Traditions of Russian painting. Painting

Main trends in the development of painting in the XIII - XV centuries

The development of painting in the $13th - $15th centuries continued in line with the development of Russian art in the pre-Mongol period. After Tatar-Mongol invasion centers of painting moved from the south to northern cities Yaroslavl, Rostov, Pskov and Novgorod. In which not only monuments of old art have been preserved, but also carriers have survived cultural traditions. Isolation of Rus' from Byzantium, as well as feudal fragmentation Russian lands stimulated the flourishing of local trends in art. In the $13th century. the final formation of the Novgorod, and in the $XIV$ century. - Moscow schools of painting. The flourishing of painting in the $XIII$ - $XV$ centuries. can be seen more clearly in Novgorod monuments, which have been preserved in greater numbers than in other cities. In Novgorod icons, the drawing acquired color, became more graphic and was based on contrast bright colors. The red-background icons created in Novgorod became a real “rebellion” against Byzantine traditions ( “The Savior on the Throne with Etymasia” and “Saints John Climacus, George and Blasius”).

Novgorod school. Feofan the Greek

XIV century - the heyday of Novgorod painting, which was greatly influenced by Feofan the Greek arrived in the $70s. $XIV$ century. to Rus' from Byzantium. In $1378 he completed work on the painting of the Church of the Savior on Ilyin. From the surviving fragments of this painting, we can say that this master is characterized by wide brush strokes, confident highlights, and a predominance of yellow and red-brown colors. Theophan's influence, for example, can be seen in the frescoes of the Church of Fyodor Stratelates, created by Russian masters in the late $70s - $80s.

Unlike frescoes, it developed more slowly in the $XIV$ - $XV$ centuries. Novgorod icon painting. All monuments that have reached us from that time are characterized by an archaic style, dating back to the 13th century.

Example 1

Among the icons, where the features of the local style can already be traced, one can include the icon "Fatherland" , in the “New Testament” version, interpreting the Trinity - not in the form of three angels, but anthropomorphically, i.e. God the Father as a gray-haired old man, God the Son as a youth, and the Holy Spirit as a dove.

A new iconographic form appeared in Novgorod when the church waged a fight against heresy that rejected the Christian dogma of the Holy Trinity. New type icons that reflected historical subjects appeared in the $15th century.

Note 1

For example, an icon "The Miracle of the Icon of the Sign" Holy Mother of God» (or "Battle of Suzdal with Novgorod"), which depicts the victory of the Novgorodians over superior forces Suzdal residents in $1169$, reflects a certain freedom of Novgorod icon painters, who were interested not only sacred history, but also your own.

Moscow school. Andrey Rublev

The rise of Moscow painting $XIV$ - $XV$ centuries. had no equal in scope and ramifications. Around $1390, Feofan the Greek moved to Moscow from Novgorod.

With his direct participation, the main monuments of painting were created: paintings of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the Archangel and Annunciation Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin, etc. The most reliable work of Feofan himself in Moscow are the $7$ icons of the Annunciation Cathedral early. $XV$ c. ( “Savior”, “Our Lady”, “John the Baptist” and etc). Several icons of the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral are associated with the name of one of the greatest icon painters Rus' Andrey Rublev. Little reliable information has survived about his creative life.

Example 2

For example, Andrei Rublev was first mentioned in $1405, when he, together with Feofan the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets, worked on the painting of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral. In addition, the name of Rublev was mentioned in $1408, when the icon painter, together with Daniil Cherny, created the painting of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, from the frescoes of which the scenes depicting Last Judgment.

Subject doomsday, had a significant influence on the work of Russian icon painters. However, in its interpretation by artists of the Moscow school, an enlightened motif is noted, most characteristic of Andrei Rublev. He depicted the Last Judgment with the unconventional optimism characteristic of Russian hesychasm. This was determined both by popular expectations (belief in universal forgiveness, characteristic of a significant number of believers), and by the attitude of the artist himself, who predicted the coming revival of Rus' after the Tatar-Mongol invasion. The “Last Judgment” depicted by Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny does not generate feelings of fear and impending retribution. This is not a trial in anticipation of punishment, but the final triumph of good, the victory of justice, a reward to humanity for the suffering it has endured. In addition, for the Assumption Cathedral, icon painters created a grandiose three-row iconostasis, including a $61 icon, among which - "Our Lady of Vladimir". Your most important work is an icon "Trinity ", Rublev created in the $10s - $20s. $XV$ c. for the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Deeply overestimating Byzantine composition, Andrei Rublev abandoned genre details and focused on images of angels. The cup with the head of a calf placed in the center of the icon symbolizes the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ. The three angels depicted by Rublev are one, but not the same. Their agreement is achieved by a single rhythm, a circular movement. The circle, which has symbolized harmony since ancient times, is formed by the poses, movements of angels, and the correlation of their figures. Thus, Rublev managed to solve the most difficult creative problem, expressing two complex theological ideas about the sacrament of the Eucharist and the trinity of the deity. Andrei Rublev died between $1427$ and $1430$ and was buried in the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery in Moscow.

In $XIV$ -$XV$ centuries. in the most difficult conditions of the national liberation struggle and the strongest patriotic upsurge, the unification of North-Eastern Rus' was carried out. Moscow becomes the political and religious center of a rising unified Russian state, the center of the formation of the Great Russian people. The rise of national consciousness, the idea of ​​unity, the tendency to overcome centrifugal tendencies in social thought, literature, art - all this testified to the emergence of all-Russian (Great Russian) culture.

The beginning of the history of Russian painting is considered to be the era of the adoption of Christianity - the end of the 10th century. With the ideology of Christianity, Byzantine traditions spread in Rus'. pictorial art, which will remain dominant until the 15th century. Musiy images (musiyny – made on dye wood) are first made by visiting masters from Greece, from whom talented Russian young men study. One of them is St. Alimpiy of Pechersk, the first Russian icon painter.

Strict supervision by church authorities, allowing only copying Greek samples and suppressing any attempts to deviate from the canon, hinders the development of pictorial art for a long time. Until the 15th century, there was only one school of painting - Korsun (Greek). But in the 15th century the situation changed due to the spread of European ones decorated with polytypes and engravings. The work of Andrei Rublev, a representative of the Byzantine school, the author of the paintings of the Moscow Annunciation Cathedral, the cathedrals of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, etc., dates back to this period.

In the 17th century, the lag of the Russian icon painting school became obvious even to church authorities. Sovereign Alexey Mikhailovich for painting palace chambers invites Western masters, capable of writing from life - such a skill was absolutely absent in the domestic school. Simon Ushakov, a royal icon painter, tries to combine Byzantine and European techniques and creates a new icon painting style - Fryazhsky.
17th century The beginning of the development of secular painting
Since the 17th century, secular painting began to develop in Rus', especially decisively during the reign of Peter the Great. In Italy and Holland, Matveev, Zakharov, and the Nikitin brothers are studying the Western style of writing, and they are opening engraving and drawing classes at the Academy of Sciences.

Fashion and the desire for luxury became the reason for the high demand for painting during the time of Elizabeth Petrovna. But the works of foreign artists are in demand - Russian painters lag significantly behind in skill.

In 1757, the Academy of Arts was founded in St. Petersburg with 5 departments: painting, sculpture and sculpture, engraving, medal art (making coins and medals), architecture. People of all classes and even women (with the consent of the father or husband) were accepted into it - such was the need for domestic talents. However, the French leadership of the teaching for a long time defines the main types of painting - historical and heroic landscape painting in the style of Poussin and Claude Lorrain, which became the reason for the monotony and high conventionality of the images.

But development, albeit slowly, is taking place. In portraits best artists that time of Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Rokotov, Kiprensky, the truthfulness of nature became more and more clear. D. G. Levitsky becomes the most fashionable portrait painter of the times of Catherine II. His front doors are very beautiful work are in great demand among the aristocratic environment; a characteristic example of Levitsky’s manner is a full-length portrait of Catherine II. Orest Kiprensky is ranked among the best Russian portrait painters. His best works are the portrait of Thordvalsen, the paintings “Sibilla of Tiburtine”, “Girl with Fruits”, etc.

A very long time until the first half of the 19th century century, Russian painting remained predominantly imitative. Painters copied the techniques and subjects of French and Italian (Bolognese) masters. The reason was academic education and secular demand, which, like the church authorities, instilled ideas of imitation.

The first artists to take a step towards independence and vividness of the image were Basin, Warnek, Bruni. However, a fundamental break from the tradition of classicism is made by Karl Bryullov, who wrote “The Last Day of Pompeii.” Bryullov managed to awaken public interest in living art, and his romantic style of painting became a harbinger of Russian realism.

XIX century. The formation of national painting
The second half of the 19th century is characterized by a constant increase in love and simple interest in art. Many exhibitions are held. Rich connoisseurs appear, buying up paintings and creating private galleries. Private drawing schools are springing up.

In 1825, a department of Russian painting was organized in the Hermitage for public access. The break with imitative academicism is expressed in an appeal to the ordinary and peasant life, stories of simple reality. And even though Venetsianov’s paintings are more about the search for beauty than about beauty, they are of great importance for the formation of the Russian realistic school.

In 1863, a group of artists led by Kramskoy, condemning the policy of the Academy of Arts, left its membership, and in 1872 they formed a “partnership traveling exhibitions", in the future - the center of the national Russian school of painting. Over time, the most talented and original artists join them.

During these years there appears Tretyakov Gallery, many museums not only in both capitals, but also in provincial cities. The dominant direction becomes socially tendentious, designed to portray influencing, fighting, denouncing and preaching. The paintings of Perov, Pukirev, Pryanishnikov, Korzukhin, Savitsky, Myasoedov, Klodt are inspired by the ideas of literature and social thought.

Time for a change

The end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries was a time of revolutionary changes and expectations of the revival of Russia. During this period, the famous “Bogatyrs” by Vasnetsov and “Cossacks” by Repin, “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps” by Surikov appeared. The paintings express patriotic ideas of national greatness and the innermost thought of its revival.

But not only turning to the great pages of history is characteristic of a time of great change. The younger Itinerants - S. Korovin, S. Ivanov, N. Kasatkin and others - turned to the life of the deaf, creating acutely social canvases that were revolutionary in their truthfulness.

The history of Russian painting begins with Kievan Rus. True, like many other phenomena, painting did not become an original Russian achievement. The appearance of painting in Rus' is associated with the name of Prince Vladimir and Byzantium. Along with Christianity, the Russian prince brought painting traditions to Russia. First works visual arts were associated with temples. These are traditional ones that were used to decorate the walls of churches.

Russian painting flourished in the 15th century. This is exactly the time when it appears. This type of creativity is inextricably linked with the heritage of Russia and the names of many original masters. Many creators remained unknown, but the name of the great icon painter Andrei Rublev became the standard in the technique of painting icons for many centuries.

The first realistic paintings appeared in Russia in the seventeenth century. Russian artists, as well as European painters, are beginning to turn to certain genres -,. The activities of Peter I played a role in this, who opened a “window to Europe” and made European traditions available in Russia.

Peter the First

The history of the Russian people is full of heroic and vibrant social events. The Russian soul was distinguished by its special sensitivity, receptivity, and imagination. Therefore in Russian painting observes a variety of themes, plots, images. Russian artists were progressive people, and in their works one can find a reflection of all the changes taking place in society.

Russian painters achieved outstanding results in depicting man and his internal state. Scenes from life are often found on the canvases. ordinary people, their suffering, hopes and aspirations. Russian nature in all its splendor was also a theme of inspiration for Russian artists. Moreover, if at first landscapes were simply images of natural beauties, then later artists learned to convey their feelings through nature.

Marc Chagall

At the beginning of the 20th century, modernism came to Russian painting. Here, too, Russia was in no way inferior to other countries, giving the world bright works by avant-garde artists - Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Kazimir Malevich.

It is difficult to list all the outstanding Russian artists, but the most famous names these are I. Shishkin, V. Savrasov, I. Repin, V. Surikov, K. Bryullov and many others. They are the pride of Russian painting, their works have received worldwide recognition.

“Evolution of Species” - Carl Linnaeus – the founder of systematization. Evolutionary theory Microevolution Macroevolution. Basic rules of evolution: Basic patterns biological evolution. Evolutionary doctrine. The most important concepts of evolution: Species criteria: Such speciation always proceeds rather slowly. Reproductive - genetic isolation of one species from others, even closely related ones.

“Russian painting of the 19th century” - Painters creating paintings on everyday stories, began to be called genre artists. Russian painting of the first half of the 19th century." Spread to various areas human activity. “Portrait of a Son” 1818 “The Appearance of Christ to the People” 1837-1858 In the 18th century, everything strange, fantastic, picturesque and existing in books and not in reality was called romantic.

“History of Painting” - In Russia, the masters of still life were P. Konchalovsky, I. Mashkov, K. Petrov - Vodkin, M. Saryan and others. I. Ostroukhov. Dürer reveals to the viewer the value of individuality, awareness of one’s own significance. Daemon. Greyhound. The small (45x34 cm) painting "The Adoration of the Magi" is a unique work.

“Factors of evolution” - Hereditary variability Natural selection Isolation. The main provisions of the teachings of Charles Darwin. Modern interpretation main provisions of the theory. Why is population genetics necessary? Assignment for independent work. French biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829). The concept of "evolution". Draw a conclusion: what are the factors of directional change in the gene pool and directional.

“Russian landscape painting” - “Savvinskaya Sloboda near Zvenigorod”. 1884 K. Korovin. Polenov. "October. Domotkanovo". 1895. "Summer Morning". 1920. Kuindzhi. " Golden autumn" 1893. “Autumn. On Bridge". 1910. "Gurzuf". 1915. Kuindzhi, a bright and talented artist who occupies a special place. Russian landscape painting. Somov. "Spring". 1917.

“Painting of the 20th century” - Fauvism. Igor Stravinsky. Topic: Aesthetics of experiment and the early Russian avant-garde. P. P. Konchalovsky. Albert Matisse. Picasso. In 1910 he became one of the organizers artistic association « Jack of Diamonds" Various types of dodecaphonic technique are known. Dodecaphony. Velemir Khlebnikov. V. V. Kandinsky.

Name: History of Russian painting - XVIII century.

The rapid development of Russia during the time of Peter the Great makes it partly similar to Western Europe Renaissance. The art of portraiture began to develop rapidly; By the middle of the century, thanks to the general rise of culture, Russian fine art became professional. After Peter popular topic paintings became still lifes and desudeportes. Classicism became the symbol of Catherine's reign in art. Developing history painting, and the art of portraiture ceases to be elitist. At the end of the century the birth takes place everyday genre and highlighting the landscape in a separate direction.

Name: History of Russian painting - First half of the 19th century.

Name: History of Russian painting - First half of the 19th century.

For fine arts, the first decades XIX century- the beginning of the golden age. It was at this time Russian artists reached the highest craftsmanship, which allowed them to stand on a par with the best masters European art. The works collected in this volume reflect the rise of classicism, the spread of romanticism and the emergence of realism in all aspects of Russian painting.

Name: History of Russian painting - The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The balance of power was fading into oblivion artistic life Russia in the second half of the 19th century: on the one hand, the routine art of the Academy of Arts, on the other, the Wanderers.
IN late XIX century, young artists began to look for their own paths in painting. At the same time, the Abramtsevo circle was formed, which put forward new tasks that were not inherent in the Partnership’s program. And then - in the 1900s - for the first time in Russian artistic life, an abundance of different associations arose: they all came out with their own programs, manifestos, and platforms.