Director of the Pushkin Museum: we do not stop collaborating with museums in Holland. National traditions of Holland, habits and characteristics of local residents
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Belgian culture- Contents 1 art 2 Architecture 3 Music ... Wikipedia
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Archaeological culture - Archaeological culture totality material monuments, which belong to the same territory and era and have common features. Typically, an archaeological culture is named after some characteristic feature by which it differs from others: by... ... Wikipedia
Linear Band Ware Culture- Archaeological culture Culture of linear band ceramics Neolithic ... Wikipedia
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Renaissance culture in the Netherlands- Humanism of the 16th century. Since the 15th century, the Netherlands has become one of the main centers European culture. The formation of a new socio-economic structure, the collapse of the religious dogma of the Middle Ages and the emergence of a new, secular in its own way... ... The World History. Encyclopedia
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Books
- Western Europe. XVI century. Civilization, culture, art, . The collection consists of articles written based on the authors’ presentations at the All-Russian conference of the same name, held in the fall of 2005 in State Institute art history in... Buy for 595 RUR
- Dutch culture in the 17th century. Erasmus. Selected letters. Drawings, Huizinga Johan. The book completes the publication of the main works of the outstanding Dutch author, begun with the publication of “Autumn of the Middle Ages” (1988) and then continued by Homo ludens / The Man Playing (1997).
This small European state has always attracted the dreamy glances of travelers. The “fault” for this is not only mills, coffee shops and tulip fields, but also an unusual rich culture The Netherlands, the country that gave the world Rembrandt, Descartes and Anne Frank.
School from The Hague
When we mention Holland, we come to mind magnificent paintings by artists whose work is related unified school. It is called The Hague and represents artistic association, which originated in the Netherlands in the 19th century. The school had a noticeable influence on all painting in the country, and its most well-known representative became Vincent van Gogh.
Paintings by other prominent Dutchmen can be seen in the exhibitions best museums peace. The most popular galleries are located in the capital, Rotterdam and The Hague:
- Rembrandt's house museum in Amsterdam, where he lived and worked for two decades great painter. The main exhibits are the artist's graphic works and his etchings.
- The Boijmans-van Benning Museum is one of the largest Dutch art galleries in Rotterdam. Offers visitors works by Bosch, Rembrandt, Rubens, Kandinsky and Dali. Among the masterpieces on display is Pieter Bruegel's "Small Tower of Babel", written in 1563.
- The Amsterdam City Museum represents all artistic movements. Its unique exhibits include paintings by Monet, Picasso, Chagall and Cezanne.
UNESCO Ten
This is exactly how many sites in this country the UNESCO organization considered worthy of the World Heritage List. cultural heritage. The culture of the Netherlands has evolved over many centuries; architects, sculptors, painters, and musicians have contributed to its formation. Architectural monuments in a small area of Holland are located in high density, and therefore entire neighborhoods and cities are included in the lists of protected sites.
Of particular value for posterity are the harbor and historical part of the city of Willemstad, the old defensive structures in the capital, the island of Schokland with its church-museum, and the 17th-century canal system in Amsterdam.
About our daily bread
An equally important part of the culture of the Netherlands has become National cuisine. Her dishes are prepared for the most part from fish and seafood, and the famous Dutch cheese has become world-famous famous brand already many decades ago. The most popular varieties of cheese exported and loved by the Dutch themselves are Edam, Maasdam, Gouda and Leerdam.
The Netherlands is home to many famous artists. The first of a whole galaxy of great canvas masters was Hieronymus Bosch, whose works on religious themes are filled with fear. He often depicted terrible creatures and people near death. Rembrandt, who perfectly mastered the art of depicting light and shadow, created brilliant paintings on biblical themes. Frans Hals and Jan Vermeer were masters of portraiture and household painting. These two directions artistic culture became popular after the decline in the importance and influence of the church as an overseer of the arts. Vincent Van Gogh, who spent a significant part of his life in Belgium and France, is also considered one of his own in Holland. His early works, including the painting "The Potato Eaters", were painted in their homeland, while later paintings, filled with the spirit of impressionism, were created under the influence French culture. A little later, Piet Mondriaan founded the Cubist movement De Stijl (De Stijl, “style”), and already in our century Maurits Escher created his creations, whose paintings are distinguished by intricate figures.
Dutch belongs to the group of West Germanic languages. It is spoken by about 25 million people around the world. In addition to direct citizens of the Netherlands, it is owned by residents of the northern part of Belgium and northwestern France. Many people think that the Dutch language is similar to English, but once you hear live Dutch speech, it becomes obvious that the language is filled with many peculiar vowels and diphthongs. Fortunately, most Dutch people speak English very well and use it frequently in communication.
The number of buildings that used to be churches, and now “shelter” galleries and exhibition halls, talks about the Dutch attitude towards religion and art. But more than 40% of Dutch people say they have no religious preference.
The Dutch are excellent at preparing dairy products and sweets, but traditionally Dutch cuisine is very “heavy”, and the main preference is given to meat. Thanks to a significant number of residents of the country from Indonesia, Suriname, China, Turkey and Italy local kitchen enriched with a significant number of delicious dishes. Supporters of vegetarianism are unlikely to find a wide variety of corresponding dishes here, but every restaurant menu has at least one meat-free dish. Chips (frites) are considered the national fast food. If you ask for "chips with something" (frites met), they will bring you chips with mayonnaise. Croquettes (Kroketten) and a number of other products are sold in special vending machines. Beer is one of the most important products produced and consumed in Holland. It is served cold and with such a high foam that anywhere in Australia it would be a reason for a fight. As they say at Heineken, foam is needed in order to “retain the “bubbles” of taste that evaporate without foam.” We recommend that you be careful when drinking Belgian beer - as a rule, it is two to three times stronger than usual. Dutch gin (genever) is also popular as a drink for beer. This combination is called a “sore head” (kopstoot).
Everyone knows that you can buy various kinds of hallucinogens in stores in Holland. Marijuana is not legalized, but various types of herb, hashish, weed cigarettes, smoking accessories and seeds, as well as magic mushrooms are openly sold. Such shops are registered as "coffee shops". Of course, this does not mean that every Dutch person smokes weed regularly. Against, social surveys show that only 5% of the population does not deny themselves this pleasure. Moreover, this figure is significantly less than in France, where the government’s drug policy is much stricter. Of course, this situation is not in favor of indoor smoking bans and other prohibitions. The fact is that there is no shortage of hard drugs in the Netherlands, but if you buy them from street dealers, then, firstly, it is not a fact that you will be able to save money, and secondly, the punishment for such activity here is as severe as and in other European countries.
CULTURE AND TRADITIONS OF HOLLAND
When going on holiday to Holland, don’t be surprised deep differences in our cultures.
It may sound like a cliché, but the Dutch are fiercely liberal and believe that a person should be free and independent, doing what he wants as long as it doesn't bother other people. Social relations in Holland can easily be illustrated by the availability of so-called “soft” drugs on the free market. They are also liberal in relation to food and all kinds of diets - without any remorse they eat high-cholesterol meat, desserts and wash everything down with alcohol.
The Dutch are very reserved and tolerant of other people's opinions; their politeness is proverbial.
Dressing luxuriously in Amsterdam is not customary: it is a sign of extravagance, and therefore bad form. In addition, the Amsterdammers are simple people, and they believe that even if someone has a lot of money, there is absolutely no need to flaunt this fact and gain someone’s favor with their appearance.
Painting has always been high on the agenda in Holland. The Netherlands gave birth to a whole kingdom of famous painters - Rembrant, Frans Hals, Johannes Vermeer, Vincent van Gogh, Piet Mondrian, Maurits Escher.
The Dutch ballet has won world fame. Great success achieved in the field of opera. There are about ten symphony orchestras in the Netherlands.
HOLIDAYS
On New Year's Eve, the Dutch celebrate St. Sylvester's Day. On December 31, everyone rushes to get up early: the one who got up last gets the nickname “Sylvester” and must pay a fine. In the old days, girls tried to be especially diligent and complete all their work before sunset, so that they would definitely get married in the coming year. And Dutch children love St. Nicholas Day (December 5th) most of all. On this day, they organize costumed processions and receive bags of traditional sweets as gifts. But still main holiday- this is December 25, Christmas.
Dutch tulips
Tulips were brought to Holland from Turkey, so they began to be called “tulip” (from the distorted Turkish “turban” - headdress). During the Golden Age, the tulip became a symbol of Dutch prosperity. In the 30s XVII century three bulbs of the Semper Augustus variety were sold at auction for 30 thousand guilders (the same price for a house in the most prestigious area of Amsterdam).
The story of the tulips is perhaps the most famous case when people did rash things to get rich quickly. This story began in 1593, when a certain Dutch professor brought home bulbs from Turkey. unusual flowers. In the next decade, flowers had big success, and soon their price increased sharply. Many of the flowers were susceptible to specific flower diseases, which led to the appearance of tulips with more original colors, which were even more valuable.
Soon the “tulip” gained unprecedented momentum. Traders bought more and more tulips. Prices for bulbs grew faster and faster. People began to see tulips as a very attractive investment instrument. Literally all layers of society were involved in this process. The peak of the “hobby” for tulips occurred in 1634-1637. People sold their lands, houses, jewelry, hoping that tulips would make them richer. Everyone expected that soon other countries would also start buying bulbs, and prices would increase even more. In 1637, some investors decided to take part of the profits and began selling tulips. Although the government insisted that there was no cause for concern, no one listened anymore. Prices fell with catastrophic speed. Soon the price of a tulip bulb was practically no different from the price of an ordinary onion.
Some might argue that there are winners and losers in this story. In fact, those who were at the beginning of this process received extremely high incomes. Those who joined later and did not have time to sell in time lost almost everything. But, ultimately, all the inhabitants of the country were losers, since soon after the end of the “tulip” a severe economic crisis began in Holland. 
There is a law on compulsory education for children aged 5-16 years. Secondary education includes two stages: I - 4 years, II - 5 years. There are 12 universities and 59 technical schools in the country. In 2001/2002 academic year education system covered: 861 thousand students high school, 311 thousand technical school students, 168 thousand university students. Expenditures on education 5% of GDP.
Dutch science gave the world such names as legal theorist Hugo Grotius, naturalists K. Huygens and A. Levenbuk, philosopher B. Spinoza. 910 thousand people are employed in the field of science. Expenditures on R&D, continuously increasing in absolute terms, in relative terms amount to approximately 2% of GDP (2002 - 1.96%). The public sector accounts for 16.5% of research conducted, the business sector accounts for 56.4%, high school 26.2% and for private non-profit organizations 0.9%.
Dutch art played a huge role in the development of the world. Medieval Netherlands (together with the modern territory) in the 15th century. turned into the brightest center of Renaissance art since. The Netherlands has preserved many beautiful examples of the architecture of those times, town halls, temples, city walls and towers, shopping arcades, and residential buildings. Most famous monument- Knight's Hall in The Hague (where meetings of the States General are currently held). Miniature painting reached great heights (the most famous is the Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry, illustrated by the Limburg brothers). European painting 15th century was started by J. van Eyck and R. van der Weyden and continued by the remarkable masters D. Bouts, Memling, G. van der Goes, and in the next century - I. Bosch and P. Bruegel. The truly Golden Age of Dutch painting was the period of economic prosperity of the Republic of the United Provinces, when the realistic school emerged and became famous. Dutch masters usually specialized in a particular genre: A. van Ostade painted scenes from peasant life, and G. Metsu, G. Terborch, J. Steen - from the city, P. Claes, V. Heda - still lifes, A. Cuyp, M. Hobbema, S. and J. van Ruisdael were landscape painters, F. Hals and I Vermeer of Delft - portrait painters. The crown of this magnificent galaxy was the great Rembrandt.
K con. 17th century Dutch painting has lost much of its luster; The most noticeable type of art was the production of the famous Delft faience (brought by Peter I to Russia and embodied in the original products of Gzhel masters). In the 2nd half. 19th century reappeared in the Netherlands famous painters: father and son Israels, Marisa's brothers. One of the founders of European neoclassicism was P. Mondrian. The achievements of the old masters of architecture inspired the work of Dutch architects Ser. 20th century: J. and P. Aud, G. Rietveld, V. M. Dudok are among the founders of the functional style in world urban planning.
Among other forms of art in the Netherlands, mainly ballet (Royal Netherlands Ballet, Amsterdam) and music ( Symphony Orchestra Concertgebouw). Dutch literature is known for such names as the 16th century poet. J. van den Vondel, and among our contemporaries - T. de Vries, S. Westdijk.
