A material monument to spiritual meetings. Research work "spiritual monuments of the village of Poloyka" Spiritual monument

Over thousands of years of history, man has created many drawings, inscriptions, buildings, statues, and household items. From the moment of gaining consciousness, a person produces traces of his existence with incredible zeal - with the goal of impressing a future generation or in pursuit of a more practical goal. All these are artifacts, reflections of human culture. But not all of this is cultural heritage.

Cultural heritage is the creations (material or spiritual) created by a person of the past, in which a person of the present sees and wants to preserve them for the future. Heritage itself is defined as an integral part of culture, acting simultaneously both as a way for an individual to appropriate cultural phenomena, and as the very basis of culture. In other words, cultural heritage is a special part of culture, the significance of which has been recognized by generations. It is also recognized now and, through the diligence of contemporaries, should be preserved and passed on to the future.

T. M. Mironova contrasts the concepts of “monument” and “objects of cultural heritage.” In her opinion, the word “monument” itself means some kind of object for storing memory. While we acquired objects of cultural heritage not just for storage, but for an active attitude towards them, awareness of their value for today in the course of modern interpretation.

Two approaches to society's attitude towards cultural heritage: protection and conservation

1. Protection of cultural heritage. The condition and main requirement for maintaining an object is its protection from external influences. The object is elevated to the rank of inviolability. Any interaction with the object is prevented, except for necessary measures. The emotional basis of this attitude is a feeling of longing for the old days or an interest in rarities and relics of the past. An object is defined as a memory of the past embodied in a specific object. The more ancient an object is, the more valuable it is considered as a carrier of memory of a past era. This concept has a significant drawback. Such a carefully protected object of the past over time turns out to be something alien in an ever-changing environment. It is not filled with new content and soon risks becoming an empty shell and ending up on the periphery of public attention and ultimately in oblivion.
2. Preservation of cultural heritage. It arose in the second half of the twentieth century in connection with the complication of relations with cultural heritage monuments. It includes a set of measures not only for the protection, but also for the study, interpretation and use of cultural objects.

Previously, some individual objects (structures, monuments) were protected, which were selected by specialists using “obvious criteria”. The transition from exclusively protective measures to the concept of conservation made it possible to include entire complexes and even territories in this process. The criteria for selecting objects have expanded.

The modern approach does not imply abandonment of the protection of cultural heritage, but leads to greater expediency of this process. The results showed that the reasonable use of historical objects (buildings, territories) is more conducive to the revitalization (“return to life”) of cultural heritage monuments than focusing solely on protection. The attitude towards the monument went beyond the simple preservation of the material shell of an ancient object. Monuments of cultural heritage have become more than just reminders of the past. First of all, they became significant as a value in the eyes of their contemporaries. They are filled with new meanings.

UNESCO cultural heritage. Activities in the field of cultural heritage conservation

1972 Adoption of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

This convention did not give a definition of the concept of “cultural heritage”, but it listed its categories:

• Monuments of cultural heritage - understood in a broad sense, this includes buildings, sculptures, inscriptions, caves. A monument is a unit of cultural heritage, defined as a specific object that has artistic or scientific (historical) value. But at the same time, the isolation of monuments from one another is overcome, since their interconnection with each other and their connection with the environment is assumed. The totality of monuments forms the objective world of culture.
• Ensembles, which include architectural complexes.
• Places of interest: created by man or by him, but also with the significant participation of nature.

The meaning of this convention is as follows:

• implementation of an integrated approach to assessing the relationships between cultural and natural heritage;
• a new group of objects (places of interest) was added to the protected ones;
• guidelines were given for the inclusion of heritage sites in economic activities and their use for practical purposes.

1992 La Petite-Pierre. Revision of the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1972 Convention. The Convention spoke about those created by both nature and man. But there was absolutely no procedure for their identification and selection. To correct this, international experts formulated and included the concept of “cultural landscape” in the guidelines, which led to an adjustment of cultural criteria. To be awarded the status of a cultural landscape, a territory, in addition to being of internationally recognized value, must also be representative of the region and illustrate its exclusivity. Thus, a new category of cultural heritage was introduced.

1999 Amendments to the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1972 Convention.
The content of the amendments was a detailed definition of the concept of “cultural landscape”, as well as characteristics of its types. These included:

1. Man-made landscapes.
2. Naturally developing landscapes.
3. Associative landscapes.

Cultural landscape criteria:

• the generally recognized outstanding value of the area;
• authenticity of the area;
• integrity of the landscape.

year 2001. UNESCO conference, during which a new concept was formulated. Intangible cultural heritage is a special process in human activity and creativity that contributes to a sense of continuity among different societies and maintains the identity of their cultures. Then its types were identified:

• traditional forms of everyday life and cultural life embodied in the material;
• forms of expression not physically represented (language itself, orally transmitted traditions, songs and music);
• the semantic component of the material cultural heritage, which is the result of its interpretation.

2003 Paris. Adoption by UNESCO of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The need for this event was dictated by the incompleteness of the 1972 Convention, namely the absence of even a mention in the document of spiritual values ​​among World Heritage sites.

Obstacles to the preservation of cultural heritage

1. Representatives of different strata of society have opposing views on the advisability of preserving this or that heritage of the past. The historian sees before him an example of Victorian architecture in need of restoration. An entrepreneur sees a dilapidated building that needs to be demolished and the vacant plot of land used to build a supermarket.
2. Generally accepted criteria for the scientific or artistic value of an object have not been developed, that is, which objects should be classified as cultural heritage and which are not.
3. If the first two questions are resolved favorably (that is, the object was decided to be preserved and its value was recognized), a dilemma arises in choosing methods for preserving cultural heritage.

The importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical consciousness

In the changing everyday life, modern man increasingly feels the need to belong to something eternal. To identify oneself with something eternal, primordial means to gain a sense of stability, certainty, and confidence.

Such goals are served by the cultivation of historical consciousness - a special psychological education that allows an individual to join the social memory of his people and other cultures, as well as process and broadcast historical event-national information. The formation of historical consciousness is possible only by relying on historical memory. The substrates are museums, libraries and archives. N.F. Fedorov calls the museum a “common memory” that opposes spiritual death.

Priorities for the development of historical consciousness

1. Mastering the concept of historical time - cultural heritage in various forms allows an individual to sense history, feel the era through contact with heritage objects and realize the connection of times reflected in them.
2. Awareness of the changeability of value guidelines - acquaintance with cultural heritage as a presentation of the ethical, aesthetic values ​​of people of the past; showing modifications, broadcasting and displaying these values ​​in different periods of time.
3. Familiarization with the historical origins of ethnic groups and peoples through the demonstration of authentic examples of folk art and the introduction of elements of interactivity in the form of involvement in the living of traditional rituals and ceremonies.

Use of cultural heritage sites in social planning

Cultural heritage is objects of the past that can act as a factor in the development of modern society. has long been discussed, but practical implementation began only in the second half of the twentieth century. The leading countries here are America, Spain, and Australia. An example of this approach would be the Colorado 2000 project. This is a development plan for the state of the same name in America. The development was guided by the process of preserving Colorado's cultural heritage. The program was open to all, resulting in participation from all walks of Colorado society. Experts and non-professionals, government agencies and corporations and small firms - their combined efforts were aimed at implementing a program for the development of Colorado based on the disclosure of its historical uniqueness. These projects allow participants to feel themselves as carriers of the authentic culture of their native lands, to feel everyone’s contribution to the preservation and presentation of the heritage of their region to the world.

The importance of cultural heritage in maintaining the unique diversity of cultures

In the modern world, communication boundaries between societies are erased, and original ones that find it difficult to compete for attention with mass phenomena are under threat.

Thus, there is a need to instill in people pride in the heritage of their people, to involve them in the preservation of regional monuments. At the same time, respect for the identity of other peoples and countries should be developed. All this is designed to counter globalization and loss of identity

Monuments of material and spiritual culture are works of human hands, ancient objects, tools and structures preserved on the earth's surface, under a layer of earth or under water. Using them, scientists reconstruct the past of human society. The main monuments of material culture: tools, weapons, household utensils, clothing, jewelry, settlements (sites, settlements, villages) and individual dwellings, ancient fortifications and hydraulic structures, roads, mine workings and workshops, burial grounds, drawings on rocks, sunken ancient ships and their cargo, etc.

The most ancient monuments - archaeological: sites are the remains of ancient human settlements. They are usually located on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. Over the past centuries, the most ancient sites have been discovered - Paleolithic - buried under layers of sand, clay, soil so deep that they are difficult to detect. It is easier to find later Neolithic ones: they are often washed away by water, and they are partially exposed. The earth containing traces of human activity is called a cultural layer. It contains ash, coal from fires, garbage, construction waste, household items, etc. The cultural layer is clearly visible in outcrops against the background of sand and clay. Here you can find flint products with pointed edges, ceramics-clay shards, bones of animals and fish, bone and bronze products.

The settlement is the remains of an ancient fortified settlement located on the hills. Near the settlement there are ramparts and ditches. Here you can find interesting products made of metal - bronze, copper, iron. Around the settlements there was an unfortified settlement - a settlement. Often there are burial grounds - ancient burials and mounds. Mines and workshops abound with various tools of ancient production. The main task of a local historian is to search, study and register historical and archaeological monuments unknown and known to science. Excavations are carried out by specialist archaeologists. Drawings of ancient people on rocks or in caves are still found in different regions of our country (in the Urals, the Caucasus, the Baikal region, Chukotka, etc.). They depict figures of animals and people, hunting scenes, and fantastic creatures. Such drawings are of invaluable importance for science, for the knowledge of ancient history, and art.

Subject to protection and architectural monuments-works of architects that form part of the cultural heritage of the country and people. These are buildings for various purposes: churches, cathedrals, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, towers, walls, palaces, parks, mansions, public buildings, councils (town halls), wonderful residential buildings, estates, noble and merchant houses, peasant huts and other buildings. Each of them has its own history, closely connected with the history of the region. They are studied not only as monuments of the history of the people, but also as examples of architectural art. Thus, white-stone cathedrals - examples of ancient Russian architecture - captivate with the grace of their forms; The architectural structures of Central Asia, the Baltic States, etc. are full of national originality.

Folk arts and crafts, arose in ancient times. Already primitive man tried to decorate his life, to create not only practical, but also beautiful clothes, dishes, and utensils. The skills of folk artists have been perfected for centuries. Wood carving, folk jewelry, porcelain and glass work achieve high skill. Since ancient times, stone cutters have also been famous. At the end of the 18th century. The varnish business arose in Russia (the famous villages of Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, Mstera). Chukotka folk craftsmen are famous for their drawings on walrus tusks, residents of the Caucasus for patterned carpets made of sheep wool, Uzbek craftsmen for stone carving, etc.

Young local historians collect information about folk art and its samples in every locality of their region. One should not strive to look only for rare, exceptional creations; it is necessary to pay attention to those that are typical for a given village. This will help to identify local characteristics, traditions, and craftsmanship techniques. It is interesting to find old masters and find out facts from the history of the craft, identify the range of products in the past, how and where they were sold, etc. When and at what age did the old masters die, what did they create, do the old people remember the history of the origin of the craft, are there any legends about this topic? Information on the technology of production of products in the past is especially important. How was high quality work achieved? All this and many other information will be of real value if young local historians first familiarize themselves with the relevant literature.

Finally, there is oral folk art - folklore, which is studied by the science of folklore. She explores verbal, song, musical (instrumental), choreographic, dramatic and other collective creativity of the masses.

The task of local historians is to collect works of local creativity of all genres: tales, fairy tales, epics, songs, ditties, lamentations, incantations, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk drama. How to record? It is important to maintain the accuracy of the recording, word for word, without cutting, releasing or redoing anything. Write down all repetitions and interjections, otherwise the rhythm and special coloring of the story will be disrupted; One should also not miss all the features of the local dialect. Since it is very difficult to record in time, they often resort to using a tape recorder. The narrator's speech must not be interrupted by questions or remarks. A prerequisite is to write down information about the performer (last name, first name, patronymic, nationality, age, local resident or visitor, specialty, literacy, address). It is important to know from whom the performer learned his art.

These are products of human hands, ancient objects, tools and structures preserved on the earth's surface, under a layer of earth or under water. Using them, scientists reconstruct the past of human society. The main monuments of material culture: tools, weapons, household utensils, clothing, jewelry, settlements (sites, settlements, villages) and individual dwellings, ancient fortifications and hydraulic structures, roads, mine workings and workshops, burial grounds, drawings on rocks, sunken ancient ships and their cargo, etc.

The most ancient monuments - archaeological: sites-remains of ancient human settlements. They are usually located on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. Over the past centuries, the most ancient sites have been discovered - Paleolithic - buried under layers of sand, clay, soil so deep that they are difficult to detect. It is easier to find later ones - Neolithic: they are often washed away by water, and they are partially exposed. The earth containing traces of human activity is called a cultural layer. It contains ash, coal from fires, garbage, construction waste, household items, etc. The cultural layer is clearly visible in outcrops against the background of sand and clay. Here you can find flint products with pointed edges, ceramics - clay shards, bones of animals and fish, bone and bronze products.

The settlement is the remains of an ancient fortified settlement located on the hills. Near the settlement there are ramparts and ditches. Here you can find interesting metal products - bronze, copper, iron. Around the settlements there was an unfortified settlement - a settlement. Cemeteries - ancient burials and mounds - are often found. Mines and workshops abound with various tools of ancient production. The main task of a local historian is to search, study and register historical and archaeological monuments unknown and known to science. Excavations are carried out by specialist archaeologists. Drawings of ancient people on rocks or in caves are still found in different regions of our country (in the Urals, the Caucasus, the Baikal region, Chukotka, etc.). They depict figures of animals and people, hunting scenes, and fantastic creatures. Such drawings are of invaluable importance for science, for the knowledge of ancient history, and art.

Subject to protection and architectural monuments- creations of architects that form part of the cultural heritage of the country and people. These are buildings for various purposes: churches, cathedrals, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, towers, walls, palaces, parks, mansions, public buildings, councils (town halls), wonderful residential buildings, estates, noble and merchant houses, peasant huts and other buildings. Each of them has its own history, closely connected with the history of the region. They are studied not only as monuments of the history of the people, but also as examples of architectural art. Thus, white-stone cathedrals - examples of ancient Russian architecture - captivate with the grace of their forms; The architectural structures of Central Asia, the Baltic States, etc. are full of national originality.

Among the monuments folk art include decorative ornaments, arts and crafts and oral folk art (folklore). In addition to studying buildings as architectural monuments, the young local historian gets acquainted with the decorations of houses, for example, with carvings decorating cornices, window and door frames, roof ridges, shutters on windows, and porches. An ancient type of carving is characteristic, “blind”, when the pattern is not cut through; Its main motifs are plant motifs, sometimes birds, less often animals. A later type of thread is an overhead thread sawn through. In the south of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, painting on the outside of the walls of houses and stoves is often found.

Folk applied art, or artistic crafts, arose in ancient times. Already primitive man tried to decorate his life, to create not only practical, but also beautiful clothes, dishes, and utensils. The skills of folk artists have been perfected for centuries. Wood carving, folk jewelry, porcelain and glass work achieve high skill. Since ancient times, stone cutters have also been famous. At the end of the 18th century. The varnish business arose in Russia (the famous villages of Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui, Mstera). Chukotka folk craftsmen are famous for their drawings on walrus tusks, residents of the Caucasus for patterned carpets made of sheep wool, Uzbek craftsmen for stone carving, etc.

Young local historians collect information about folk art and its samples in every locality of their region. One should not strive to look only for rare, exceptional creations; it is necessary to pay attention to those that are typical for a given village. This will help to identify local characteristics, traditions, and craftsmanship techniques. It is interesting to find old masters and find out facts from the history of the craft, identify the range of products in the past, how and where they were sold, etc. When and at what age did the old masters die, what did they create, do the old people remember the history of the origin of the craft, are there any legends about this topic? Information on the technology of production of products in the past is especially important. How was high quality work achieved? All this and many other information will be of real value if young local historians first familiarize themselves with the relevant literature.

Finally, there is oral folk art - folklore, which is studied by the science of folkloristics. She explores verbal, song, musical (instrumental), choreographic, dramatic and other collective creativity of the masses. The task of local historians is to collect works of local creativity of all genres: tales, fairy tales, epics, songs, ditties, lamentations, incantations, riddles, proverbs, sayings, folk drama. How to record? It is important to maintain the accuracy of the recording, word for word, without cutting, releasing or redoing anything. Write down all repetitions and interjections, otherwise the rhythm and special coloring of the story will be disrupted; One should also not miss all the features of the local dialect. Since it is very difficult to record in time, they often resort to using a voice recorder. The narrator's speech must not be interrupted by questions or remarks. A prerequisite is to write down information about the performer (last name, first name, patronymic, nationality, age, local resident or visitor, specialty, literacy, address). It is important to know from whom the performer learned his art.

The hilly roads of the Smolensk region go into the distance, taking us away from Moscow and bringing us closer to the heroic Vyazma. Two hundred and fifty kilometers behind, only twelve kilometers remain to the small city of great military glory... Suddenly the highest of the hills opens up to the eye, and on it is a church of extraordinary beauty. This is part of the future Odigitrievsky Convent - the first convent in Russia, built after 1917 from scratch.

Some monastery buildings are already located near the village of Vsevolodkino. Local residents say construction is in full swing.

The monastery will become a monument to those who died during the fighting in the Vyazemsky Cauldron and a place of constant prayer for them. The Foundation of the Holy Great Martyr Theodore Stratelates, created specifically for the construction of the Odigitrievsky Monastery, asks for help from all caring people.

The place where the life of the monastery would soon begin was not chosen by chance: it was here in October 1941 that Soviet troops made a breakthrough from the enemy ring. At the cost of many lives, the forces of the advancing fascists were blocked near Vyazma, which allowed our soldiers to defend Moscow. That is why the main mission of the future monastery will be prayer for those who fell in terrible battles, and its motto is taken from the Holy Scriptures: “Everyone is alive with God.” His Holiness Patriarch Kirill called this place the Russian Golgotha ​​and gave his blessing for the construction.

Traces of war are still found in these places. For example, in 2004, the position of our mortar crew was discovered with 67 unused mines and fifteen fuses.

– There is a legend according to which, being surrounded, at the end of their strength, our soldiers saw

the bright image of a woman walking in front of them. It was the Mother of God Hodegetria,” says Mother Angelina, “one of the military said: “He who participated in hostilities cannot help but believe in God.” That is why the fighters intuitively followed Her, and the Mother of God showed them the way to break out from the encirclement of fascist troops. It was in this place that it was decided to create a spiritual monument to the heroes.

It all started back in 1996, when philanthropists bought 6.4 hectares of land. Moscow architects were involved in the matter and began work on the project for the future monastery. To date, many of the plans have already come to fruition. For the first monastery church in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, benefactors donated ten bells; its consecration took place on October 12, 2013.

However, construction is far from complete. It is planned to build a gate church in honor of the Savior Not Made by Hands, cell, administrative and abbot buildings. There is an idea to create an “electronic” memorial - a publicly accessible database of prayer memory on the Internet.

The construction of the complex of buildings of the future monastery is being handled by the Foundation of the Great Martyr Theodore Stratelates, whose main task is to promote and provide comprehensive assistance in the creation of the Odigitrievsky Monastery. A variety of people help him: local residents, philanthropists, as well as artists whose icons decorate the built temple.

Monuments of material culture

Monuments of material culture, works of art and religious objects largely complement the evidence of written sources. The custom of burying together with the mummy of the deceased a number of objects of everyday life, various statues, figurines, amulets, jewelry, weapons, as well as decorating the walls of the tomb with scenes from the life of the deceased contributed to the preservation of a huge number of monuments of material culture and art of the ancient Egyptians. These monuments have been well preserved to this day thanks to the dry air of the desert outlying regions, where cemeteries were usually located, called by the Greeks “necropolises” (cities of the dead). Near the royal pyramids of the Old Kingdom, at Giza and Saqqara, huge necropolises were found with numerous tombs of royal relatives, nobles and officials. Numerous household items and works of art were also discovered in the ruins of cities. For example, in the ruins of Kahuna many tools and weapons from the time of the Middle Kingdom were found, and in Akhetaten the internal equipment of residential buildings, a glass-ceramic workshop and a sculptor’s workshop, the remains of warehouses and commercial premises and a large number of works of art and household items (vessels, razors) were discovered , stamps, children's toys, etc.). The discovery of numerous tools, weapons and other objects made of copper and bronze makes it possible to carefully study Egyptian metallurgy, which was largely based on imported ore and developed extremely slowly. Copper mines in the Sinai Peninsula and quarries in various places in Egypt provide opportunities to study mining techniques in ancient Egypt. Luxurious and highly artistic precious jewelry, gold and silver necklaces, rings, bracelets and tiaras, richly ornamented furniture, and finally, various types of beautifully crafted fabrics, from very durable to the finest, allow us to speak of the high development and specialization of the craft. A large number of weapons and the ruins of fortresses, especially those preserved on the southern borders of Egypt, provide an opportunity to carefully study the military technology and fortress construction of the ancient Egyptians. Temples, numerous tombs, remains of palaces and residential buildings allow you to study in detail the remarkable ancient Egyptian architecture. The surviving sun and water dials, star location signs and sighting and passage instruments indicate the level of development of science, in particular astronomy, in ancient Egypt.