in all areas of cultivation. The larvae bore holes in the wood of the branches, the damaged branches wither and gradually dry out (usually soon after flowering). Inside the passages there are white larvae (up to 30 mm) with a brown head.

How to deal with pests and diseases. Before flowering, spray with 0.2-0.3% emulsion of 50% karbofos (1-2.6 l/ha). In early spring and throughout the summer, at the first sign of wilting, branches should be cut back to healthy wood and burned. When pruning, stumps should not be left behind.

Currant disease

Terry (reversion)- mycoplasma disease. Currently, it is widespread in all areas of the Non-Chernozem Zone where black currants are cultivated. Terry also affects red and golden currants.

In affected plants, the shape of the flowers changes, they become double (Fig. 2), the ovary changes from lower to upper, leaves from five-lobed to three-lobed, the veins become coarser and sparser, small leaves and asymmetry are observed. The specific blackcurrant smell disappears. Branching increases, bushes thicken. The main carrier of this disease is the currant bud mite, as well as aphids, plant bugs and, possibly, the spider mite, which is widespread on currants.

Scientists have been studying the problem of black currant terry since 1912, but a method of complete control has not yet been developed on berry plantations. The difficulty is that it can take a long time from infection to the appearance of noticeable symptoms. The first signs of the disease in most affected bushes appear on the leaves (up to 70%), in to a lesser extent- on flowers. In addition, one of the properties of terry is the weakening of its signs in some years. The disease is masked. The bush seems to have recovered, but then the disease reappears. Sick currant plants are a source of infection, since the causative agent remains in these plants.

Terry spreads very quickly, but different varieties are affected to varying degrees.

Many varieties of the European group are severely affected. Of the zoned ones, Nina, Pobeda, and Stakhanovka of Altai are most affected. The most resistant among the known varieties are Golubka, Zoya, Koksa, Primorsky Champion and Naryadnaya.

It should be noted, however, that with the age of the bushes and the deterioration of agrotechnical care, the disease can appear on resistant varieties, and the degree of damage to non-resistant varieties increases sharply under these conditions. This applies to all diseases and pests.

It is necessary to pay the most serious attention to terry, since measures to combat it have not yet been developed. All activities are aimed at combating the vectors of this disease. Carrying out cutting of branches and even cutting them completely to a stump positive result do not give. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully examine the currant bushes for terry disease, and at the first signs of manifestation of this disease, the bushes must be removed and burned, and young plantings must be isolated from old plantings.

Anthracnose currant disease

Anthracnose (fly beetle) currants are widely distributed. This fungal disease results in the appearance of very small brown spots on the leaves. The leaf tissue turns brown, the leaf dries out and falls off prematurely. Anthracnose also affects leaf petioles, young shoots, and stalks. Anthracnose reaches strong development in the second half of summer (late July - August). Mature leaves are characterized by especially high density and intensity of infection.

The fungus penetrates the leaves mainly from the underside.

The blackcurrant varieties Golubka, Primorsky Champion, Zoya, Koksa, Minay Shmyrev, Belorusskaya Sladkaya, Seyanets Golubki are less affected by anthracnose. Varieties Naryadnaya, Vystavochnaya, Liya fertile are moderately and weakly affected, but in some years they can be severely affected. The old Neapolitan variety is very susceptible to anthracnose. Due to severe anthracnose disease, this variety often has weak bushes and low yields. The Bredthorp variety is usually weakly affected, but in some years it is moderately affected.

Red currants are very sensitive to anthracnose. The leaves of many unstable varieties fall off even if there are several spots on them, before the berries are fully ripened. The varieties Red Cross and Feya fertile are especially strongly affected. The varieties that are more resistant to anthracnose are the descendants of rock and red currants: Dutch red, Pervenets, Victoria, Varshevicha, Yuterbogskaya.

Currant varieties that are severely affected by anthracnose have reduced winter hardiness.

How to fight this disease. In early spring or autumn, after the leaves have fallen, spray with a 3% solution of 60% nitrafen (30-40 kg/ha, bushes and soil under bushes). In summer, a 0.4% suspension of 80% cuprosan (3-4 kg/ha) and 1% colloidal sulfur (3-4 kg/ha) are used. Spray before flowering, then after flowering and 10-12 days later, spray the fourth time after picking the berries, and be sure to spray the underside of the leaf. 1% Bordeaux mixture is also used. Agrotechnical measures to protect against diseases come down to the collection and destruction of fallen leaves, timely digging and plowing of the soil under the bushes, sealing the top layer to a depth of 10 cm, regular destruction of weeds, and thinning of dense plantings.

Powdery mildew disease

American powdery mildew V last decade has become one of the most harmful currant diseases.

Research has revealed that a specialized form of the pathogen of American powdery mildew develops on currants, but mutual infection of currants and gooseberries is possible. Powdery mildew on gooseberries appears earlier and develops more quickly at a fast pace than on currants.

The causative agent - a marsupial fungus - is confined to age-young tissues, affecting growth points, young shoots, leaf petioles, leaves, buds, berries. Initially, the affected areas are covered with a white powdery coating of superficial mycelium and conidia of the fungus. Later the mycelium turns brown. As a result of damage to the growing point, the shoots stop growing, the internodes are shortened, the leaves become small, often ugly. The bushes weaken and, if severely damaged, die after 2-3 years.

In its development, the fungus has a summer stage (conidia) and a wintering stage (fruiting bodies). Over the summer, conidia develop up to 10-11 generations, causing repeated infections. The fungus overwinters on fallen leaves and berries. In the spring, after overwintering, ascospores again infect currant plants, their young growths and ovaries. The disease manifests itself in early summer and reaches its maximum development in July - August.

Identification and development of varieties with stable resistance to powdery mildew is of paramount importance. Currently, very few resistant varieties are known. Due to the emergence of new biotypes of the fungus, varieties previously considered resistant are becoming susceptible. This is the case with the zoned variety Bredtorp (Karelian). Relatively resistant varieties also became more severely affected. The degree of damage depends on the variety and growing conditions (agrotechnical, weather conditions and plant protection measures). Research has found that adult leaves of all currant varieties are resistant to powdery mildew. Cultivars with long-term growth and conditions conducive to long-term growth are favorable for infection. Depending on the growing conditions, the degree of damage to the variety varies. The varieties Bredtorp, Belorusskaya Sladkaya, Seyanets Golubki, Primorsky Champion, Golubka, Neosypayshaya, Chernaya Lisavenko are relatively resistant. The variety Memory Michurin is severely affected under different conditions. Varieties of the North European ecotype (Oyebyun and others) are distinguished by their high resistance.

Currant gall midge is found everywhere in central Russia. Affects blackcurrant stems. Clumps of larvae can be found under the bark of branches. There is a food source there - soft succulent tissues of green stems 1-3 years old. Injured parts of the plant darken and are susceptible to cracking. The leaves are drying up. Yellowness appears on them. The stems break.

Sexually mature adult females are brown with a noticeable orange tint. Only the back and head are different: they are completely brown. An unfertilized female reaches 2-3.5 mm in length. Males are smaller - 1.5 - 2.5 mm. Graceful long thin legs are noticeable. The eggs laid are oval shaped and translucent. Hatched caterpillars reach 4 mm in length. Characterized by a colorless appearance. The larvae remain to overwinter, weaving cocoons from cobwebs in the top layer of soil. They are buried 4 cm, directly next to the currant bushes themselves.

The mass appearance of flying individuals is observed during the opening of black currant flowers. Lasts from 2.5 to 4.5 weeks. If leaf gall midges begin it at the beginning of the flowering of the crop, then during the mass flowering of black currants shoot adult mosquitoes appear. Females are immediately ready to lay eggs. In the lower part of the bush, where they fly, looking for cracks in the shoots, they lay eggs. In a short period of existence (2-3 days), the gall midge manages to lay from 22 to 140 pieces on currants. Doesn't like open sunny places. Strives to hide in the shade, closer to moisture.

Having completed the entire development period, the larvae hide in the upper layer of soil to form cocoons. One part of them is in a state of diapause. The appearance of adults should only be expected in the spring of next year.

Summer insects begin to fly and lay eggs in late summer (July-August). They fly for 50-60 days. From August to October, with favorable rainy weather, the larvae begin to form cocoons in the soil. Thus, the leaf gall midge on currants (Perrisia tetenesi Rubs) reproduces two generations per year.

The damage caused by voracious gall midges can be judged by statistics. The yield on damaged one-year-old shoots is reduced by almost half, while two-year-old shoots lose it by up to 64%. At the same time, the population density of a harmful insect at which one or another type of insecticidal preparation should be used, from the point of view of economic benefit, is 20-25% of shoots infected with gall midge.

Methods for destroying gall midges

Agricultural technology

• It is possible to reduce the number of adult insects flying out of the upper layers of the soil by placing pieces of roofing material, film, and cardboard under each bush. This bedding is sprinkled with earth and kept there all the time until the active period stops.
• The root zone - the place where the pupae overwinter - is treated with the following composition: tobacco dust, lime-fluff (1:1). It is practiced to use wood ash mixed with sand (1 tsp of ash and 10 tsp of sand). Ash can be replaced with naphthalene. Apply 1 cup of the mixture under each bush.
• During the summer, hang mosquito traps with creolin around the garden.
• Plant only healthy cuttings for new plantings. To do this, take material from trusted dealers or nurseries.
• Before planting, seedlings are disinfected by heat treatment. Water heated to +45°C is used. The planting material is kept in it for a quarter of an hour.
• Plant a new berry patch no closer than 1 km from the affected currants.
• In early spring and late autumn, dig up the soil and loosen it to prevent the caterpillars from pupating.
• You can fight the shoot gall midge on currants by mulching the soil layer in the area of ​​the roots and crown, using peat chips (6 cm layer). This technique prevents adult adults from flying out of the soil.
• Remove infected shoots by cutting them out along with the pest larvae. At the same time, make sure that the bark on the branches is not damaged.
• Constantly loosening the soil and removing weeds under and between bushes.
• Bush pruning. It is necessary to remove unnecessary shoots, preventing the appearance of additional root shoots on which the pest develops.

Chemicals

The fight against gall midges on currants begins when damage is detected on more than 10% of currant bushes during the period of bud formation. Used (2.5 ml/10 l water). (0.24-0.48 l/ha), Fufanon (1-2.6 l/ha), (1.5 l/ha), (80-100 g/10 l of water), Karate. After the first spraying, monitor the activity of the pest and its numbers. If necessary, repeat irrigation with one of the compounds, but only when the ovary forms on the bushes. Last time process after harvesting the entire crop. At the same time, instead of the listed chemicals, you can use a 0.7% suspension of 30% wettable DDT powder for spraying.

Not only the bushes are irrigated, but also the soil under them. You need to use an emulsion (50% ke) with the addition of 0.2% Trichlorometaphos. If, when loosening, cocoons are discovered again, then the soil needs to be processed again, 1.5 weeks after the initial treatment.

Attention! Fufanon, an insecticide with contact-intestinal fumigant action, has proven itself well in the destruction of all types of gall midges. It is effective against the whole group plant pests, but not in combination with other insecticides. To prepare the emulsion, 5 ml of the drug is diluted in 2 liters of water. Stir well and then add water to the required concentration (5 l). Currants are sprayed immediately after cooking in dry weather. For 1 bush you will need 1.5 liters.

Infusions and decoctions

• Before flowering, immediately after it, and also after harvesting, infusions of ash, garlic, yarrow, and walnut shells are applied to currant bushes.
• An infusion of field chamomile and poisonous henbane (black) is practiced.
• Before the buds bloom, sprinkle the bushes with a solution: 300 g of copper sulfate with 400 hydrated lime.

In the fight against a pest on currants, it is important to detect it in time. Identification work should begin with early spring and continue until late autumn. This will determine the nature of the activities and will allow you to select the necessary chemicals. With each subsequent treatment, it is better to alternate insecticides.

Leaf currant gall midge. Damages black currants. The adult insect is brownish-yellow, about 2 mm long, with one pair of wings, similar to a mosquito. The larva is white or yellowish, up to 2 mm in size. It overwinters in cobwebby cocoons in the soil at a depth of 5-8 cm. In the spring, the larvae pupate. Adult gall midges emerge in the second half of May. Females lay eggs in the apical leaves that have not yet unfolded. The hatched larvae damage the youngest shoots, which become ugly, as if perforated, turn black and dry out, stop growing or branch abnormally. Having completed development, the larvae go into the soil to pupate. During the growing season, three to four generations of the pest develop.

Control measures. Late autumn and early spring digging of the soil under the bushes, spring mulching of the area with peat or rotted manure with a layer of 6-8 cm. Gall midge larvae that overwinter in the soil cannot overcome a layer of mulch more than 5 cm and die. Spraying plants during exposure of buds and after harvesting with 10% karbofos (75-90 g per 10 liters of water).

Latin name: Dasyneura tetensi Rubs.

Description

Systematic position: order Diptera, gall midge family (Cecidomyiidae).

The area of ​​harmfulness includes the Northwestern, Central, Volga-Vyatka, and Central Black Earth regions. Damages black currants, especially harmful when growing planting material in nurseries.

The adult is about 1.5 mm long, with one pair of membranous wings, long legs and 16-segmented antennae; body brownish-orange; females with a long pointed ovipositor. The larva is 2-2.5 mm long, legless, white or yellowish.

Adult larvae overwinter in white cocoons in the top (up to 5 cm) layer of soil under currant bushes. During bud break, the larvae pupate. The pupa develops in 8-14 days. The flight of adult individuals coincides with the phase of exposure of buds and the beginning of flowering of black currants. Females live no more than 2 days and during this time lay 33-97 eggs (Goncharova, 1992), placing them in groups (up to 13 pieces) in young, undeveloped leaves using a long ovipositor. Transparent glassy larvae hatching after 3-4 days feed in the rolled up leaves, scraping them off from above. Young leaves, if there are many larvae in them, stop growing and dry out before they have time to unfurl. Unfolded, damaged leaves have an ugly, wrinkled shape, with tissue tears between the veins in the places where the larvae fed. The duration of development of larvae is 11 - 13 days, after which they go into the soil to pupate. Adult gall midges of the second generation fly out at the beginning of the formation of ovaries on black currants. The development of subsequent generations occurs in a similar way. During the growing season it produces 3-4 generations; the greatest damage is caused by gall midges of the second and third generations.

Control measures

Late autumn and early spring digging of the soil under currant bushes in order to destroy the wintering stock of the pest. Mulching the soil under the bushes (6-8 cm), which makes it difficult for adults to emerge from the pupae. Spatial isolation of industrial plantings from queen cells and nurseries.

Treatment of currant plantations when more than 10% of the bushes are colonized with gall midges before flowering with the following preparations: bitoxybacillin, P (5 kg/ha); kinmiksom, EC (0.24-0.48 l/ha); karbofos or fufanon, EC (1-2.6 l/ha); actellik or phosbecid, EC (1.5 l/ha). In case of high numbers, repeat treatments during the formation of ovaries and after picking berries. In nurseries and queen cells, treatment with preparations, EC (l/ha): Bi-58 New - 1.1 -1.5 or danadim - 1.2-1.6.

In garden plots, bitoxybacillin, P (80-100 g/10 l of water), kinmiks, EC (2.5 ml/10 l of water) are used.