Who created the Tretyakov Gallery. State Tretyakov Gallery

State Tretyakov Gallery- one of the biggest art museums Russia and the world, named after the founder - merchant and philanthropist Pavel Tretyakov. P. Tretyakov began collecting paintings in 1850, and 17 years later he opened a gallery, the collection of which numbered about two thousand works visual arts and several sculptures. In 1893, the collection, previously donated to Moscow, became known as the Moscow City Tretyakov Gallery and was maintained with money bequeathed by the founders.

In 1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was nationalized and became “state property of the RSFRS”; its first directors were the art critic and artist I. Grabar, and then the architect A. Shchusev. Under them, the Museum's holdings grew, several new buildings were added, and new exhibitions were actively developed.

During the Great Patriotic War all paintings and sculptures were exported to Novosibirsk and Molotov. The evacuation continued more than a year, but already on May 17, 1945, the exhibitions were again open to residents and guests of Moscow.

In the following decades, the Museum grew continuously, and today it includes the Gallery on Krymsky Val, the Gallery on Lavrushinsky Lane, the house-museum of V. M. Vasnetsov, the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi and other branches.

The museum's collections include works of art XI-XXI, including Russian painting, sculpture, and graphics. The most famous works The icons kept in the Museum are considered to be from the 11th to 17th centuries, and the face of Vladimirskaya is especially valuable among them. Mother of God, Rublev’s “Trinity” and icons painted by Dionysius, Theophan the Greek, Simon Ushakov.

The basis of the Tretyakov Gallery's collections is Russian painting, most of which dates back to the second half of the 19th century. The collection includes works by Kramskoy, Perov, Vasnetsov, Savrasov, Shishkin, Aivazovsky, Repin, Vereshchagin and other famous Russian artists. In the 20th century, the Gallery was replenished with works by Vrubel, Levitan, Serov, Malevich, Roerich, and Benois. IN Soviet period Deineka, Brodsky, Kukryniksy, Nesterov and others appeared in the exhibitions. In addition to painting, the Museum stores and exhibits works by Antokolkolsky, Mukhina, Shadr, Konenkov and other famous sculptors.

Currently, the Tretyakov Gallery is developing new expositions and exhibitions, actively cooperating with many museums around the world and Russia, providing them with collections for temporary exhibitions, and also carries out restoration and research papers, replenishes funds, develops cultural and educational programs, participates in major museum, film and music festivals.

In 1995, the Tretyakov Gallery was recognized as one of the most valuable cultural objects for its activities in the field of preserving art objects and promoting museum values.

Tretyakov Gallery Address: 119017, Moscow, Lavrushinsky Lane, 10
Directions: Metro “Tretyakovskaya” or “Polyanka”

Tretyakov Gallery brief information.

Pavel Tretyakov is the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. How was the life of this philanthropist? We will talk about this in the article.

Brief information about the life of the great philanthropist

Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov was born on December 27, 1832 in Moscow. His parents were merchants. Throughout his childhood, Pavel Mikhailovich was an excellent assistant to his father at work. He and brother Sergei were inseparable. From an early age they worked together and later created the famous art gallery.

By the end of the 40s of the 19th century, the Tretyakov merchants owned five trading shops. But soon the family breadwinner, Mikhail Zakharovich Tretyakov, fell ill with scarlet fever and died. Pavel and Sergei took full responsibility for the family and trade. After the death of his mother, Pavel Mikhailovich headed a paper spinning factory, where he was very successful.

By character Pavel Tretyakov, Interesting Facts from whose life you will learn further, he was a kind and sensitive person. He loved comfort and appreciated art. At work they spoke of him as a businesslike, persistent and firm person. But it cannot be said that he was extremely strict with his subordinates.

Tretyakov's early years

His interest in great art began at the age of twenty, after visiting the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. It was then that the idea arose to collect my own collection of paintings. He understood that collecting a unique collection would take all of his time. free time, but Paul was inspired by the idea.

The first paintings were purchased in 1853, the next year he bought nine paintings by old Dutch masters - they decorated his living rooms until Tretyakov’s death. A couple of years later, his collection was replenished with works by N. G. Schilder “Temptation”, V. G. Khudyakov “Finland Smugglers”, followed by the purchase of paintings by I. P. Trutnev, A. K. Savrasov, K. A. Trutovsky, F. A. Bruni, L. F. Lagorio, and also famous portrait archaeologist Lanci is of Italian origin.

The purpose of collecting Pavel Tretyakov was not enrichment and fame, but a love of art and the gift of his collection to the people.

Marriage

The year 1865 was marked for the young philanthropist by his marriage to a twenty-year-old girl, Vera Nikolaevna Mamontova, who was quite educated for that time. The bride was brought up in the same family as him, and had a very warm attitude towards music and art in general. After a while, daughters are born to them, and later a son, Mikhail. But, unfortunately, he grew up as a sickly child and required constant attention. Mikhail's life was short.

Pavel Mikhailovich's activities are aimed at collecting works of his contemporaries and artists - democrats of the national school. The heart of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be the works of I. N. Kramskoy, V. I. Surikov and E. Repin.

First steps

Communicating with famous people, Tretyakov decides to create Big hall portraits of their compatriots and contemporaries. To do this, he created a list of names, according to which Tretyakov accepted orders for portraits.

Pavel Mikhailovich chose the location for the future museum of painting in Lavrushinsky Lane, where he began constructing a luxurious two-story building for the future Tretyakov Gallery. In the summer of 1893, the long-awaited opening took place. Later, the fate of the gallery was decided by the people. It was transferred to the city of Moscow. As a reward, the autocrat offered Pavel Mikhailovich noble title, but he refused, choosing the merchants of whom he was so proud.

The history of the emergence of the Tretyakov family of merchants

P. Tretyakov came from an old merchant family. The great-grandfather of Pavel and Sergei, Elisey Martynovich Tretyakov, came from the merchants of Maly Yaroslavets, known since 1646. In 1774, he moved to Moscow with his wife Vasilisa and children: Osip and Zakhar. Elisha later remarried, and his second wife bore him a son, Misha. In 1831, the matured Mikhail married Alexandra Borisova. This is how Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov were born. They also had sisters: Sophia, Elizaveta and Nadezhda. The father carefully monitored the education of his children. The Tretyakov family was a model of obedience and politeness. There were no quarrels or resentments between the children. The brotherly love of Pavel and Sergei later laid the foundation for the creation of the famous Tretyakov Gallery.

Tretyakov brothers

After the death of their parents, Pavel and Sergei had to take control of the factories into their own hands. Their work proceeded smoothly and successfully. According to written sources, the Tretyakov family was not rich enough. The Tretyakov brothers took the money that was spent on purchasing the collection from the family budget and the income of their enterprises.

Sergei fully supported his brother and was actively involved in charity work. They worked, rested and together founded the Arnold-Tretyakov School. It is still famous today because it educational institution created for the deaf and dumb in Moscow.

Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov was the head of the city and a passionate collector of collections.

Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov devoted his entire life to collecting. There was one difference between the brothers: Sergei Mikhailovich regarded collecting as his hobby, while Pavel Tretyakov saw a certain mission in his desire, and later in his activity.

Happiness and love of philanthropist Tretyakov

The biography of Pavel Tretyakov indicates that he became the last of his family members to marry. This happened in the thirty-third year of his life. His wife was Vera Nikolaevna Mamontova. All her life this woman was a guiding star for Pavel Mikhailovich. Vera Nikolaevna could not come to terms with only one main rival - her husband’s art gallery, on which he spent his entire fortune and most of its time.

At thirty-two years old, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov was the only bachelor in the family. Nobody expected him to get married anymore. But soon he announces his engagement to Vera Mamontova, and then his wedding.

Pavel Tretyakov met Vera Nikolaevna at one of the family evenings at the Mamontovs’ house. Vera Nikolaevna grew up in merchant family. Her femininity high intelligence, love for music charmed the patron.

The wedding date was set for August 22, 1865. To the surprise of everyone, the marriage of Pavel and Vera turned out to be strong and happy. Their family was large. They and six children lived in the house. Vera Nikolaevna maintained warmth and harmony in the family throughout her life. However, their family life was not so rosy. The husband was strict and kept financial records. New clothes were bought only after the old ones had worn out. The fact is that Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov spent all the family’s money on replenishing his art collection and on charity.

Despite such huge expenses, Vera Nikolaevna never blamed her husband for this. She valued his love and always agreed with him.

Grief in the Tretyakov family

Not all of Pavel Tretyakov’s children were able to become the pride of their parents. In 1887, the Tretyakov family was overtaken by an inevitable misfortune: he died younger son Pavel Mikhailovich, seriously ill with scarlet fever. Another blow that followed the first was the doctors’ verdict that the second son had dementia. Unable to bear such a surprise of fate, the philanthropist withdrew into himself and became completely detached.

In 1893, Pavel Mikhailovich’s beloved wife suffered a mini-stroke, and five years later she fell ill with paralysis. And then Tretyakov realized that Vera Nikolaevna was dearer to him than anything in the world. He himself fell ill from the experience, and on December 16 he left this world. Vera Nikolaevna passed away three months after the death of her husband. In 1898, according to his will, the gallery became the property of the city of Moscow. And in 1918, by order of the leader of the proletariat, it received the name of the State Tretyakov Gallery. During times Soviet power The Tretyakov Gallery collected not only paintings by artists of the 18th-19th centuries, but also works by artists of the post-revolutionary period: Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Yuri Pimenov, Semyon Chuikov, Arkady Plastov, Alexander Deineka...

Death of a patron

The merchant Pavel Tretyakov was known not only as a collector of the collection, he was an honorary member of the Society of Connoisseurs of Art and Music. Active participation He also took part in charity. At one time, together with his brother, he founded a school for the deaf and dumb in Moscow.

At the beginning of December 1898, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov fell ill with a stomach ulcer. Even in last hours of his life he thought about matters in the gallery. The last request of the dying man was to save the gallery, and our contemporaries did just that.

Philanthropist Pavel Tretyakov was buried at the Danilovsky cemetery. Now his ashes rest in the Novodevichy cemetery.

Substitution of a famous painting

In 1913, the mentally ill icon painter Abram Balashov, while in the Tretyakov Gallery, cut up the artist Repin’s painting “Ivan the Terrible Kills His Son.” The faces in the painting had to be restored again. And the gallery keeper (at that time he was E.M. Khrustov), ​​having learned about this, threw himself under the train.

The surprising fact was that the artist himself did not notice any changes in his work. This saved the gallery from collapse.

Interesting facts about the Tretyakov Gallery

• In 1929, the Church of St. Nicholas was closed in Tolmachi, which immediately became one of the storerooms of the Tretyakov Gallery. She was connected to exhibition halls on the top floor of a two-story building, which was intended to display the painting “The Appearance of Christ to the People” by Alexander Ivanov.
• During the Great Patriotic War, Tretyakov's collection was evacuated to Novosibirsk. The meeting occupied seventeen carriages.
• The history of the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived”. This picture wrote famous artist Alexey Savrasov. After the death of his newborn daughter, he tried many times to repeat his work. It all ended with the artist painting the walls of taverns with a copy of this painting. And with the money he earned he bought himself bread and vodka.
• In order to receive the desired picture, Pavel Mikhailovich paid for trips for artists. In 1898, Osip Braz painted a portrait of A.P. Chekhov, which Pavel Mikhailovich sent to Nice. However, the writer himself did not like the portrait.
• The well-known Malevich wrote four versions of the famous “Black Square”, and two of them are in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Immortal Legacy

To summarize, it can be noted that the meaning of Pavel Tretyakov’s life is his famous collection. In Russia rare person with such obsession and fanatical desire he tried to convey the “beautiful” to all people, not paying attention to prejudices and social inequality. There was truly a great man who loved his homeland and people, Pavel Tretyakov. The Tretyakov Gallery is his greatest contribution to world art. And the memory of the man with capital letters who Tretyakov was, will never die!

Class hour structure.

1. Introduction.
2. History of the Tretyakov family.
3. Collecting activity of P.M. Tretyakov.
4. Sightseeing tour around the gallery.
5. Conclusion.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, exhibition of reproductions of famous artists.

1. Introduction (Presentation 1, slide 1)

The State Tretyakov Gallery is one of the largest museums peace. The gallery's collection is dedicated exclusively to national Russian art, to those artists who contributed to the history of Russian art or who were closely associated with it. This is how the gallery was conceived by its founder, Moscow merchant and industrialist Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832-1898), and this is how it has remained to this day.

2. History of the Tretyakov family. (Slide 2)

The Tretyakov merchant family traces its history back to county town Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga province, from where P.M. Tretyakov’s great-grandfather Elisey Martynovich (1704–1783) with his wife and sons arrived in Moscow in 1774. The following generations of Tretyakovs successfully expanded trade and increased capital. Things were going especially well for Mikhail Zakharovich Tretyakov (1801–1850), which was facilitated by his successful marriage to the daughter of a large merchant exporting lard to England, Alexandra Danilovna Borisova (1812–1899). On December 29, 1832, their first child was born, the future founder of the famous art gallery Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. In 1848, the family suffered grief: four children died of scarlet fever, and in 1850 Mikhail Zakharovich Tretyakov himself died. After his death, all movable and immovable property went to his two sons, Pavel and Sergei, who successfully continued their father’s trading business. In 1852, a house was purchased in Moscow, in the area of ​​modern Tolmachevsky Lanes, where the Tretyakov family moved.

The eldest of the brothers, Pavel, did not marry for a long time. Only in August 1865 did his wedding take place with Vera Nikolaevna Mamontova (1844–1899), cousin famous philanthropist Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841–1918). It was the beginning of a long happy family life. Everyone in the family loved each other. The Tretyakovs loved to travel, with and without children, according to home country and abroad. Both Pavel Mikhailovich and Vera Nikolaevna were people with a keen sense of nature, art, and music. Their children grew up the same way. Pavel Mikhailovich worked hard. Most of the time was taken up by managing the Kostroma flax spinning factory and shops, and all the remaining time was devoted to his favorite brainchild - the gallery. There were also charitable activities. P.M. Tretyakov devoted a lot of effort to the Arnold School for the Deaf and Mutes, of which he was a trustee. He also took part in the activities of the Orthodox Missionary Society, was involved in the care of the poor, was a member of the Commercial Court, and of course was a member of various societies - artistic, charitable, commercial. Pavel Mikhailovich did a lot of good things during his life. According to his will, large sums of money were allocated for the maintenance of the gallery, the Arnold School, and various scholarships. P.M. Tretyakov died on December 4, 1898, 3 months later his wife Vera Nikolaevna died.

3. Gathering activity of P.M. Tretyakov. (Slide 3)

The year of foundation of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be 1856. It was then that Pavel Mikhailovich acquired the first two paintings by Russian artists, “Temptation” by Nikolai Gustovich Schilder and “Clash with Finnish Smugglers” by Vasily Grigorievich Khudyakov.

The topic of the powerless position of women in Russian society was very relevant in the second half of the 19th century. This phenomenon formed the basis of the painting "Temptation".

... Gloomy basement room. Here he lives in poverty beautiful girl and her old mother. Mother's days are numbered. Seriously ill, she no longer gets out of bed behind a dark curtain. The girl earns money by embroidering, but with the pennies she earns through honest labor it is impossible to feed herself and her sick mother.

And now the hoop is abandoned, the poor thing faces the problem of choice further path. The old woman, the pimp, is already right there. She hands the young heroine an expensive bracelet. In the depths of the picture, the bearded face of the tempter looms in the door window. If the girl agrees, he will give her this bracelet. You can eat your fill and call your mother for a doctor. There is fear and despair on the girl’s face, in her movements... The conflict is intensified by the allegory: in the foreground of the canvas there is a cat that is preparing to grab a mouse blithely strolling under the chest of drawers. This scene seems to indicate that the girl’s choice is predetermined.

The next painting by Vasily Grigorievich Khudyakov is “Skirmish with Finnish smugglers.” The painting depicts a real-life scene of a clash between a detachment of customs guards and a group of smugglers.

From that time on, P.M. Tretyakov firmly decided to collect the works of his contemporaries.

4. Sightseeing tour of the gallery. (Slide 4)

Already at the beginning of his activity as a collector, Tretyakov clearly formulated his goal - to create a national public art museum in Moscow. Tretyakov expressed this idea when only a select few were allowed into the St. Petersburg Hermitage, and the titles of the paintings hanging in the halls were written in French. Tretyakov planned to create a museum where the national Russian school of painting would be presented. Pavel Mikhailovich had to assemble his gallery from scratch, but he could rely entirely on his own taste. At the end of the 1850s, paintings by I.I. appeared in his collection. Sokolova, A. Savrasova, M.P. Klodt.

In 1864, the first painting based on the plot of Russian history appeared in the collection - “Princess Tarakanova” by K. D. Flavitsky. (Slide 5)

P.M. Tretyakov loved nature and subtly understood it, so the acquisition of landscapes was always not accidental. (Slide 6)

The portrait gallery occupied a special place in Tretyakov’s collection. By the end of the 1860s, P.M. Tretyakov decided to create a portrait gallery of outstanding figures of Russian culture - composers, writers, artists, actors, scientists. He began not only to buy already created works, but also to order portraits . (Slide 7)

Pavel Mikhailovich placed the purchased paintings in his house on Lavrushinsky Lane. There wasn't enough space. In 1872, construction began on the first two museum halls proper; they were ready in 1874. (Slide 8)

In 1882, 6 new halls were added. In the 1880s, the Tretyakov collection expanded significantly. (Slide 9)

In 1885, 7 more halls were added to the house in Lavrushinsky. 1892 was a significant year for the gallery; this year Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov donated it to the city of Moscow. Initially, the collection included 1287 paintings, 518 drawings and 9 sculptures. Today you can get acquainted with the unique collection of the Tretyakov Gallery, numbering more than 100 thousand works, which is divided into several sections. (Slide 10, 11, 12)

5. Sections of the Tretyakov Gallery.

The first section includes ancient Russian art of the 12th-18th centuries. Here during the excursion you will see unique icons, sculptures, small sculptures, and applied art (about 5 thousand exhibits). (Slide 13)

The second section includes painting XVIII- first half of the 19th century century. (Slide 14)

The third section includes painting of the second half of the 19th century and turn of the XIX century and 20th centuries (about 7 thousand works). (Slide 15)

During the excursion you will be able to appreciate the uniqueness of Russian graphics of the 18th - early 20th centuries (over 30 thousand works), Russian sculpture of the 18th - early 20th centuries (about 1000 exhibits). (Slide 16)

An interesting collection of old antique frames, furniture, applied arts and a huge section (more than half of the entire collection) of post-revolutionary painting, sculpture and graphics, located in premises on Krymsky Val. (Slide 17)

6. Acquaintance with the work of individual artists.

6.1 Painting by Viktor Vasilyevich Vasnetsov “Alyonushka”. (Slide 18)

The artist began work on the painting in 1880. At first he painted landscape sketches on the banks of the Vori in Abramtsevo, near the pond in Akhtyrka. Many sketches from this time have survived. The work was completed in the winter of 1881 in Moscow, after which Vasnetsov sent it to the Traveling Exhibition.

6.2 Painting by Alexander Ivanov “The Appearance of Christ to the People.” (Slide 19)

In 1834, the artist painted “The Appearance of the Risen Christ to Mary Magdalene.” Three years later, the artist began creating “The Appearance of Christ to the People.” It took 20 years to paint this picture (1837-1857), after which it was presented to the public in a separate hall of the Academy of Arts.

6.3 The work of Pavel Andreevich Fedotov. (Slide 20)

“Fresh Cavalier” is the first painting in which the artist achieved full reality in the depiction of all furnishings. The whole picture is executed like a miniature: it is painted in extremely detail with unflagging attention to every piece of space and to every object. The action takes place in a cramped and dark room. Among the ugly chaos, the figure of the “Fresh Cavalier” rises, wearing an order cross on his robe. Everything here is built on comic contradictions. Fedotov's satire, like Gogol's, goes much further than the young braggart and his pretty cook. “Fresh Cavalier” is the apogee of swagger and vulgarity.”

IN "Aristocrat's Breakfast" color unity is built on the basis of the dominant green color of the interior. In contrast to this green are the blue color of the robe and the crimson-red of the “aristocrat” silk shalwar. Each color is unusually intense and full-bodied, which does not interfere with the integrity of the overall color scheme.

In 1848, Fedotov created his most significant painting - "Major's Matchmaking" For her, the artist was awarded the title of academician of painting. At the academic exhibition of 1848, crowds of spectators crowded around the painting. It was a new word in art, fresh and bold in its sincerity, truthfulness, depth of thought, and serious critical direction. The name of Fedotov thundered throughout St. Petersburg. Every little thing in “Major's Matchmaking” has its own meaning, is justified and has a specific purpose for characterizing the characters, or for explaining the situation. There is nothing random about it. The essence of the picture is not limited to the vividness of the scene. Both psychologically and socially it is deep and meaningful. This is not just a scene taken from the thick of life. The theme of the painting is arranged marriage. A marriage turned into a commercial enterprise, a marriage desecrated by greed, cynical prose, not covered with any poetic flair, only revealing the baseness and heartlessness of people. There is not a single positive character in the film. This is real" dark kingdom" This is no longer a reproach. This is a harsh accusation, a cruel criticism.

6.4 Painting by Vasily Vladimirovich Pukirev “Unequal marriage”. (Slide 21)

The artist based his work on the painting on a real event. In 1861, that is, a year before the creation of the picture, the betrothal of a wealthy manufacturer, already quite elderly, took place, and young girl from a poor family, a certain S.N. Rybnikova. Pukirev knew about this engagement from his friend and student S. M. Varentsov. According to the latter’s story, he and S.N. Rybnikova loved each other, but for reasons unknown to us now, the girl married not her beloved man, but a rich manufacturer, and her lover had the role of best man at this wedding.

6.5 The work of Vasily Grigorievich Perov. (Slide 22)

They said about the paintings of Vasily Grigorievich Perov that they “bite painfully.” Perov saw how the people were suffering, sympathized with them, suffered with them.

Winter twilight. Snowstorm. Two boys and a girl are harnessed to a sleigh and are hardly pulling a huge icy barrel of water along a city street. The children were exhausted. A sharp wind blows through their tattered clothes. Some kind person helps them pull the sled up the hill. Perov called the painting “Troika”. How much bitterness and pain there is in this name! We are used to songs about a dashing troika, about a frisky troika, but here is a troika of exhausted children.

To the title of the painting - “Troika” - Perov added: “Apprentice artisans carrying water,” because at that time thousands of children worked in factories, workshops, shops and shops. They were called students.

6.6 Painting by Ilya Efimovich Repin “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan November 16, 1581.” (Slide 23)

The plot for the film was a true historical fact - the murder of Tsar Ivan IV of his eldest son Ivan. This is also evidenced by the exact date in the title of the painting. The reason for the Terrible Tsar’s murder of his son remained unclear for a long time. Some contemporaries considered the cause of the royal anger to be a purely family scene; others believed that a dispute arose between the tsar and the prince over the issue of assistance to Pskov, besieged by the Poles. It is possible that the provocation of the boyars, who wanted to quarrel between Ivan the Terrible and his son, also played a big role.

6.7 The work of Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. (Slide 24)

The painting “Morning of the Streltsy Execution” was painted in 1881. We see Red Square filled with a crowded crowd. On the right, riding a horse, is Emperor Peter Alekseevich with a small group of associates. Peter and his comrades are shown against the backdrop of the Kremlin wall with strict, clearly defined towers. The personality of a person who stands in the way of change inevitably grinds the wheel of history, and Surikov, with his gift as a monumentalist and historical painter, realized this.

After the painting “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution,” Surikov plunged into the tragedy of Peter the Great’s favorite A.D. Menshikov. After the death of Peter I, as a result of court intrigues, the “semi-sovereign ruler” found himself overthrown from the heights of power. Surrounded by children, in a cramped hut covered with Siberian snow, Menshikov whiles away his days. Power, wealth and fame are a thing of the past. But willpower, unbroken character, readiness to actively live and act did not change Menshikov. The artist recreates not just the circumstances of one moment, but the tragedy of human life in the painting “Menshikov in Berezovo,” painted in 1883.

Painting by V.I. Surikov's "Boyaryna Morozova" tells about the schism in the Russian Orthodox Church in the middle XVII century. The church reforms of Patriarch Nikon, begun in 1655, were opposed by the opposition led by Archpriest Avvakum Petrov, whose spiritual daughter and associate was the noblewoman Feodosia Prokopievna Morozova. This rich and noble woman acted as a devout supporter of ancient piety and an active opponent of innovation. In 1673, Morozova was exiled to the Borovsky Monastery, where she died in 1675.

6.8 Painting by Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi “Birch Grove”. (Slide 25)

Painting " Birch Grove"was painted in 1879 and shown at the seventh exhibition of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. The reaction of artists and spectators was unanimous, Kuindzhi surprised everyone with the extraordinary nature of the picture. They didn’t remember anything like it. A.I. Kuindzhi’s nature is both real and conventional. The artist admires Russian nature .

7. Transfer of the Gallery to Moscow. (Slide 26)

In the summer of 1892, Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov, the younger brother of Pavel Mikhailovich, died. According to his will, his collection of works by foreign and Russian artists became part of the collection of P.M. Tretyakov. In August 1892, Pavel Mikhailovich donated his collection along with his brother’s collection to the city of Moscow. The gallery became the property of the city, and P.M. Tretyakov was approved as her lifelong trustee. Dar P.M. Tretyakov had a wide public response. Tretyakov was recognized as an honorary citizen of Moscow in December 1896.

In 2006, the State Tretyakov Gallery celebrated its 150th anniversary. The anniversary was marked by a number of major exhibition projects. One of the main exhibitions of the anniversary year is “Brothers Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov. Life and Activities” – presented a comprehensive presentation of the Tretyakov brothers’ lifestyle, their characters, and the history of the creation of their collections.

8. Conclusion. (Slide 27)

Today we met a prominent figure of Russian culture, Moscow collector - Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. Tretyakov the collector was something of a phenomenon. Contemporaries were quite surprised at the natural intelligence and impeccable taste of this hereditary merchant. Having not studied anywhere specifically (the Tretyakov brothers received a home education, mostly of a practical nature), he had extensive knowledge in the field of literature, painting, theater and music. The scope of collecting activity and the breadth of P.M. Tretyakov’s horizons were truly amazing. He created the first museum in Russia, reflecting the entire progressive development of Russian art.

Used Books:

1. V.M. Volodarsky “State Tretyakov Gallery”, Aurora Publishing House, Leningrad, 1989.
2. V. Porudominsky “First Tretyakov Gallery”, M., “Children’s Literature”, 1979.
3. N.N. Vatolina “Walk through the Tretyakov Gallery”, M., “Soviet Artist”, 1983.

The Tretyakov Gallery is another sight Moscow, which every tourist must visit. The largest collection of paintings in Russia is located here. Now the mansion on Lavrushinsky Lane, the façade of which is decorated with stucco, is a famous gallery, but in the 19th century it was a merchant’s house. In 1851, this mansion was bought by a philanthropist, the owner paper spinning factories and art collector Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. Initially, the house was bought for living and only much later it turns into a gallery.

In 1854, Tretyakov acquired 9 canvases and 11 sheets of graphics by ancient Dutch masters and placed them in his mansion. According to historians, this was the reason for the creation of the famous gallery. However, the official year of its foundation is 1856. This year for his collection P. M. Tretyakov acquires two paintings - V. G . Khudyakov “Skirmish with the Finnish smugglers" and N. G . Schilder "Temptation".

Together with Pavel, his brother Sergei is also involved in purchasing paintings by famous painters. For some time, only a narrow circle of people can admire the collection of the Tretyakov brothers. But in 1867 it became available to the general public for the first time. By this year, the collection of the Tretyakov brothers already consisted of 471 drawings, 10 sculptures and 1276 paintings. The vast majority of works were by domestic artists.

Time passed. The collection kept growing. Additional extensions had to be made to the house. New halls appeared. In 1892, Pyotr Mikhailovich Tretyakov donated the gallery to Moscow. In 1904, the building of the art gallery acquired the famous Vasnetsov facade. The sketch of the facade was created by the famous Russian painter V. M. Vasnetsov (the façade was named after him), and was designed by V. N. Bashkirov.

Every year the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery increased, it was necessary to organize it. Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar, having become in 1913 first a trustee and then director of the gallery, for the first time in Russia introduced the arrangement of paintings in chronological ok .

After the revolution, it was decided to transfer the neighboring buildings to the Tretyakov Gallery. First, a house in Maly Tolmachevsky Lane (the former property of the merchant Sokolikov) was assigned to it, and then the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. In order to extend the gallery's operating hours, it was electrified in 1929.

In 1941, the collection was evacuated, and the building itself was seriously damaged. However, by 1945, most of the halls of the Tretyakov Gallery had been restored, the exhibits were returned to Moscow, and tourists could once again admire the works of Russian masters.

In 1986, the gallery building was closed for major renovations, which lasted almost 10 years. Part of the exhibition was located in one of the buildings on Krymsky Val. The same year is also the moment of formation of the All-Russian Museum Association, which received the name “ State Tretyakov Gallery ". Today in the composition State The Tretyakov Gallery, in addition to these two buildings, also includes the house-museum of P. Korina, museum-church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi, house-museum of V. Vasnetsov and the museum-apartment of A. Vasnetsov, as well as the museum-workshop of A. Golubkina. Since 1995, the building of the merchant Tretyakov has housed a collection of exhibits dating back to the beginning of the last century. Works from the 20th century are located exclusively in the building on Krymsky Val.

Now the Tretyakov Gallery collection includes over 55 thousand exhibits. There are not only paintings here, but also icons, sculptures, and works of decorative and applied art. An excursion to the Tretyakov Gallery will be very interesting and will bring a lot of impressions.