Architectural sights of Rome: from antiquity to the present day. Ancient period in the history of Rome
The founding of Rome is usually dated to the eighth century BC.
During the first ten centuries of its existence (first a kingdom, then a republic and, finally, an empire), the small colony turned into a huge state, stretching in all directions, capturing vast territories and enslaving many peoples. And also created a highly developed civilization and rich culture.
One of the main political and cultural centers Rome remained in the Middle Ages, although it lost some of its influence and most of its colonies. Medieval Rome gave humanity many great scientists, musicians and composers, artists and poets, architects and sculptors.
Today, the Italian capital remains the center of Catholicism, as well as a huge segment of world culture. Its sights amaze the eyes of millions of tourists who come here to admire them. In Rome, the great masterpieces of Antiquity have been preserved, majestic castles and churches erected in the Middle Ages “stand” proudly, buildings from the Renaissance are “pampered” with a variety of styles, and pompous, but at the same time austere buildings of the New Age are located everywhere.
Ancient period in the history of Rome
Visually, many people associate the name of the city with the image of the Colosseum (from the word “colossus”: in front of the amphitheater there was a giant statue Emperor Nero). Original name circus - Flavian Amphitheatre. The complex, huge for those times, could accommodate up to fifty thousand spectators. The Colosseum's state of preservation is currently described as "poor", but even in its dilapidated state it is an awe-inspiring structure.
From ancient era The Roman Forum has survived to this day. In ancient times it was the main trading, religious and political center cities. Quite a few buildings remain: a few columns of the Temple of Vespasian, the Temple of Saturn, the Curia (location of the Senate), picturesque ruins the temples of Atony and Faustina, Concord, Castor and Pollux and some others.
In the third century AD, under Emperor Aurelian, construction of a fortress wall began around the city. The best preserved part of this building is the city gate. The Appian Way runs through them - one of the main highways Ancient Rome. It passes by the Baths of Caracalla, the catacombs of the first centuries of Christianity, and the Roman Field.
In ancient times, there were aqueducts on the Roman field. They also collapsed over time. Very little remains of them - only the remains of water supply arches.
About long ago ancient times resemble the Seven Hills of Rome, including the Capitol and the Palatine - the same one on which, according to legend, Romulus founded the eternal city. The powers that be and the aristocracy were located on the Palatine. Here, too, little has been preserved from ancient monuments, but the hill itself is picturesque and excites the imagination. The Capitol is still the main seat of municipal power.
Those who like Christian antiquity will be delighted by visiting the churches of San Clemente and Santa Constanza. You should also not pass by the Church of St. Agnes. In its dungeons, adherents of the new religion once hid from the imperial wrath.
Middle Ages
This period for Rome was marked by the invasion of Vandals, who caused significant damage to the city. But despite the troubles that befell the Eternal City, many new architectural attractions were built in its palaces in the Middle Ages.
The most famous building of this time is the Castel Sant'Angelo. It was erected near the Tiber River, on its western bank. The impenetrable walls of the castle, its loopholes and gloomy prison premises fully reveal all the horrors of the turbulent Middle Ages in Rome. At the same time, the halls of the castle, with impressive decoration and magnificent frescoes, Once again reminiscent of the grandeur and luxury of the Roman Empire.
Another legacy of the Middle Ages is the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Despite the fact that its façade underwent major reconstruction in the 19th century, the original medieval style in which the church was built has still been preserved to this day.
No less interesting will be a visit to the church of Santa Maria del Anima, which was built in the 14th century specifically for the needs of pilgrims in Rome.
Renaissance in Roman history
Among the buildings of a later period, St. Peter's Cathedral should be mentioned. According to legend, it was built on the very spot where the apostle was executed. Whether this is true or not, no one knows, but it is known that great architects, including Michelangelo and Giacomo della Porta, built this structure. The cathedral is not only beautiful, it is also intimidatingly huge. Until the end of the twentieth century, it was the largest Christian church, and it remains the most spacious to this day.
In the center of the city is Piazza Venice, named after the Palace of Venice located here, built in the 15th century by order of Paul II. There is a sense of style in the architecture of the building early Renaissance, the transition from strict Gothic forms to the freer forms of the Renaissance.
At the end of the Renaissance in Rome at a fast pace Baroque style spreads. The buildings, erected according to the canons of the Baroque, are distinguished by elaborate bas-reliefs, plaster and marble sculptures depicting vegetation and angels. To fully enjoy the beauty of this style, it is worth visiting Piazza Navona, where there are three luxurious fountains, and also go to the aforementioned St. Peter's Basilica and admire its colonnade.
New time
For Rome it is rich in all kinds of buildings. Work was especially vigorous during the prosperity of Italian fascism. The main goal of the then government led by Mussolini was the revival of great Rome. In this regard, many buildings of that time acquired unprecedented pomp, pomposity and severity.
Most of the buildings built in the modern era are located in the Prati region and on the western bank of the Tiber.
Without a doubt, the Palace of Justice can be called an example of Roman architecture of that time.
The Termini station building also evokes admiration. Construction of this masterpiece, begun in 1937 but suspended due to World War II, was resumed under a new modernist design in 1947 and completed three years later. The façade of the station, decorated with metal panel inserts and trimmed with travertine, can be confidently called a symbol of modern, dynamic Rome.
Without a doubt, Europe is a continent that has greatest number the most popular and visited monuments in the world. In this regard, we present to your attention best attractions in Europe.
Included in architectural complex the famous Square of Miracles, declared an object World Heritage UNESCO in 1987, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most important and visited landmarks in Europe. Thanks to her attractiveness, she even “starred” in the movie “Superman”. If you visit this landmark of Italy, you must do typical photo against her background.
Located in the city of Versailles (France), this palace is one of the most beautiful in the world. Its construction began on the orders of Louis XIV, and the result was an impressive and majestic building, with the most beautiful gardens in the world covering an area of more than 800 hectares.
The Palace of Versailles represents a great artistic value. Of particular importance is the Mirror Gallery, an impressive hall that is 73 meters long and has 375 mirrors. This is also the place where the First World War was completed in 1919. World War signing of the Treaty of Versailles. This magnificent palace is a World Heritage Site and one of best monuments Europe.
The medieval Neuschwanstein Castle has been awarded first place in the ranking of the most impressive castles in the world. In addition, this is one of the the most important and visited attractions in Europe and the most photographed building in Germany, which inspired Walt Disney's famous Cinderella Castle.
Neuschwanstein Castle is located on a cliff in the Bavarian Alps in the Fussen region. It was built by order of the Bavarian King Ludwig II in 1866.
Sagrada Familia is a cathedral in Barcelona, a masterpiece of Gaudi and best example Catalan modernist architecture. Its construction began in 1882 and today is still not completed. The work done by Gaudí, that is, the Nativity façade and the crypt, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. Today it is one of the most famous landmarks in Spain and Europe.
Stonehenge is a megalithic monument from the late Neolithic period (20th century BC). Located near the town of Amesbury in Wiltshire, England. It is not known for sure what it was before - a burial place, an observatory, etc., but we know one thing for sure - Stonehenge is important landmark of Europe.
Here we would like to note not only the impressive St. Peter's Basilica - the most important temple of Catholicism and one of the most beautiful in Europe, in the construction of which such people took part famous architects, like Bramante, Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno. But also Apostolic Palace, which is the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City, and includes the Vatican Museums and Vatican Library, including the famous Sistine Chapel with frescoes by Michelangelo.
Located in the heart of Berlin, the Brandenburg Gate is a symbol of Germany. They were built by the architect Karl Gottgard Langhans between 1788 and 1791 during the reign of King Frederick William II of Prussia, and modeled after the main entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. During World War II, the landmark was heavily damaged and the Chariot was almost completely destroyed. During construction Berlin Wall in 1961, the Brandenburg Gate was left in no man's land, with no access from either East or West. Because of its history and beauty, this gate deserves to be among the best attractions in Europe.
8. Old Town Square in Prague
The Old Town Square in Prague is one of the most charming and beautiful squares in Europe. It is home to beautiful monuments such as the Gothic Tyn Church with two towers over 80 meters high, the Church of St. Nicholas and the town hall, the façade of which is decorated with the world's most famous and beautiful medieval astronomical clock, built in 1490
St. Basil's Cathedral is undoubtedly the most symbolic landmark in Russia and one of the most famous in Europe. This Orthodox church located on Red Square in Moscow. Known throughout the world for its colorful onion-shaped domes. Its construction was started by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in honor of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate, and lasted between 1555 and 1561. The cathedral consists of nine separate chapels dedicated to each of the saints on whose holidays Ivan the Terrible won battles.
Big Ben is the famous tower of the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This distinctive building, 96 meters high, built in 1858, has become the main symbol of London, and is considered the third largest clock tower in the world. The hero of countless films, Big Ben is undoubtedly one of the best in all of Europe.
For centuries, Hagia Sophia has been a symbol Byzantine Empire. Any traveler will remember this building forever, having seen the grandeur of its dome and other parts that are visible from all over the Bosphorus. After the Ottoman conquest of the city, the cathedral was turned into a mosque and then into a museum by order of Kemal Atatürk. Today it is the most famous and photographed landmark of the city of Istanbul.
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron structure built to the design of Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin by French engineer Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Paris Universal Exhibition. The Eiffel Tower is most visited attraction in the world, and for 41 years, with its 330 meters, it was also the highest on the planet. This is a symbol not only of Paris, but of all of France.
Alhambra - a palace complex built by Muslims beautiful gardens on the hill of Granada, where the monarch of the Emirate of Granada was located. This architectural ensemble, including luxurious palaces, delightful Generalife gardens and a fortress. The beautiful Andalusian style of the interior and its hilltop location make the Alhambra one of the most beautiful and popular attractions in Europe and the world.
2. Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis is not only considered important monument Europe, it was also one of the main contenders for the title of the seven new wonders of the world. It is located on a hill 156 meters above sea level in Athens. Most of the main temples of the acropolis were built under the leadership of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens (460-430 BC). Inside you can see the Temple of Nike Apteros and famous Parthenon. At the end of the Acropolis there is an outstanding architectural monument Erechtheion.
Along with the Trevi Fountain, the Colosseum is a great symbol of the city of Rome. With a history of 2000 years and dimensions of 188 meters long, 156 meters wide and 57 meters high, it is the largest and oldest Roman amphitheater, and one of the best preserved. Here more than 50,000 people could enjoy gladiator fights, executions of prisoners, etc... The theater remained active for more than 500 years, until the sixth century, when latest games. Considering that the Roman Colosseum is considered one of the seven new wonders of the world, it deservedly takes first place in our ranking best sights in Europe.
Every century European history created its own image of the Middle Ages. For the enlighteners of the 18th century, this was a cruel and dark time, full of absurd prejudices; The Middle Ages among the Romantics - great time, full of spiritual quests, sublime reflections and the charm of courtly knightly culture. This image, created by the romantics, was inherited by the cinema of the 20th century - whether it recreated the legends of the Spanish king Cid or the knights Round table. Will we ever be able to understand what the “true” Middle Ages were like? In this book, the history of the Middle Ages is presented through the creations of human hands, be it buildings, sculpture or household items created for Everyday life. Real evidence of a bygone era serve as an invaluable addition to written sources- texts that have come down from the past, capturing the thoughts and feelings of people of that distant time. However, even the surviving medieval texts cannot be considered absolutely accurate and objective. Then, as indeed now, people were largely guided by their own ideas about the world, which inevitably found refraction in artistic creativity. The conclusions that modern scientists come to when studying medieval materials, in turn, are determined by ideas about the world that developed already in the 20th century. The introductory section of this book is devoted to a journey “through times”, when the image of the Middle Ages - the enchanting morning - was formed, refuted and changed. European culture. We must be aware that the entire modern European consciousness, starting precisely from the time when the term “Middle Ages” arose, has been developing under the sign of “dialogue” with this distant culture.
Prologue: Origins of the Middle Ages.
In 400 the entire basin Mediterranean Sea from Gaul to Morocco. Egypt, Syria and Greece, and even countries very distant from it, like Britain, belonged to one state - they were part of the Roman Empire. The state language was Latin, the official religion was Christianity.
In the 5th century, the balance of the Christian and Roman components of imperial power was decisively shaken - the Great Migration of Peoples began. Waves of Germanic tribes rushed south, and gradually Western Europe and independent states - barbarian kingdoms - were formed in North Africa.
In the 7th century, Christianity faced a serious threat from the rapid spread of Islam. A century after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (d. 632), a new Muslim empire emerged, stretching from western borders China to the Pyrenees. Many lands of the former Roman Empire, already Christianized on the eve of the Arab conquest (Syria, Palestine, Egypt,
North Africa, Spain) became part of the new Arab caliphate. Byzantium, the remaining eastern part of the Roman Empire, having lost a huge part of its territories, was reduced to the areas closest to Constantinople (now Istanbul) in Asia Minor and a number of lands in southern and southeastern Europe. By that time, Greek had long become the official language in the east of the former Roman Empire; it was spoken by the majority of the population.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Panorama of the Middle Ages, Encyclopedia of Medieval Art, Bartlett R., 2002 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Download pdf
You can buy this book below best price at a discount with delivery throughout Russia.
