Essay “The meaning of Sharik’s two transformations in Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog.” What is the symbolic meaning of the two operations of Professor Preobrazhensky in the story by M.A.

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The story of Mikhail Bulgakov dog's heart” can be called prophetic. In it, the author, long before our society abandoned the ideas of the 1917 revolution, showed the dire consequences of human intervention in the natural course of development, be it nature or society. Using the example of the failure of Professor Preobrazhensky’s experiment, M. Bulgakov tried to say in the distant 20s that the country must be returned, if possible, to its former natural state.
Why do we call the experiment of a brilliant professor unsuccessful? WITH scientific point On the contrary, this experience is quite successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation: he transplants a human pituitary gland into a dog from a twenty-eight-year-old man who died a few hours before the operation. This man is Klim Petrovich Chugunkin. Bulgakov gives him a brief but succinct description: “Profession is playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is dilated (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab in the heart in a pub.” And what? The creature that emerged as a result of a scientific experiment has the makings of an eternally hungry street dog Sharika is combined with the qualities of the alcoholic and criminal Klim Chugunkin. And it is not surprising that the first words he uttered were swearing, and the first “decent” word was “bourgeois.”
The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and unique, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences. The type who appeared in the house of Professor Preobrazhensky as a result of the operation, “ vertically challenged and unattractive appearance,” upended the well-functioning life of this house. He behaves defiantly rudely, arrogantly and insolently.
Newly-minted Polygrapher Poligrafovich Sharikov.” puts on patent leather shoes and a tie of a poisonous color, his suit is dirty, unkempt, tasteless. With the help of the house committee Shvonder, he registers in Preobrazhensky’s apartment, demands the “sixteen arshins” of living space allotted to him, and even tries to bring his wife into the house. He believes that he is raising his ideological level: he is reading a book recommended by Shvonder - the correspondence of Engels with Kautsky. And he even makes critical remarks about the correspondence...
From the point of view of Professor Preobrazhensky, all these are pathetic attempts that in no way contribute to Sharikov’s mental and spiritual development. But from the point of view of Shvonder and others like him, Sharikov is quite suitable for the society that they create. Sharikov was even hired at government agency. For him, to become a boss, albeit a small one, means to transform outwardly, to gain power over people. Now he's wearing leather jacket and boots, drives a state car, controls the fate of a girl secretary. His arrogance becomes limitless. All day long, obscene language and balalaika tinkling can be heard in the professor’s house; Sharikov comes home drunk, pesters women, breaks and destroys everything around him. It becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house.
Professor Preobrazhensky and Bormental are unsuccessfully trying to instill in him the rules of good manners, develop and educate him. Of the possible cultural events Sharikov only likes the circus, and he calls the theater a counter-revolution. In response to the demands of Preobrazhensky and Bormental to behave culturally at the table, Sharikov ironically notes that this is how people tormented themselves under the tsarist regime.
Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a success for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” He comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments are irreversible, warns Bulgakov.
In his story “Heart of a Dog,” Mikhail Bulgakov says that the revolution that took place in Russia is not the result of natural socio-economic and spiritual development society, but an irresponsible experiment. This is exactly how Bulgakov perceived everything that was happening around and what was called the construction of socialism. The writer protests against attempts to create a new perfect society using revolutionary methods that do not exclude violence. And to educate new things using the same methods, free man he was extremely skeptical. the main idea The writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people.

The story “The Heart of a Dog” was written by Bulgakov in 1925, but was published only in 1987. This was the author's last satirical story. The huge experiment that was taking place throughout the country at that time was reflected in an allegorical form in this work.

An experiment to transform a dog into a human being, conducted by the world-famous professor Preobrazhensky, both worked and didn’t. It turned out because Professor Preobrazhensky was the best surgeon in Europe and he managed to get ahead of his time. It didn’t work out, because the result of this experiment not only exceeded all the professor’s hopes, but also horrified, frightened, and forced everything back to normal. These events took place in the midst of building a new society and a new person in Russia. Once upon a time there lived a cute and smart dog, suffering from human cruelty: “But my body is broken, beaten, people abused it enough... Didn’t they hit you on the backside with a boot? They beat me. Did you get hit in the ribs with a brick? There is enough food." The last straw that overflowed the cup of Sharik’s suffering was that his left side was scalded with boiling water: “Despair overwhelmed him. His soul was so painful and bitter, so lonely and scary, that small dog tears, like pimples, crawled out of his eyes and immediately dried up.”

Salvation came in the form of Professor Preobrazhensky, who fed Sharik and brought him to his home. The poor dog does not understand what is happening in this apartment, but he is fed well, and this is enough for the dog. But then the day comes when a terrible experiment is performed on Sharik. Bulgakov, describing the operation of transplanting a human pituitary gland into a dog, clearly shows his negative attitude towards everything that is happening: the previously attractive and respectable Professor Preobrazhensky and Doctor Bormenthal change dramatically: “Sweat crawled from Bormenthal in streams, and his face became fleshy and multi-colored. His eyes darted from the professor's hands to the plate on the instrument table. Philip Philipovich became positively scary. A hiss escaped from his nose, his teeth opened to his gums.” Thinking about the achievements of science, the heroes forget about the most important thing - about humanity, about the torment that the unfortunate dog suffered, about the consequences to which this experiment will lead. The pituitary gland that was transplanted into Sharik belonged to Klim Chugunkin, a repeat offender who was killed in a fight and sentenced to hard labor. The professor did not take into account the genes that passed on to Sharik, as a result of which, as Philip Philipovich said, the sweetest dog turned “into such scum that it makes your hair stand on end.” Sharik became Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov, his first words were obscene curses. He was reborn into an ignorant, evil, aggressive boor who simply poisoned the lives of everyone around him in the professor’s house. The upbringing that the professor and Doctor Bormenthal are trying to instill in him is completely destroyed by the influence of Shvonder, who knows how to put pressure on Sharikov’s basest instincts. The professor's intelligence turns out to be powerless in the face of the naked rudeness, arrogance and greed of the half-man, half-dog. The professor realizes his mistake: “Here, doctor, what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” The discovery that Preobrazhensky made turns out to be completely unnecessary: “Please explain to me why it is necessary to artificially fabricate Spinoza, when any woman can give birth to him at any time. Doctor, humanity itself takes care of this and, in an evolutionary order, every year persistently, singling out all kinds of scum from the masses, creates dozens of outstanding geniuses who adorn the globe.”

When Sharikov turned the professor's life into a real hell, the scientists perform another operation: Sharikov becomes what he was originally - a cute, cunning dog. Only the headaches reminded him of the metamorphoses that were happening to him: “I’m so lucky, so lucky,” he thought, dozing off, “simply indescribably lucky. I established myself in this apartment... True, for some reason they cut my head all over, but it will heal before the wedding.” Sharik's story ended happily, but that huge risky experiment to transform a huge country ended tragically: Sharikovs bred in incredible numbers, and we are still reaping the benefits of this experiment. You cannot force history, you cannot experiment on living people, you cannot help but think about the consequences that a vain desire to transform leads to. human nature and create " ideal person", "ideal society", without changing his soul, consciousness and morality - this is the result to which the reader comes, reflecting on Sharik’s transformations in the story “Heart of a Dog”.

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The famous story “Heart of a Dog,” written in 1926, is a vivid example of Bulgakov’s satire. It develops Gogolian traditions, organically combining two principles - fantastic and realistic. This characteristic finds the writer's satire...

In the story The Heart of a Dog, M. A. Bulgakov not only describes the unnatural experiment of Professor Preobrazhensky. The writer shows new type a person who arose not in the laboratory of a talented scientist, but in a new, Soviet reality...

M. Bulgakov's satirical stories occupy a special place both in his work and in all Russian literature. If they had been widely published and appreciated in their time, they might have been able to serve as a warning against many mistakes - but, alas,...

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The main character of Mikhail Bulgakov's story “The Heart of a Dog,” Professor Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky, is a hereditary intellectual and an outstanding medical scientist, forced to carry out his scientific experiments in post-revolutionary Moscow of the 20s, where the government...

"The New Man" by Professor Preobrazhensky. What was it created for?

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov is one of the most significant writers of the first half of the 20th century. In the works of the twenties, one of which is “Heart of a Dog” (1925), his original art system. Analyzing Bulgakov’s work, the attentive reader will notice that the writer’s original reference points were such masters of Russian literature as N.V. Gogol, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov. Based on them creative manner a special Bulgakov style is created using fantasy, grotesque and elements of impressionism.

The story "Heart of a Dog" is fantastic work with a satirical orientation, but the fantastic plot has a real basis historical basis.

This work reflected the general mood of post-revolutionary society, the spirit of the time, encouraging a fairy tale to come true. The fantastic transformation of Sharik into Sharikov, dog into man, means not only the great scientific achievements twenties, but also an attempt Soviet power to make “everything” a person who was “nothing” both socially and intellectually and ethically.

And not just an incident from the medical practice of Professor Preobrazhensky, but a symbol of socialist transformations is the fact that the transformation of “beast into man” occurs in the period of time between Catholic (December 23) and Orthodox Christmas (the operation was performed on December 23, and “the tail fell off patient" January 6).

Therefore, the ending of the story is of particular significance, proving the impossibility of a miraculous transformation." dead soul" In Preobrazhensky’s operating room, at the whim of science, a monstrous homunculus appears with the disposition of a dog and the habits of the master of life.

The story has nine chapters and an epilogue. The exhibition shows a meeting between two main characters - Sharik and Professor Preobrazhensky: “... the door slammed and a citizen appeared from it. It is a citizen, and not a “comrade,” and even more accurately, a master. Closer - clearer, sir...” In Moscow then everything changed - the place of “masters” and “gentlemen” was taken by “comrades” and proletarians.”

Deep meaning The conflict of the story is revealed during the development of the plot about the “new man”. Bonding is an operation performed on a dog's brain, as a result of which it becomes similar to a human being. However, this “incomprehensible” work was in vain, because from “ sweetest dog“It turned out to be “such scum that it makes your hair stand on end.”

The one who is seen as the “illegitimate son” of the professor plays the balalaika, sleeps in the kitchen, throws cigarette butts on the floor, swears, watches for “Zinka” in the dark, steals, “behaves indecently,” and finally writes denunciations against his “ dad" and threatens to kill him. The scientist has created a “dead soul”, and he is faced with a new task - “to make a man out of this hooligan.”

But change inner world turns out to be much more difficult than performing a miraculous transformation from a dog into a human being. According to the professor himself, “no one will succeed.” But what to do with Sharikov? After all, the professor himself admits that some kind of “formidable danger” lurks in him.

The “experimental creature” goes from “nothing” to “everything” in two months. He, as a representative of the “labor element,” enlists the support of the authorities, receives a passport, and gets a leadership position. Now Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov is the head of the department for cleaning the city of Moscow from stray animals.

What irony! He is now a useful member of the new society, since he can be set against class enemies who prevent him from living in harmony with his “no longer dog, but human,” “the lousiest of all that exist in nature” heart. However, this alliance of his with his “comrades” is temporary, because if someone turns Sharikov against them, then former comrades“horns and legs” will remain.

Behind the socio-political conflict is a deep moral conflict. Inhuman in their immorality, cynicism and callousness, the actions of Sharikov the “citizen” force Professor Preobrazhensky to destroy the results of his experience - to return everything to the “primitive situation”. This is the denouement: Sharikov turns into Sharik again.

Thus, ring composition emphasizes the author's idea about how unnatural and dangerous experiments with human consciousness. These are the sad thoughts of the satirist about the results of the interaction of three forces: apolitical science, aggressive social rudeness and spiritual power that has sunk to the level of a house committee. Bulgakov was extremely skeptical about the attempt to artificially and accelerated education of the “new man” and with sharp satire warned those who would try to transgress the sanctity of the rights of every living being.

On one of his significant stories, “Heart of a Dog,” M.A. Bulgakov allegedly worked in 1924, and in January - March next year I was finishing the last pages.
“Heart of a Dog” is a multifaceted work, despite its apparent external simplicity. Completely unusual events here (the transformation of a dog into a human) are intertwined with specific everyday signs of the time. The plot of the work is based on the experiment of the world-famous scientist and physician Philip Filippovich Preobrazhensky. The final result of his experience was to be the creation of a new man, a physically perfect personality.
Experimental material for the operation soon appeared. He was a twenty-five-year-old man, Klim Grigoryevich Chugunkin, a non-party member, a thief with two convictions, by profession a musician who played the balalaika in taverns, was killed with a knife in the heart in a pub. And so, together with Dr. Bormental, Philip Philipovich performs a unique operation: he replaces the brain of the dog, the mongrel Sharik, with the cerebral pituitary gland and human glands of Klim Chugunkin. Surprisingly, the experiment was a success: on the seventh day, instead of barking, the human dog began to make sounds, and then move like a human...
But gradually the medical and biological experiment turns into a social and moral problem, for the sake of which the entire work was conceived. The eternally hungry, homeless beggar Sharik takes on a human form and even chooses a name for himself, which confuses the professor - Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. Having made friends with Shvonder, Sharikov armed himself with the ideas of socialist teachings, but perceives them distortedly.
Sharik turned out to be a strange hybrid. The dog left him with animal habits and manners: Sharikov snaps, catches fleas, bites, and has a pathological hatred of cats. From man, the new creature inherited the same bad inclinations that Klim Chugunkin possessed. Like Chugunkin, Sharikov has a sad penchant for alcohol (at dinner, Bormental is even forced to ask Zina to remove vodka from the table; in Preobrazhensky’s absence he brings drunken friends into the apartment and starts a drunken brawl), he is dishonest (remember the money he stole from the professor , he blamed it on the innocent “Zinka”). Most likely, Klim, accustomed to a riotous lifestyle, did not consider it shameful to perceive a woman only as a source of bodily pleasures, and Sharikov makes an attempt to lure a woman, but does it rudely, primitively: he sneaks up to Zina at night, pinches the breasts of a lady on the stairs, and deceives the desperate woman eternal malnutrition to the typist Vasnetsov. The genes passed on to the man-dog are far from perfect: he is a drunkard, a rowdy, a criminal. I can’t help but remember: “Do not expect a good tribe from a bad seed.” Another reason is the objective conditions in which Sharikov was formed - the revolutionary reality of those years.
From Shvonder and the socialist doctrine he propagated, Sharikov took only everything bad: he wants to “dispossess” Preobrazhensky, who has seven whole rooms, and he dines in the dining room like a bourgeois. Meanwhile, Preobrazhensky’s talent as a surgeon and the brilliant operations he performs give the professor the right to material wealth. In addition, Sharikov does not consider it unethical and immoral to report people to the relevant authorities.
Sharikov's transformation into a human revealed him terrible essence: he turned out to be a rude, ungrateful, arrogant, soulless creature, vulgar, cruel, narrow-minded. Every day he gets worse. The cup of patience was filled with the denunciation of Preobrazhensky. There was only one way out: to return Polygraph Poligrafovich to his dog’s appearance, because Sharikov in the guise of a dog is nobler, smarter, more friendly, more peaceful. Sharik respected Preobrazhensky, was grateful to him, he felt sorry for the poor secretary, and so on. Indeed, why add another person to society if this is not a person, but a pitiful semblance of a person?
Preobrazhensky’s experiment can also be interpreted as a parodic embodiment of the idea of a “new man”, born of a revolutionary explosion and Marxist theory. The operation to return Sharikov to his former, dog-like appearance is a recognition that the man-idea, born of the revolution, must return (and will return) to his roots, from which the revolution turned him away, first of all, to faith in God. Through the mouth of Preobrazhensky, Bulgakov expressed the idea of the danger of reckless invasion not only into the biological nature of man, but also into social processes society.