Settlement of Finno-Ugric peoples. Finno-Ugric family of languages
US President Barack Obama was the first to publicly announce the killing of “terrorist number one” by American special forces. He knew this for sure, since together with his administration he watched the liquidation of bin Laden live. It took the Americans a whole decade to reach, as they believe, the culprit who killed 3,000 people in the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers in Manhattan.
Soon after the fact of bin Laden's death was made public, Al-Qaeda* confirmed the death of its leader, promising to avenge the murder. The elimination of a dangerous terrorist was greeted with approval in the West. The only exception was the reaction of the non-governmental organization Amnesty International, which condemned a number of legal and ethical aspects of the murder, regretting that bin Laden was not captured alive, despite his unarmed state.
Why were the US military sure that they killed bin Laden? After all, many assumed that a figure of such scale had many doubles. Several identification methods were used to identify bin Laden's body.
First of all, it was necessary to establish the height of the dead man. Since the special forces did not have a tape measure, one of them, with a height approximately matching bin Laden’s height (193 cm), lay down next to the corpse. By eye the growth seemed to match.
Several people from the shelter, which was stormed by special forces, according to the military, seemed to confirm the identity of bin Laden. True, later one of the participants in the operation, hiding his name, admitted that the woman who was in the room with the dead man even before the Americans opened fire assured that it was not bin Laden.
Finally, the body of the alleged al-Qaeda leader was identified by DNA analysis using tissue and blood samples from his deceased sister. DNA testing conducted independently by Department of Defense and CIA laboratories positively identified Osama bin Laden, a senior Pentagon official said. Opportunity mistaken identity based on this analysis, the official said, it's about 1 in 11.8 quadrillion.
Bin Laden was later buried in the Arabian Sea after performing Muslim rites directly from the US aircraft carrier Carl Vinson. Washington explained such measures by saying that the absence of a specific burial site would prevent pilgrimages to the “terrorist shrine.”
There is such a group of peoples - Finno-Ugric. My roots- from there (I come from Udmurtia, my father and his parents are from Komi), although I am considered Russian, and the nationality in my passport is Russian. Today I will tell you about my discoveries and research of these peoples.
The Finno-Ugric peoples are usually classified as:
1) Finns, Estonians, Hungarians.
2) In Russia - Udmurts, Komi, Mari, Mordovians and other Volga peoples.
How can all these peoples belong to one group? Why do the Hungarians and Finns and Udmurts have almost mutual language, although between them there are completely alien peoples of other language groups- Poles, Lithuanians, Russians..?
I did not plan to conduct such a study, it just happened. It all started with the fact that I went on a business trip to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug of Ugra for work. Do you feel the similarity of the name? Ugra - Finno-Ugric peoples.
Then I visited Kaluga region, there is a very large and long river Ugra - the main tributary of the Oka.
Then, quite by accident, I learned other things, until it all came together in my head into a single picture. I will introduce it to you now. Which of you is a historian, you can write a dissertation on this. I don’t need this, I already wrote and defended it at one time, albeit on a different topic and a different subject - economics (I am a Ph.D. in Economics). I’ll say right away that official versions this is not supported, and the peoples of Ugra are not classified as Finno-Ugric.
It was the 3rd-4th centuries AD. These centuries are usually called the Epoch of the Great Migration of Peoples. Peoples moved from the East (Asia) to the West (Europe). Other peoples were forced out and driven out from their homes, and they were also forced to go to the West.
While V Western Siberia, at the confluence of the Ob and Irtysh rivers the people of Ugra lived. Then the peoples of Khanty and Mansi came to them from the East, drove them out of their lands, and the Yugra peoples had to go to the West in search of new lands. Part of the Ugra peoples, of course, remained. Until now, this district is called the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra. However, in museums and among local historians of Khanty-Mansiysk, I heard a version that the peoples of Ugra are also not local and before they were forced out by the Khanty and Mansi, they also came from somewhere in the East - from Siberia.
So, The people of Ugra crossed the Ural Mountains and reached the banks of the Kama River. Some went against the flow to the North (this is how the Komi appeared), some crossed the river and remained in the area of the Kama River (this is how the Udmurts appeared, another name for the Votyaks), and most of They boarded the boats and sailed down the river. At that time, the easiest way for people to move was along rivers.
During their movement, first along the Kama, and then along the Volga (to the West), the peoples of Ugra settled on the banks. So all the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia today live along the banks of the Volga - these are the Mari, the Mordovians and others. And now the people of Ugra reach a fork in the road (marked on the map with a Red flag). This is the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers (now this is a city Nizhny Novgorod).
Some people walk along the Volga to the North-West, where it reaches Finland and then Estonia, and settles there.
Some go along the Oka to the South-West. Now in the Kaluga region there are very big river Ugra (a tributary of the Oka) and evidence of the Vyatichi tribes (aka Votyaks). The peoples of Ugra lived there for a while and, carried by the general current from the East, moved on until they reached Hungary, where all the remnants of these peoples finally settled.
In the end, peoples from the East came to Europe, to Germany, where there were barbarians, there was an overabundance of peoples in Western Europe and all this spilled out into the fact that in search of free land, the most Western peoples during this migration - the barbarian Huns led by Attila - invaded the Roman Empire, captured and burned Rome and Rome fell. Thus ended the 1200-year history of the Great Roman Empire and the Dark Middle Ages began.
And in all this, the Finno-Ugric peoples also contributed their share.
When everything settled down by the 5th century, it turned out that a tribe of Russians lived on the banks of the Dnieper, who founded the city of Kyiv and Kievan Rus. God knows where these Russians came from, they came from somewhere in the East, they followed the Huns. They definitely did not live in this place before, because after modern Ukraine several million people passed (towards Western Europe) - hundreds different nations and tribes.
What was the reason, the impetus for the start of this Great Migration of Peoples, which lasted at least 2 centuries, scientists still do not know; they are only building hypotheses and guesses.
In the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. Finno-Ugric tribes living in the Oka and Kama basins also experienced a certain development. Ancient authors mention the Finno-Ugric tribes under the name of Fenians (Tacitus) or Finns (Ptolemy), and possibly also Estii (Tacitus), although the name “Estii” could also refer to the Baltic tribes at that time. First mention of individual Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe found in the Gothic historian Jordan, who attributes the “King of the Goths” Hermanaric with victories over the Mordvins (“Mordens”), Mers (“Merens”) and other tribes. Archaeological data allows us to trace the fate of the Finno-Ugric tribes for more early stages their development. Thus, they show that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. Among the Finno-Ugric tribes, iron finally replaced bronze, from which only jewelry was now made - buckles, breast plates, brooches, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, characteristic women's headdresses with rims and pendants in the form of bells, ending in a spiral of earrings. Weapons, of which the most common were spears, javelins, axes and swords similar to Roman ones, were made of iron or supplied iron parts: tips, etc. At the same time, many objects, in particular arrows, were still made from bone. As before, hunting for fur-bearing animals played an important role, the fur of which was exported.
By the end of the first half of the 1st millennium, trade ties between the Kama tribes and Iran and the Eastern Roman Empire were strengthening. In the Kama region, especially in the region of Solikamsk and Kungur, one can often find silver Late Antique and Sasanian dishes decorated with highly artistic images, which came here in exchange for furs and, apparently, were used for the needs of the cult. In the Oka basin, the role of horse breeding continues to increase. In the graves of men, and sometimes women, horse harnesses are found, from which we can conclude that horses were now also used for riding. At the same time, the remains of woolen fabrics preserved in the graves indicate the development of sheep breeding, and the remains of linen fabrics, finds of sickles and hoes indicate that the Finno-Ugric tribes were also familiar with agriculture.
Wealth inequality was already quite significant. Along with poor graves, where only knives were found or no things were found at all, there are rich burials with a large number of decorations, weapons, etc. There are especially many jewelry found in women's graves. However, property inequality, apparently, has not yet led to the disintegration of the clan system, since only personal items accumulated in the hands of individuals. The long-term preservation of former forms of life is evidenced by the similarity of the Finno-Ugric settlements of the first centuries of our era with earlier ones. Thus, the Pyanobor culture on the Kama, which replaced the Ananino culture, differs from it only in the style of bronze items and the predominance of iron.
Religious monuments and works of art are of significant interest. The latter is characterized by bronze relief pendants depicting deer, eagles with human face on the chest, lizards, seven-headed elk, people, as well as small bronze and lead idols in the form of birds, animals and people. About 2 thousand of these figurines were found 20 km from the city of Molotov, down the Kama, where, apparently, there was a sanctuary of the god to whom they were sacrificed. Found there great amount bones of various sacrificial animals, about 2 thousand bone and iron arrowheads and about 15 thousand gilded glass beads. Another cult monument is a cave on the Chusovaya River, where several thousand bone and iron arrowheads were found. Archaeologists believe that in this place, in connection with some religious rites Archery competitions took place.
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Finno-Ugric tribes
History of the tribes that inhabited the Volga-Oka and Kama basins in the 1st millennium Don. e., is distinguished by significant originality. According to Herodotus, the Boudins, Tissagets and Irki lived in this part of the forest line. Noting the difference between these tribes from the Scythians and Sauromatians, he points out that their main occupation was hunting, which supplied not only food, but also furs for clothing. Herodotus especially notes the horse hunting of the hirks with the help of dogs. The information of the ancient historian is confirmed by archaeological sources indicating that in the life of the studied tribes, hunting really occupied great place. However, the population of the Volga-Oka and Kama basins was not limited only to those tribes mentioned by Herodotus. The names he gives can only be attributed to southern tribes this group - the immediate neighbors of the Scythians and Sauromatians. More detailed information about these tribes began to penetrate into ancient historiography only at the turn of our era. Tacitus probably relied on them when he described the life of the tribes in question, calling them Fenians (Finns). The main occupation of the Finno-Ugric tribes in the vast territory of their settlement should be considered cattle breeding and hunting. Swidden farming played minor role. Characteristic feature production among these tribes was that, along with iron tools, which came into use around the 7th century. BC e., bone tools were used here for a very long time. These features are typical of the so-called Dyakovo (interfluve of the Oka and Volga), Gorodets (southeast of the Oka) and Ananino (Prikamye) archaeological cultures.
The southwestern neighbors of the Finno-Ugric tribes, the Slavs, throughout the 1st millennium AD. e. significantly advanced into the area of settlement of Finnish tribes. This movement caused the displacement of part of the Finno-Ugric tribes, as an analysis of numerous Finnish names of rivers in the middle part shows. European Russia. The processes in question occurred slowly and did not disrupt cultural traditions Finnish tribes. This makes it possible to connect a number of local archaeological cultures with Finno-Ugric tribes, already known from Russian chronicles and others. written sources. Descendants of the Dyakovo tribes archaeological culture, probably, there were the Merya, Muroma tribes, descendants of the tribes of the Gorodets culture - the Mordovians, and the origin of the chronicle Cheremis and Chud goes back to the tribes that created the Ananyin archaeological culture.
Many interesting features The life of the Finnish tribes was studied in detail by archaeologists. Indicative the oldest way obtaining iron in the Volga-Oka basin: iron ore was smelted in clay vessels standing in the middle of open fires. This process, noted in settlements of the 9th-8th centuries, is characteristic of the initial stage of the development of metallurgy; later ovens appeared. Numerous bronze and iron products and the quality of their manufacture suggest that already in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e. among the Finno-Ugric tribes of Eastern Europe, the transformation of domestic production industries into crafts, such as foundry and blacksmithing, began. Among other industries, the high development of weaving should be noted. The development of cattle breeding and the beginning emphasis on crafts, primarily metallurgy and metalworking, led to an increase in labor productivity, which in turn contributed to the emergence of property inequality. Nevertheless, the accumulation of property within the clan communities of the Volga-Oka basin occurred rather slowly; because of this, until the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. the ancestral villages were relatively weakly fortified. Only in subsequent centuries did the settlements of the Dyakovo culture become fortified with powerful ramparts and ditches.
The picture of the social structure of the inhabitants of the Kama region is more complex. The burial inventory clearly indicates the presence of property stratification among local residents. Some burials dating back to the end of the 1st millennium allowed archaeologists to suggest the emergence of some kind of disadvantaged category of the population, possibly slaves from among prisoners of war. On the position of the tribal aristocracy in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. evidenced by one of the striking monuments of the Ananyinsky burial ground (near Yelabuga) - a stone tombstone with a relief image of a warrior armed with a dagger and a war hammer and decorated with a mane. The rich grave goods in the grave under this slab contained a dagger and a hammer made of iron, and a silver hryvnia. The buried warrior was undoubtedly one of the clan leaders. The isolation of the clan nobility especially intensified by the 2nd-1st centuries. BC e. It should be noted, however, that at this time the clan nobility was probably relatively few in number, since low labor productivity still greatly limited the number of members of society who lived off the labor of others.
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