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The word “duel” comes from the Latin duo – “two”.

The very concept of a “duel” arose around the 14th century. Before this, in Europe there was a tradition of judicial duels - “God's courts”. It was believed that in such a battle God would give victory to the one who had the truth.

TO XVI century duels turned into a real headache for European monarchs. For example, during the relatively short (16 years) reign of King Henry IV of France, almost 9 thousand French nobles died during “honor duels.” It is not surprising that in the majority European countries duels were strictly prohibited, and their participants faced the death penalty.

Duels were held not only with “noble” weapons: swords, pistols, sabers, rapiers, etc. Sometimes they fought according to the most ridiculous rules and on the strangest objects. For example, in the 17th century a duel took place in London... with splitting axes. Two aristocrats were sorting things out in a dark basement, trying to kill their opponent. This duel ended with reconciliation: the rivals very quickly got tired of swinging heavy axes. There are known cases when in France duelists fought with razors, canes, billiard cues, Catholic crucifixes and even sausages! In Russia, a duel on candelabra became legendary, one of the participants in which chose this weapon simply because he could neither shoot nor fight with blades.

In 1806, two English gentlemen quarreled at the races - Earl Barrymore and Member of Parliament Humphrey Howarth. Naturally, the quarrel escalated into a duel, to which Howarth appeared completely naked. He explained to the shocked audience that his experience as a military field surgeon suggests that duelists often die not from a bullet, but from an infection that gets into the wound along with pieces of clothing. Earl Barrymore did not want to be the killer of a naked man, nor to be killed by a “nudist”. As a result, the fighters decided not to shoot at all and went together to celebrate reconciliation.

In 1808, a duel took place in France balloons. One of the duelists shot at his opponent, but missed. The second did not even aim at the enemy - he immediately fired at the shell of his balloon. Naturally, the ball fell from a kilometer height, the opponent was broken, and the lucky shooter married a beautiful lady, because of whom the duel took place.

In 1552, a women's duel with light swords took place in Naples. Beautiful ladies, Diambra de Pettinella and Isabela de Carazzi, fought for the favor of the handsome young Fabio de Zeresola. The whole of Naples gossiped about this fight for a long time, and spanish artist Jose de Rivera, having heard enough local legends, wrote his famous painting"Women's duel".

The fashion for women's duels was brought to Russia by the Prussian princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerb ( future empress Catherine the Second), who once participated in a duel with her own second cousin. During her reign, women fought duels very often: in 1765 alone, ladies fought 20 times, and the empress personally seconded 8 fights!

The great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was an avid duelist. During one of the fights, he lost part of his nose and was forced to wear a silver prosthesis for the rest of his life.

The French scientist and writer Cyrano de Bergerac was known for his incredible cockiness. He fought duels almost every day. There was even a legend about Bergerac that he once defeated 100 opponents alone.

Alexandre Dumas's father would have been an avid duelist. Once, according to the terms of the duel, he had to draw lots, according to the results of which one of the duel participants had to go and shoot himself. Dumas was unlucky: the lot fell to him. The writer calmly went into another room, fired into the air, returned to the seconds and brazenly declared: “I shot, but, alas, I missed.” As a result, the duel turned into a joke, and the parties reconciled.

The 7th American President Andrew Jackson fought numerous duels. Once he shot a man in a duel who had insulted his wife. Another duel was not so successful: he “caught” a bullet in the chest and was forced to walk with it for the rest of his life, since the surgeons of that time were unable to get this piece of lead.

Pushkin received challenges to a duel about 100 times. The last of them, received from Baron Heeckeren-Dantes, became fatal for him.

In some countries Latin America, where the explosive temperament of men is the norm, duels were abolished relatively recently. For example, in Uruguay it was possible to challenge an offender to a duel until 1992, and in Paraguay duels are still allowed. However, only registered blood donors can participate in them.

History remembers the duels that became famous a large number inhabitants of the planet. They owe their fame to the participation of such celebrities as Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Hamilton, Mikhail Lermontov and others.

Top most famous duels

The duel could also become famous because it was followed by some other events that received wide publicity or influenced the course of history. Next, we will talk in more detail about the fights in which the duelists were Pushkin, Mark Twain, Lermontov, and Hamilton.

Duel of Pushkin and Dantes

Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel because of such feelings as jealousy. There were rumors in society that Dantes was in love with the poet’s wife, as well as that he had achieved her favor. The last straw was an anonymous libel delivered to Pushkin and his friends. In it the poet was called a cuckold. This happened in November 1836. Due to the fact that Dantes proposed to the sister of Pushkin’s wife, Alexander Sergeevich withdrew his challenge to the duel. Dantes' wedding took place at the beginning of 1837. Unfortunately, this marriage did not end the conflict between Heckern and Pushkin; in addition, jokes about Pushkin’s family continued to spread in society.

A few days later, the poet sent an insulting letter to Dantes’ adoptive father, after which he received a summons. The conditions of this duel were very harsh, but the poet accepted them. After Dantes was shot, the poet was fatally wounded in the stomach. Lying in the snow, he managed to fire back, lightly wounding his opponent in the right hand.

Duel between Lermontov and Martynov

The fatal event for Lermontov occurred not far from Pyatigorsk near Mount Mashuk. There was no doctor present at the scene of the fight, nor was the crew standing there in case of injury or death of one of the participants in the fight. These circumstances suggest that all participants in the duel hoped until the last moment that Lermontov and Martynov would agree to reconciliation and no one would shoot. However, there was no peaceful outcome. The poet died without regaining consciousness, just a few minutes after the fatal shot.

Duel between Hamilton and Burr

Duels in New York were prohibited by that time. Burr, Hamilton and their seconds went secretly to this fight. It took place in New Jersey in a secluded rocky place.

After the command was given, Hamilton noticeably hesitated to fire, but Burr fired and hit his opponent, whose liver and spine were damaged as a result. Hamilton had no opportunity to fire a return shot, and he did not want to fire one. Died before the duel in his suicide note wrote that his moral and religious principles were against duels.

The most famous duel in history

This duel had no political motives. The reason was an unflattering remark about the behavior of a certain lady. The main opponents of this fight are Quelus and D’Entragues. Each of them came to the duel with two seconds.

It should be noted that the king strictly prohibited showdowns through duels. However, this did not stop the opponents. The “Minion Duel” became famous for the fact that it involved not only D’Entragues and Quelus, but also four seconds, who, according to the dueling code, were obliged to do everything possible to reconcile the parties.

Over the grave of the dead participants in this duel, by order of the inconsolable king, a marble monument. At the end of the sixteenth century, the rebel Legists destroyed this magnificent monument. “Minion Duel” became the reason for the emergence of fashion for participation in duels not only of the duelists themselves, but also of their seconds. A similar scene is described by Alexandre Dumas in the novel “The Countess de Monsoreau.”

In addition to one-on-one confrontations, there were other interesting fights in the world. .
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Today you can insult anyone using the Internet. They argue sometimes strangers, without choosing words. Only now you can only respond to the offender using the same “virtual” weapon, without causing him real harm.

But in the old days, the issue of insults was resolved much more simply. If men argued with each other, then they scheduled a duel or duel. At first, the weapons were swords and swords, and then they were replaced by pistols. And this solution to the problem was much more convincing than pressing the “complain” button.

And the most interesting thing is that duels in some countries and in some periods of history were a completely legal means of sorting out relationships. True, even the ban on such fights often did not stop the heated men. And although duels were a noble way to defend one’s honor, these battles sometimes turned out to be quite funny and absurd.

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve vs. Paul-Francois Dubois. Duels are understandable when two people clash in a dispute worst enemy. But sometimes the situation gets out of control between old friends and colleagues. This is exactly what happened with Sainte-Beuve and Dubois, whose duel took place on September 20, 1830. Sainte-Beuve was literary critic, who created his own method for evaluating the works of writers. He believed that all their stories and novels actually, to one degree or another, reflect them own life and experience. Dubois was the editor of the newspaper Le Globe. Paul-François not only taught famous critic at the Lyceum of Charlemagne, and hired him to work in his publication. What exactly they were arguing about remained a mystery. But the result was a duel scheduled in the forest near Romainville. The problem was heavy rain. Sainte-Beuve said he doesn't mind dying, but refuses to get wet in the process. The critic picked up an umbrella instead of a pistol. In the end, no one died, and the two writers later became friends again. Sainte-Beuve himself recalled Dubois as a wonderful and sincere person. But the publisher behind his back called the critic “ mama's boy, afraid of rain."

Otto von Bismarck vs. Rudolf Virchow. This story is about how a politician was ready to defend his beliefs, which modern world just can't be found. Otto von Bismarck was the Prussian minister who unified Germany and became its chancellor. In 1865 he clashed with the leader of the Liberal Party, Rudolf Virchow. This scientist and oppositionist believed that the politician had unnecessarily inflated Prussia's military budget. As a result, the country plunged into poverty, overpopulation and epidemics. Bismarck did not challenge his opponent's views, but simply challenged him to a duel. At the same time, the politician generously allowed his opponent to choose a weapon. But Virchow acted unconventionally; he decided to fight with sausages. One of them was raw and contaminated with bacteria. Bismarck understood that Virchow simply had no chance when using bladed weapons or firearms. But the sausages leveled the playing field. Then Bismarck declared that heroes had no right to eat themselves to death and canceled the duel. The story is not only funny, it is also notable for the fact that the head of the country summoned the oppositionist. Usually the opposite happens.

Mark Twain vs James Laird. Twain was a famous opponent of dueling. The writer considered them unreasonable and in a dangerous way find out the relationship. According to Twain, this is also sinful. If someone challenged him, the writer promised to take the opponent to the quiet place and kill there. That is why it is not surprising that when he challenged the editor of a rival newspaper to a duel, he tried in every possible way to prevent it. Describing the fight that never took place, Twain recalled that he was terrified. The fact is that his opponent was a famous shooter. But as soon as Laird and his second approached the place of the fight, Mark Twain’s second, Steve Gillies, hit the head of a flying bird from 30 meters away. The Laird asked in amazement who shot the subway like that? Then Gillis said that Twain, an excellent sniper, did it. Fortunately for the writer, Laird chose not to risk his life and canceled the fight.

Marcel Proust vs Jean Lorrain. Digital technologies make it difficult for writers to deal with devastating reviews of their works. The struggle comes down to endless comments, shares and likes. In 1896, Proust published a collection of short stories, Joys and Days, but the poet and novelist Jean Lorrain issued a devastating review on this subject. In addition, the critic called the author himself “soft” and allowed himself to make comments about his personal life. The duel was scheduled for February 5, 1897. Proust’s only request was not to start the fight before noon, since he was a pronounced “night owl.” Nevertheless, the writer arrived at the duel impeccably dressed. Both writers fired and both missed. The seconds then agreed that honor had been restored. It is worth saying that such a reaction to the review was still excessive, but with the help of a duel both writers were able to resolve their differences. It’s good that both of them turned out to be bad shooters, otherwise literature would have been greatly impoverished.

Lady Almeria Braddock vs Mrs Elphinstone. This duel went down in history as a “skirt fight.” The two ladies decided to go a little further in clarifying their relationship, as was customary among French women. But nothing foreshadowed such a conclusion to an ordinary tea party between two friends - Mrs. Elphinstone and Lady Braddock. It’s just that she was the first to describe the hostess’s appearance using the past tense: “You were beautiful woman" Lady Almeria Braddock was so offended by these words that she immediately scheduled a duel in nearby Hyde Park. Initially, it was decided to shoot with pistols. After the bullet hit Lady Braddock's hat, she still insisted on continuing the duel. Then the ladies took up swords. And only when Leti Braddock was able to easily wound her offender did she agree to a written apology on her part. The duel was over, but it was an unusually spectacular event.

Sasaki Kojiro vs Miyamoto Musashi. This duel may seem funny, but its participants cannot be denied ingenuity. In 1612, two fighters, principled opponents, fought in a duel on the territory of feudal Japan. They did not see eye to eye on the art of fencing. There are many different descriptions of that fight. The most common version says that Musashi was three hours late, and instead of a sword, he arrived with a hewn oar. It was a psychological blow to the enemy. Musashi smiled at his opponent as he hurled insults at him. And when Kojiro was blinded by the rays of the rising sun, he struck him with his improvised weapon, killing him. It turns out that it was possible to defeat the legendary warrior with the help of being late and a boat oar.

François Fournier-Sarlovez vs Pierre Dupont. Frnier-Sarlovez was a very impulsive man who resorted to the sword at every opportunity. The fact that duels in France in the 17th century were prohibited did not stop him either. The most famous fight between Fournier and Sarlovez lasted for 19 long years. These events even formed the basis for Joseph Conrad's novel The Duel and Ridley Scott's film The Duelists. It all started in 1794. Pierre Dupont, an army courier, delivered the message to Fournier. But he didn’t like the message. Word for word, the culprit turned out to be the unlucky courier, whom the bully immediately challenged to a duel. He agreed and managed to wound Fournier, but not fatally. Having recovered, he offered revenge. This time it was Dupont who was wounded. For the third time, both were wounded. Over the next 19 years, the duelists fought about 30 times, trying to prove something to each other. They even made an agreement that a duel could not take place only if there was a distance of more than a hundred kilometers between them. And although the French called each other sworn enemies, they corresponded and even sometimes dined together after the fight. In 1813, Du Pont decided to get married, and he had no need for the old enmity. He proposed to finally resolve the issue. The decisive duel took place in the forest. Dupont decided to cheat - he hung his doublet on a branch, where he discharged Fournier's charges. Then the groom said that he would not shoot, but next time he would do it twice. So Fournier stopped pursuing his longtime enemy.

Humphrey Howard vs Earl Barrymore. Experienced duelists know that they should always take some precautions before a duel. In 1806, a dispute broke out between two respectable English gentlemen, Member of Parliament Humphrey Howard and Henry Barry, the eighth Earl of Barrymore, which led to a duel. But Howard, a former army doctor, knew that it was the infection that got into an open wound that most often became fatal. That is why he decided that clothing is the very subject. And if the count, like a true gentleman, came into battle in a frock coat and top hat, then his opponent wisely stripped naked. They say, however, that Howard made this decision under the influence of alcohol. But the count turned out to be quite sober, preferring to hush up the matter. Is it a great honor to kill a naked person or, on the contrary, to die at the hands of a nudist? Howard was quite happy with this decision, and the gentlemen went home.

Alexey Orlov vs. Mikhail Lunin. When a person agrees to accept a challenge to a duel, it would be good to have some skills for this. Alexey Orlov was not ready for the fight. He was a good general who proved himself in Napoleonic wars. But this does not mean that he knew how to shoot accurately. Orlov never fought a duel with anyone, which became a reason for jokes among young people. Lunin invited the general to experience a new sensation for him, essentially challenging him to a duel. It was impossible to refuse such a challenge, even if it was a playful one. Orlov's vulnerability became noticeable during a duel with the much more experienced and skilled cavalryman Mikhail Lunin. He provoked the general so much that Orlov really wanted to kill the offender. The first shot went to the inexperienced duelist, but the bullet only knocked off Lunin’s epaulette. He only laughed in response and fired into the air. Then the enraged Orlov fired again, this time hitting the hat. Lunin laughed and fired into the air again. He found pleasure in danger. The enraged Orlov wanted to load the weapon again, but the senseless duel was stopped. Lunin offered his opponent shooting lessons. And although the young officer did not win the duel, he gained the upper hand in the battle - Orlov was humiliated.

Monsieur de Grandpré vs Monsieur de Piquet. It seems that dueling is something French, who, if not they, know a lot about this activity and maintain a certain style. In 1808 one opera diva fell in love with two respectable gentlemen. The rivals decided no. better opportunities to discourage a competitor from his passion, except by shooting with him. And the victory itself should have had a positive effect on that same lady. The men decided to have a duel in balloons, high in the sky, to make it more spectacular. The opponents rose above the Parisian Tuileries Garden, taking with them muskets with gunpowder and lead bullets. The co-pilots, who were assigned an unenviable fate, helped control the balloons. As soon as the balls approached within firing distance, on command Grandpre and Piquet shot at each other. Pique's ball caught fire and fell down. Along with the duelist, his co-pilot also died. The most interesting thing is that the prima donna did not appreciate such a sacrifice and ran away with another fan.

Andre Marchand against the dog. This amazing story happened in the 14th century. Andre Marchand went hunting with his friend, Jacques Chevantier. The friends could not find a third travel companion, but they took friendly dog. During the hunt, Jacques Chevante disappeared somewhere. No one would have suspected the disappearance of the Marchand man, but the missing man’s dog, who was an eyewitness to the events, literally began to bark at the sight of his owner’s friend. Chevantier's acquaintances came to an original conclusion - the dog wants to challenge Marchand to a duel, instead of the missing Chevantier. In order to maintain honor, Marchand had to accept the challenge. But he couldn’t choose a revolver; it simply didn’t exist then. Then the duelist decided to fight with the help of a club iron fangs. They just resembled dog fangs. The dog had little choice but to rely on his natural weapons - teeth and claws. The fight turned out to be surprisingly short. As soon as the dog was let off the leash, he immediately grabbed his opponent’s neck. Marchand didn't even have time to use his club. They say that while dying, the poor man managed to confess to the murder of his friend. But most likely this legend was invented by the organizers of such a wild fight in order to justify their madness.

Count Cagliostro vs. Doctor Sozonovich. The famous European sorcerer Count Cagliostro visited Russia in the 18th century. Here he received a warm welcome - the magician had many fans and clients. But there were also those at court who openly called the visiting guest a charlatan. The most serious conflict erupted between Cagliostro and Doctor Sozonovich, the court physician of Empress Catherine II. A curious incident occurred - Prince Golitsyn’s only ten-month-old son fell ill. Official medicine She threw up her hands, but Cagliostro managed to cure him in just a month. Gossips whispered that the count had simply replaced the baby. Then the offended Sozonovich challenged Cagliostro to a duel. He stated that since we are talking about medicine, the weapon should be his own prepared poison. The enemies must exchange pills and the one with the better antidote will win. Cagliostro later boasted of how he managed to replace poison with a ball of chocolate in front of everyone. But the gullible Sozonovich drank the poison, trying to muffle its effect with several liters of milk. Fortunately, both duelists survived. Perhaps the cunning Italian decided to spare his opponent and did not give him poison. After all, Cagliostro, after that duel, wrote to Sozonovich that the pill contained only a potency enhancing agent.

Jack Robson and Billy Beckham. Times change the weapons of duelists. At first it was swords and swords, later - firearms. As you can see, even Balloons took part in sorting out the relationship. IN in this case two American farmers decided to sort things out with the help of their cars. The reason for the duel was banal - both guys fell in love with a certain beauty. The Americans decided that in the middle of the 20th century the weapons should be appropriate, which is why they chose cars. Early in the morning, the rivals gathered at the edge of the plateau, where seconds - a doctor and a mechanic - were supposed to monitor the fairness of the fight. And the subject of the dispute itself - a charming lady, appeared at the scene of the duel. On command, the cars rushed towards each other at great speed. But at the last moment the duelists turned away, avoiding instant death. The men decided to change tactics - now they tried to push the enemy car into the abyss. The winner was Jack Robson, but his prize was not the girl’s heart, but 15 years in prison. The beauty herself married a bus driver, who kindly gave her a ride home after a terrible duel.

Defending one's honor through a duel has always been considered noble cause. Among the duels, a top list of the most unusual ones has been compiled. It is also known about the most curious, most terrible and fastest duel.

Top most unusual duels

Despite the fact that over time duels were officially prohibited in many countries around the world, they were still carried out. Rivals believed that this was the only way to find out who was right, defend honor, determine the winner in a dispute, and so on. Unusual duels were in fashion. Next, let's look at some of them included in the top.

The most interesting and fastest duel

Many noticed that after this event, the missing friend’s dog, for unknown reasons, began to be very aggressive towards Chevantier. This was regarded as a challenge to a duel. The dog allegedly wanted to take revenge on his owner’s friend for killing Marchant. Chevantier accepted the challenge. He took a club with metal spikes as a weapon, and the dog took his own teeth. As soon as the dog was released, it sank its teeth into its opponent's throat. Andre Marchand died, but before his death he managed to confess that it was he who killed his friend.

The most terrible duel

I must say that everything was not at all harmless, since the water was infested with sharks. Soon the seconds realized that the duelists urgently needed to be pulled out of the water. Although they were exhausted, they were both alive. The sharks didn't have time to eat them.

Duel with the most ridiculous type of weapon

The scientist proposed to eat one sausage each during a duel, after which fate would decide which of them would live and which would die. Bismarck refused this duel, because he believed that a hero could not die after overeating.

"Skirt Fight"

Considering such words offensive to herself, the offended woman challenged her friend to a duel. They immediately went to Hyde Park with the intention of shooting with pistols. Lady Braddock's hat was shot through, however, she insisted that the duel continue with swords. Soon after the fight began, Braddock slightly wounded her offender. The wounded offender also brought her a written apology.

An unusual duel of the mid-twentieth century

At this duel, in addition to the seconds, there was also a girl present, who became the subject of a dispute among the young and ardent farmers. Having accelerated, they last moment decided to pull out, thus preventing the instant death of both. The duelists continued to fight, trying to push each other into the abyss while sitting behind the wheel. One of the lovers and the car soon flew into the abyss, while the winner had to go to prison for fifteen years. The girl became the wife of the bus driver, who kindly gave her a ride when she was returning from this duel.

The most unusual duel in history: balloon battle

Monsieur de Grandpré was the first to shoot after the necessary convergence of the balloons. The ball in which Monsieur de Piquet was with his second caught fire and collapsed. It should be noted that the diva did not appreciate the duel that took place, leaving the city with the third contender for her heart.

Mass confrontations are also interesting. .
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Initially directed against vietnam war. Then pacifism spread to other areas of life. Pacifism implies renunciation of violence and condemnation of military actions.

Representatives of this subculture denied the imposed social institutions, various kinds of formalities and hierarchy.
Hippies were of the opinion that, first of all, changes should occur in the consciousness of man, and not in the structure of society. They extolled spirituality and self-development.

The symbol of hippies is, hence their name “flower children”. They believed that they had reached a dead end in their development. The only option may be to reconnect with nature, enjoying the beauty of the natural world.

This view ultimately led to a number of negative consequences. Hippies abused substances and alcohol and were sexually promiscuous. Mass distribution hippie culture provoked a sexual revolution in the world.

Appearance hippies had their own characteristics. Representatives of both sexes wore long hair, in which they were intertwined. They preferred loose-fitting clothes, colorful colors, and lots of baubles and jewelry.

Hippie Hobbies

The desire for freedom led to the fact that hippies did not have permanent place residence, work, were not included in educational institutions. They often spent time meditating and traveling. Much attention and time was devoted to creativity and self-realization, while each person's individual way of self-expression was valued and respected.

Representatives of this subculture often gathered together and spent time in an atmosphere of relaxed chaos. Wherein individuals or groups of people could indulge different activities. We listened to music, danced, talked.

Of course, such gatherings were not complete without the use of drugs. In an effort to understand the world better, young people artificially expanded the boundaries ordinary consciousness. There were also hippie communes where drug use was prohibited.

The hippies preferred rock and roll, which was just emerging at the same time as the subculture. Under the influence of hippies, a new direction appeared - psychedelic rock. This was intended to introduce the listener into a state of altered consciousness.

Although the heyday of hippie culture is a thing of the past, some of its consequences are firmly ingrained in society. For example, tolerance for racial differences, pacifism, promotion of healthy food, environmental movements, the emergence of feminism. On the other hand, this movement provoked increased interest in psychedelics, tolerance of homosexual orientation and sexual permissiveness.