Quote portrait of Rakhmetov what to do. What to do characterization of Rakhmetov’s image

The novel by N. G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?” was written in Peter and Paul Fortress. It was started on December 14, 1862 and completed on April 4, 1863. It was written during the era of rise revolutionary movement in Russia.
The hero of the novel, Rakhmetov, is a revolutionary. He is a nobleman by birth. His father was a rich man. But the free life did not keep Rakhmetov on his father’s estate. He left the province and entered the Faculty of Science in St. Petersburg. Rakhmetov easily became close in the capital with progressive thinking people. I met Kirsanov, from whom I learned a lot of new and advanced politically. I started reading a lot. After six months, he stopped reading books and said: “Now reading has become a secondary matter for me; On this side I am ready for LIFE.” He began to give orders to himself and to carry out these orders exactly on time. Next, Rakhmetov began to harden his body. He took on the hardest work. He was even a barge hauler. He did all this in preparation for great revolutionary deeds.
Rakhmetov followed the path chosen once and for all. He ate only what ordinary people ate, although he had the opportunity to eat better. He explained this simply: “This is necessary - it gives respect and love ordinary people. This is useful, it may come in handy.” Rakhmetov refused to marry a rich young widow. He explained it this way: “...I must suppress love in myself: love for you would tie my hands, they will not soon be untangled for me - they are already tied.”

Chernyshevsky, in the image of Rakhmetov, portrayed a revolutionary leader, a special person. The author wrote about such people: “...This is the color the best people, these are the engines of the engines, they are the salt of the earth.” Rakhmetov is a knight without fear or reproach, a man as if forged from steel. He expands his knowledge with amazing speed and carefully studies life.

RAKHMETOV - A “SPECIAL PERSON” OF HIS TIME

Here genuine person, which Russia especially needs now, take his example and, whoever is able and able, follow his path, for this is the only path for you that can lead to the desired goal,
N. G. Chernyshevsky
How actor Rakhmetov appears in the chapter “A Special Person”. In others
In chapters his name is only mentioned. But one feels that this image is central, that Rakhmetov is main character novel "What to do?"
The chapter “A Special Person” forms, as it were, a small independent story in a novel, the idea of which would not be complete and understandable without it. When talking about Rakhmetov, Chernyshevsky deliberately shifts the time frame and does not provide a consistent description and biography. He uses hints and innuendo, interweaving what was “known” about him with what was “found out” later. Therefore, every stroke of the biography is of fundamental importance. For example, origin. Indeed, why does the commoner Chernyshevsky make the main character of a socio-political novel a nobleman whose pedigree goes back centuries? Perhaps, according to the writer, the image of a revolutionary nobleman made the idea of revolution more convincing and attractive. Since the best representatives of the nobility are giving up their privileges, it means that a crisis is ripe.

Rakhmetov's degeneration began in early youth. His family was obviously a serf family. This is indicated by the terse phrase: “Yes, and he saw that it was in the village.” Observing the cruelty of serfdom, the young man began to think about justice. “Thoughts began to wander through him, and Kirsanov was to him what Lopukhov was to Vera Pavlovna.” On the very first evening, he “listened greedily” to Kirsanov, “interrupted his words with exclamations and curses on what should perish, blessings on what should live.” Rakhmetov differs from Lopukhov and Kirsanov not only in his aristocratic pedigree, but also in his exceptional strength of character, which is manifested in the constant hardening of body and spirit, but especially in his absorption in the matter of preparing for the revolutionary struggle. This is a man of ideas in the highest sense of the word. For Rakhmetov, the dream of a revolution is a guide to action, a guideline for his entire personal life.

The desire for rapprochement with ordinary people is clearly manifested in Rakhmetov. This is evident from his travels around Russia, physical labor, and severe self-restraint in his personal life. The people nicknamed Rakhmetov Nikitushka Lomov, thereby expressing their love for him. Unlike the commoner Bazarov, who spoke condescendingly to the “thick-bearded” men, the nobleman Rakhmetov does not look at the people as a mass to be studied. He believes that the people are worthy of respect and are trying to experience at least part of the weight that hangs on the peasants' shoulders.
Chernyshevsky shows Rakhmetov as a person of a “very rare”, “special breed”, but at the same time as a typical person, belonging to a new public group, although not numerous. The writer endowed the “special person” with severe demands on himself and... others and even a gloomy appearance. Vera Pavlovna at first finds him “very boring.” “Lopukhov and Kirsanov, and everyone who was not afraid of anyone or anything, felt at times a certain cowardice in front of him... except for Masha and those who were equal to her or superior to her in the simplicity of their soul and dress.” But Vera Pavlovna, having gotten to know Rakhmetov better, says about him: “What a gentle and kind person he is!”
Rakhmetov is a rigorist, that is, a person who never deviates from the accepted rules of behavior in anything. He prepares himself for the revolutionary struggle, both morally and physically. Having slept the night on nails, he explains his action, smiling broadly and joyfully: “Test. Need to. It’s implausible, of course: but it’s necessary, just in case. I see I can." This is probably how Chernyshevsky saw the leader of the revolutionaries. To the question “What to do?” Nikolai Gavrilovich responds with the image of Rakhmetov and the words placed in the epigraph.

The figure of this rigorist had a huge influence on subsequent generations of Russian and foreign revolutionaries. This is evidenced by the confessions of these people that their “favorite was especially Rakhmetov.”
I like Rakhmetov. He has the qualities that Bazarov lacks. I admire his tenacity, will, endurance, ability to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal, courage, strength. I want to be at least a little like this hero.

Here is a genuine person who is especially needed now in Russia, take his example and, whoever is able and able, follow his path, for this is the only path for you that can lead to the desired goal.

N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Rakhmetov appears as a character in the chapter “A Special Person.” In other chapters his name is only mentioned. But it is felt that the image is placed in the center of the reader’s attention, that Rakhmetov is the main character of the novel “What is to be done?” The chapter “A Special Person” forms, as it were, a small independent story in a novel, the idea of which would not be complete and understandable without it.

When talking about Rakhmetov, Chernyshevsky deliberately shifts the temporal order of facts, and does not give a definitely consistent description and biography. He uses hints and innuendo, intertwining what was “known” about him with what was “found out” later. Therefore, every stroke of the biography is of fundamental importance. For example, origin. Indeed, why does the commoner Chernyshevsky make the main character of a socio-political novel a nobleman whose pedigree goes back centuries? Perhaps, according to the writer, the image of a revolutionary nobleman made the idea of revolution more convincing and attractive. Since the best representatives of the nobility renounce their privileges to live at the expense of the people, it means that a crisis is ripe.

Rakhmetov's rebirth began in his early youth. His family was obviously a serf family. This is indicated by the terse phrase: “Yes, and he saw that it was in the village.” Observing the cruelty of serfdom, the young man began to think about justice.

“Thoughts began to wander in him, and Kirsanov was for him what Lopukhov was for Vera Pavlovna.” On the very first evening, he “listened greedily” to Kirsanov, “interrupted his words with exclamations and curses on what should perish, blessings on what should live.”

Rakhmetov differs from Lopukhov and Kirsanov not only in his aristocratic pedigree, but also in his exceptional strength of character, which is manifested in the constant hardening of body and spirit, but especially in his absorption in the matter of preparing for the revolutionary struggle. This is a man of ideas in the highest sense of the word.

For Rakhmetov, the dream of revolution is a guide to action, a guideline for his entire personal life.

Chernyshevsky shows Rakhmetov as a person of a “very rare”, “special breed”, but at the same time as a typical person, belonging to a new social group, albeit a small one. The writer endowed the “special person” with severe demands on himself and others and even a gloomy appearance.

Vera Pavlovna at first finds him “very boring.” “Lopukhov and Kirsanov, and everyone who was not afraid of anyone or anything, felt at times a certain cowardice in front of him... except for Masha and those who were equal to her or superior to her in the simplicity of their soul and dress.”

But Vera Pavlovna, having gotten to know Rakhmetov better, says about him: “...what a gentle and kind person he is.”

Rakhmetovrigorist, that is, a person who never deviates from the accepted rules of behavior in anything. He prepares himself for the revolutionary struggle both morally and physically. Having slept the night on nails, he explains his action, smiling broadly and joyfully: “A test. It’s necessary. Implausible, of course: however, it’s necessary just in case. I see, I can.” This is probably how Chernyshevsky saw the leader of the revolutionaries. To the question: “What to do?” Nikolai Gavrilovich answers with the image of Rakhmetov and the words placed in the epigraph. The figure of this rigorist had a huge influence on subsequent generations of Russian and foreign revolutionaries. This is evidenced by the confessions of these people that “Rakhmetov, in particular, was their favorite.”

I like Rakhmetov. He has the qualities that Bazarov lacks. I admire his tenacity, will, endurance, ability to subordinate his life to his chosen ideal, courage, strength. I want to be at least a little like Rakhmetov.

Rakhmetov is one of the main characters in Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”. The chapter “A Special Person” is dedicated to him. He is a representative of a noble family, known since the 13th century, whose family includes boyars, okolnichy, general-in-chief and others. His father, at the age of forty, retired as a lieutenant general and settled on one of his estates; he was of a despotic character, intelligent, educated and ultra-conservative. Mother

suffered from difficult character father. At sixteen, Rakhmetov became a student

Faculty of Natural Sciences, left the university for almost three years, took care of the estate,

wandered around Russia, had many adventures that he arranged for himself, took several people to Kazan and Moscow universities, making them his own

fellows. Returning to St. Petersburg, he entered the philological department. Friends

call Rakhmetov a “rigorist” and Nikitushka Lomov (named after the famous

barge hauler) - for the outstanding physical strength that he developed in himself through exercise.

After several months of studying at the university, Rakhmetov made acquaintance with a special smart heads like Kirsanov and Lopukhov, I began to read books according to their instructions.

He accepted original principles in material, moral and mental life, they developed into a complete system, which he adhered to unswervingly. “I don’t drink a drop of wine. I don’t touch a woman.” And the nature was ebullient. “Why is this? Such an extreme is not at all necessary.” - “It’s necessary. We demand complete enjoyment of life for people - we must testify with our lives that we demand this not to satisfy our personal passions, not for ourselves personally, but for man in general, that we speak only out of principle, and not out of passion, out of conviction , and not for personal need.” Rakhmetov leads the most austere, Spartan lifestyle, eating only beef to maintain physical strength, citing the fact that he should eat only what is available to the common people. Constantly tests willpower. His only weakness is cigars. He manages to do an enormous amount because he has made it a rule to restrain himself and to manage his time, without wasting it either on reading unimportant books or on unimportant matters. Rakhmetov lives in general, not personal, is constantly in trouble, and is not at home much. There is a well-known episode of his love for a certain lady whom he saved by stopping a charabanc with a runaway horse. Rakhmetov deliberately refuses love because it ties his hands. In response to the author’s ridicule, he says: “Yes, be sorry

me, you are right, feel sorry for me: after all, I, too, am not an abstract idea, but a person to whom

I would like to live.” Rakhmetov is probably involved in the “disappearance” of Lopukhov,

acts as his confidant, passing his letter to Vera Pavlovna. During a visit to her, he explains to her in detail his view of her situation, reprimands her for transferring the workshop to other hands, and he speaks about the guilt of Lopukhov, who, in his words, did not “prevent this melodrama.”

The image of Rakhmetov bears the stamp of mystery, which encrypts the revolutionary

the hero’s activity is the “hidden” plot of the novel. It also marks his chosenness.

Despite the fact that the hero takes part in the novel’s conflict, his plot function is different - to represent the type of special “ideal” person with whom all other characters are compared in one way or another. that two years after those described in the novel

events, he leaves St. Petersburg, believing that he has already done everything he could here, sells

his estate, distributes part of the money to his scholarship students so that they can finish

land."
Central to the novel is the image of Rakhmetov - not only a “new”, but also a “special person”, a “higher nature”, in which the best features merged advanced people era N.G. Chernyshevsky. Being an aristocrat by birth, he becomes a democrat in his views on life and life ideals. Rakhmetov is a professional revolutionary, revolutionary leader. This is a “knight without fear and reproach,” a man as if forged from pure steel. There are few people like him. “I have met,” notes Chernyshevsky, “so far only eight examples of this breed...”

Rakhmetov did not immediately become a “special person.” A rapprochement with Kirsanov, who introduced Rakhmetov to the teachings of the utopian socialists and the philosophy of Feuerbach, was the impetus for his transformation into a “special person.” “He listened greedily to Kirsanov on the first evening, cried, interrupted his words with exclamations of curses for what should perish, blessings for what should live.” Rakhmetov, having studied the theory of socialism, soon moves on to revolutionary action, becomes a revolutionary, a man of “a special breed.” “He is more important than all of us here, taken together,” Kirsanov says about him. Rakhmetov expands his range of activities with amazing speed after he moves on to revolutionary activities. At twenty-two years old, “he was already a man of very remarkably thorough learning.” Rakhmetov read only “original” works, and this is because, in his opinion, “there are very few major works on each subject; in all the rest it only repeats, dilutes, spoils what is contained much more fully and clearly in these few works. You need to read only them; any other reading is just a waste of time.” Realizing that the strength of a leader lies in his closeness to the people, Rakhmetov studies the life of workers. He traveled all over Russia on foot, was a woodcutter, a sawyer,

a stonecutter, together with barge haulers, he pulled barges along the Volga. The barge haulers nicknamed him for his strength

Nikitushka Lomov in memory of the legendary Volga hero. Rakhmetov prepared himself for revolutionary activity, he knew that he would have to endure hardships, torment, be

maybe even torture. And he tempers his will in advance, accustoms himself to withstand

physical suffering.

Rakhmetov is distinguished by his rare ability to work. “He managed to do an awful lot, because at the disposal of time he put upon himself exactly the same curbing of whims as in material things. He didn’t waste even a quarter of an hour a month on entertainment; he didn’t need rest.” His activities were varied, and changing them was a rest for Rakhmetov. Chernyshevsky, for obvious reasons, could not speak openly about Rakhmetov’s secret revolutionary work.

He only mentions that Rakhmetov “had an abyss of things to do, and all the things that didn’t concern him personally; He had no personal affairs, everyone knew that... He was at home little, he kept walking and driving around, walking more. But he... had people... often he was not at home for several days. Then, instead of him, one of his friends sat with him and received visitors, devoted to him in soul and body and silent as the grave.” Rakhmetov, knowing that the revolution needs devotees and knowledgeable people, takes care of the training of revolutionary personnel: his fellows study at several universities, preparing for the underground

activities. Rakhmetov seems to be a stern and gloomy person. He himself says: “You see sad things, how can you not be a gloomy monster.” But its severity is only external. “For all his phenomenal rudeness, he was, in essence, very

delicate,” notes Chernyshevsky. “What a gentle and kind person he is,” Vera Pavlovna thinks about him.

Rakhmetov refuses personal happiness in the name of revolutionary work. “I must suppress love in myself,” he says to the woman he loves, “love for you would tie my hands, they won’t be untied soon anyway - they are already tied. But I'll untie it. I shouldn’t love... people like me don’t have the right to connect someone else’s fate with theirs.” Rakhmetov fights for the happiness of the people, and this struggle becomes the work of his whole life. “They are few, but with them the life of all flourishes; without them it would have stalled, gone sour; There are few of them, but they allow all people to breathe, without them people would suffocate. There are a great number of honest and good people, and there are few such people; but they are... the salt of the earth.”

Although the literary Rakhmetov had, according to Chernyshevsky, real prototypes, it should be noted that the novel “What to do?” has the characteristics of a utopia. This statement

refers not only to the image of Rakhmetov, to the image of Vera Pavlovna and her activities, but to

introduction of new forms of labor organization. In the novel, the author created the image of a revolutionary,

completely renounced his personal life. He is merciless to himself. But will he

merciless to others? Abstract humanism, gaining strength, can turn into its opposite when, militantly, it imposes happiness on people. Literary image a person selflessly serving the utopian idea became an ideal for many revolutionaries; this image was worshiped by lone terrorists, separately minded revolutionary groups and entire parties.
The novel “What to do?” was written by N.G. Chernyshevsky in 1863, when he was in the Peter and Paul Fortress. "What to do?" is a philosophical-utopian novel created according to the laws typical of this genre. The thought of life prevails over

direct image of her. The novel is designed not for the sensual, figurative, but for

the rational, reasoning ability of the reader. Chernyshevsky hopes that he

the novel will force Russian readers to reconsider their views on life and accept the truth of the revolutionary-democratic, socialist worldview as a guide to action. The novel was a “textbook of life” for several generations of Russians

revolutionaries.

Creating the image of a professional revolutionary, Chernyshevsky also looks into the future, in many ways ahead of his time. But characteristic properties The writer defines people of this type with the greatest possible completeness for his time. Firstly, he shows the process of becoming a revolutionary, dissecting life path Rakhmetov into three stages: theoretical preparation, practical introduction to the life of the people and

transition to professional revolutionary activity. Secondly, at all stages

in his life, Rakhmetov acts with complete dedication, with absolute tension

spiritual and physical strength. He undergoes truly heroic training and in

mental pursuits, and in practical life, where for several years he performs

hard physical work, earning himself the nickname of the legendary Volga barge hauler

Nikitushki Lomov. And now he has “an abyss of things to do,” which Chernyshevsky specifically does not talk about, so as not to tease the censorship. The main difference between Rakhmetov and the new ones

people is that “he loves more sublimely and more broadly”: it is no coincidence that for new

He is a little scary for people, but for simple people, like the maid Masha, for example, he is his

Comparing the hero with an eagle and with Nikitushka Lomov is simultaneously intended to emphasize the breadth of the hero’s views on life, and his extreme closeness to the people, sensitivity to understanding the primary and most pressing human needs. It is these qualities that turn Rakhmetov into historical figure. “There is a great mass of honest and kind people... this is the flower of the best people, these are the engines of engines, this is the salt of the earth.” Rakhmetov’s “rigorism” should not be confused with “sacrifice” or self-restraint. He belongs to that breed of people for whom the great common cause historical scale and significance has become the highest need, the highest meaning of existence. There is no sign of regret in Rakhmetov’s refusal to love, because Rakhmetov’s “reasonable egoism” is larger and more complete than the reasonable egoism of new people. Vera Pavlovna says: “But does a person like us, not an eagle, really care about others when it is very difficult for him? Is he interested in beliefs when he is tormented by feelings? But here the heroine expresses a desire to move to the highest level of development that Rakhmetov reached. “No, we need a personal matter, a necessary matter on which own life, which... for all my destiny would be

more important than all my hobbies and passions...” This is how the novel opens up the prospect of transition

new people to the level of higher ones, a successive connection is built between them. But at the same time, Chernyshevsky does not consider Rakhmetov’s “rigorism” to be the norm of everyday

human existence. Such people are needed at the steep passes of history like

individuals who absorb the needs of the people and deeply feel

national pain. That is why in the chapter “Change of scenery” the “lady in mourning” changes her outfit to a wedding dress, and next to her is a man of about thirty. The happiness of love returns to Rakhmetov after the revolution.
Nikolay

Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky was the leader of revolutionary democracy. All his creativity, all his philosophical works and all political activity were imbued with a single feeling, a single desire: to kindle the flame of the peasant revolution in Russia, to prove that participation in it is the direct patriotic duty of every honest person.

With his novel, Chernyshevsky seeks to arouse in readers faith in the inevitable victory of socialism. A true hero era, before whom the author bows, is the revolutionary Rakhmetov, with his fiery faith in the future, his willingness to give his life to this future, with his desire for good. Judging by the love with which the image of Rakhmetov is drawn, it becomes clear that this is the main character of the novel, resolving its most important issue.

The most important thing in the novel is the glorification of the revolutionary energy of the feat of the “special

person” Rakhmetov. While in prison, Chernyshevsky was unable to describe Rakhmetov’s revolutionary activities and was forced to give only hints about it. It indicates a wide circle of acquaintances

Rakhmetov in Russia, to his frequent departures from St. Petersburg on some mysterious business, to Rakhmetov’s numerous visitors, to the fact that Rakhmetov teaches in advance

themselves to various hardships and even torture.

Rakhmetov is a man who never forgets about the interests and sufferings of the people; he is a revolutionary. About people like Rakhmetov, Chernyshevsky says: “They are few, but with them the life of everyone blossoms; without them it would have died out... This is the color of the best people, the engines of engines, this is the salt of the earth.” Rakhmetov is a very descendant ancient surname, the son of a wealthy landowner. IN student years Rakhmetov met Kirsanov and

became friends with him. From that time on, his formation as a “special person” began,

Rakhmetov hardens himself with physical work and leads the harshest lifestyle. He observes people's lives not from the outside; he works as a plowman, carpenter, barge hauler. He is proud that he was nicknamed Nikitushka Lomov (after the Volga hero-barge hauler). Rakhmetov refuses love, life’s pleasures, “We demand for people complete enjoyment of life,” he says, “we must testify with our lives that we do not demand this to satisfy our personal

passions, not for oneself personally, but for man in general.”

The image of Rakhmetov captures the most character traits emerging in Russia

60s of the 19th century, a professional revolutionary with his unyielding will to fight, with his moral ideals, with nobility and endless devotion to the people and Russia. In the novel “What to do?” For the first time in Russian literature, a picture of the future socialist society is drawn, that great goal for the achievement of which the courageous Rakhmetovs are preparing a revolution.

The image of Rakhmetov made a great impression on the reader and served as a model for

imitation. To live like Rakhmetov was the dream of every revolutionary. Novel

Chernyshevsky was truly a textbook for the life of many generations of revolutionary

youth. The novel is imbued with faith in the inevitability of the victory of the new over the old.

Rakhmetov is the hero of the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?"

Central to the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?” is the image of Rakhmetov - a “special person”, “a superior nature”. His image merged the best features of the progressive people of Chernyshevsky’s era.

An aristocrat by birth, he becomes a democrat in his outlook on life and way of behavior. Rakhmetov is a professional revolutionary, revolutionary leader. This is a “knight without fear and reproach,” a man as if forged from pure steel. There are few people like him. “I have met,” notes Chernyshevsky, “so far only eight examples of this breed (including two women)...”

Rakhmetov did not immediately become a “special person.” He came to St. Petersburg as an ordinary decent young man. A rapprochement with Kirsanov, who introduced Rakhmetov to the teachings of the utopian socialists and the philosophy of Feuerbach, was the impetus for his transformation into a “special person.” “He listened greedily to Kirsanov on the first evening, cried, interrupted his words with exclamations of curses for what should perish, blessings for what should live.” Gifted with extraordinary abilities, Rakhmetov, having studied the theory of socialism, soon moves on to revolutionary actions, becomes a revolutionary, a man of a “special breed.” “He is more important than all of us here, taken together,” Kirsanov says about him. Rakhmetov expands his knowledge with amazing speed. At twenty-two years old, “he was already a man of very remarkably thorough learning.” Rakhmetov reads only “original” works, which, in his opinion, “there are very few major works on each subject; in all the rest it only repeats, dilutes, spoils what is contained much more fully and clearly in these few works. You need to read only them; any other reading is just a waste of time.” Realizing that the strength of a leader lies in his closeness to the people, Rakhmetov closely studies the life of the working people. He traveled all over Russia on foot, was a woodcutter, sawyer, stonecutter, and pulled the strap together with barge haulers. For common man he is his dear person. No wonder the barge haulers nicknamed him Nikitushka Lomov in memory of the legendary Volga hero-barge hauler.

Rakhmetov, preparing himself for revolutionary activity, knows that he will have to endure hardships, torment, and perhaps torture from the tsarist jailers. And he strengthens his will and body in advance, accustoms himself to endure physical suffering, and renounces all luxury. Rakhmetov is distinguished by his rare ability to work. “He managed to do things terribly with me, because in the disposal of time he placed upon himself exactly the same curbing of whims as in material things. He didn’t waste an hour a month on Thursdays for entertainment; he didn’t need rest.” His activities are varied, and changing them is a rest for Rakhmetov. Chernyshevsky, for obvious reasons, could not speak openly about Rakhmetov’s secret revolutionary work. He only dully mentions that Rakhmetov “had an abyss of things to do, and all the things that didn’t concern him personally; He had no personal affairs, everyone knew that... He was at home little, he kept walking and driving around, walking more. But he... had people... often he was not at home for several days. Then, instead of him, one of his friends sat with him and received visitors, devoted to him in soul and body and silent as the grave.” Rakhmetov, knowing that the revolution needs devoted and knowledgeable people, takes care of the training of revolutionary personnel: his fellows study at several universities, preparing for underground activities. Rakhmetov seems to be a stern and gloomy person. He himself says: “You see sad things, how can you not be a gloomy monster.” But his severity is only external; behind it lies a tender and loving nature. “For all his phenomenal rudeness, he was, in essence, very delicate,” notes Chernyshevsky. “What a gentle and kind person he is,” Vera Pavlovna thinks about him. In order to help the oppressed, Rakhmetov refuses personal happiness in the name of revolutionary work. “I must suppress love in myself,” he says to the woman he loves, “love for you would tie my hands, they will not be untied soon, they are already tied. But I'll untie it. I shouldn’t love... people like me don’t have the right to connect someone else’s fate with theirs.”

Rakhmetov fights for the happiness of the people, and this struggle becomes the work of his whole life. The path that Rakhmetov follows is not easy, but it is rich in happiness and joy. The importance of the Rakhmetovs for life is enormous. “They are few, but with them the life of all flourishes; without them it would stall, it would turn sour, there are few of them, but they give all people to breathe, without them people would suffocate. There are a great number of honest and kind people, but such people are few; but they are in it... a bouquet in noble wine; from them its strength and aroma; it is the color of the best people, it is the engines of engines, it is the salt of the earth.” For many generations of revolutionary fighters, the image of Rakhmetov was an example of behavior and imitation, a source of inspiration, from whom they drew strength and courage.

RAKHMETOV

RAKHMETOV - central character works by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do? From stories about new people" (1863).

R. differs from other heroes of the novel in the same way as Chernyshevsky’s novel itself differs from traditional psychological novels. In the magazine “Epoch”, published by M.M. and F.M. Dostoevsky, they wrote about R. as “some kind of armchair myth, traveling as easily through faculties as across Europe” (N. Soloviev). IN artistic hierarchy In the novel, he occupies the highest level, being the only representative of “special” people - in proportion to how in life the author, in his words, “has so far met only eight examples of this breed.” Some trait “already united them into one breed and separated them from all other people,” simply put - participation in underground revolutionary work. Without knowing Chernyshevsky’s “Aesopian language”, it is impossible to understand why R. led “the harshest lifestyle”, “was involved in other people’s affairs or no one’s affairs in particular”, in the “gathering points” of his friends “he only met people who had influence on others” , “I wasn’t at home much, I kept walking and driving around.”

A “special person” differs from “new people” in many ways. By origin, he is not a commoner, but a nobleman, “from a family known since the 13th century”; It is not circumstances, but only the strength of his convictions that forces him to go against his Environment. He remakes both his mental and physical nature, maintains “exorbitant strength within himself,” because “this gives respect and love from ordinary people.” He completely renounces personal benefits and intimate life, so that the struggle for complete enjoyment of life should be a struggle “only on principle, and not on passion, on conviction, and not on personal need.” Hence R.’s nickname - “rigorist” (from the Latin “rigore” - cruelty, hardness), under which he first appears in section VI of the third chapter of the book. The rigorism of life follows from the rigorism of thought: “All the great theorists were people of extreme opinions,” Chernyshevsky wrote in the article “Count Cavour.” R. serves as a living embodiment of the theory of “calculation of mutual benefits,” realizing the potential inherent in “new people.” It is also important that R.’s closest literary predecessor is Bazarov from Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” While maintaining some stylistic continuity, Chernyshevsky at the same time showed that R. differs from Bazarov in having a positive point of application of his forces and has the opportunity to act among like-minded people.

R.'s image is built on a paradoxical combination of incompatible things. The extreme chronological specificity of his biography, which serves as a starting point for many other events in the book, is adjacent to significant event gaps; a secondary character, he turns out to be “more important than all... taken together”; an extreme materialist in his views, he lives and fights only for an idea. However, this inconsistency results in stylistic diversity, characteristic of the menippea genre, to which the novel is close.

Despite all the visible extraneousness of R.’s image to the main plot of the book, he occupies a pivotal position in it, performing the functions of an intermediary: between the “open” (family) and “hidden” (political-revolutionary) parts of the plot, that is, between the worlds visible and invisible to the ordinary reader : between that world and this (when he gives Vera Pavlovna notes from Lopukhov, who “left for America”); between the past, present and future (when from an “ordinary kind and honest young man” RAKHMETOV, a nobleman, a man of the past, becomes a “special person” of the future and knows the onset of this future to within a year); between in different parts of this world (when traveling around Russia and abroad). The highest manifestation R.'s messianic properties are the anticipation of his arrival on the eve of a “change of scenery.” The obvious mythological subtext of this image is associated with the structure of the novel, organized according to the principle of the “world tree”: R. and a few other “ special people"descend from its upper, heavenly tier onto the sinful earth for its purification. Hagiographical and legendary features of R.’s biography, referring to the “Life of Alexy, the Man of God”, to epics about heroes and to to the newest legends about the barge hauler Nikitushka Lomov, to romantic images superhumans, combined with everyday detailing, are designed to emphasize its universality and absolute reality.

Among the prototypes of R., they are most often called P.A. Bakhmetev (according to Chernyshevsky himself), who studied with Chernyshevsky at the Saratov gymnasium and, after unfinished studies at the agricultural institute, went to Europe and then to Oceania to create a new social system there. The image of R., as befits any hagiographic image, gave rise to many imitations. He became the standard of a professional revolutionary, as D.I. Pisarev pointed out in the article “ Thinking proletariat"(1865), calling R. " historical figure": "IN general movement There are moments of events when people like Rakhmetov are necessary and irreplaceable...”

Lit.: Pisarev D.I. Thinking proletariat

//Pisarev D.I. Essays. In three volumes. 1.1. L., 1982; Skaftymov A.P. Works of art Chernyshevsky, written in the Peter and Paul Fortress

//Skaftymov A.P. Moral quest Russian writers. M., 1972; Bakhtin M.M. Problems of Dostoevsky's poetics. M., 1972; Lebedev A.A. Reasonable egoists of Chernyshevsky. M., 1973; Ta-marchenko G.E. Chernyshevsky is a novelist. L., 1976; Naumova N.N. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?” L., 1978; Rudenko Yu.K. Novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”: Aesthetic originality And artistic method. L., 1979; Pinaev M.T. Roman N.G. Chernyshevsky “What to do?”: Commentary. Book for teachers. M., 1988; Paperno I. Semiotics of behavior: Nikolai Chernyshevsky - a man of the era of realism. M., 1996.

M.A. Dzyubenko

Literary heroes. - Academician. 2009 .

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