Depiction of the world of landowners in the poem Dead Souls. Depiction of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”

Dream about the future epic work, dedicated to Russia, led Gogol to the idea of the poem “Dead Souls”. Work on the work began in 1835. the plot of the poem, suggested by Pushkin, determined the initial scheme of the work: to show Rus' from one side,” that is, from its negative side. However, the ultimate goal of his work, Gogol planned to “expose to the eyes of the people” all the good that was hidden in Russian life and that gave hope for the possibility of its renewal.The breadth of the plan determined the writer's appeal to epic forms.

According to the laws of the epic, Gogol recreates a picture of life in the poem, striving for maximum breadth of coverage. This world is ugly. This world is scary. This is a world of inverted values, the spiritual guidelines in it are perverted, the laws by which it exists are immoral. But living inside this world, having been born in it and having accepted its laws, it is almost impossible to assess the degree of its immorality, to see the abyss that separates it from the world true values. Moreover, it is impossible to understand the reason causing spiritual degradation and moral decay of society. In this world live Plyushkin, Nozdrev, Manilov, the prosecutor, the police chief and other heroes, who are original caricatures of Gogol’s contemporaries. Gogol created a whole gallery of characters and types devoid of soul in the poem, they are all diverse, but they all have one thing in common - none of them have a soul. The first in the gallery of these characters is Manilov. To create his image, Gogol uses various artistic media, and including the landscape, the landscape of Manilov’s estate, the interior of his home. The things surrounding him characterize Manilov not in to a lesser extent than a portrait and behavior: “Everyone has their own enthusiasm, but Manilov had nothing.” Its main feature is uncertainty. Manilov's external well-being, his goodwill and willingness to serve seem to Gogol to be terrible traits. All this is exaggerated in Manilov. His eyes, “sweet as sugar,” express nothing. And this sweetness of appearance introduces a feeling of unnaturalness in every movement of the hero: here on his face appears “an expression that is not only sweet, but even cloying, similar to that potion that the clever doctor sweetened mercilessly, imagining with it to please the patient.” What kind of “potion” was sweetened by the cloying Manilov? Emptiness, his worthlessness, soullessness with endless discussions about the happiness of friendship. While this landowner is prospering and dreaming, his estate is being destroyed, the peasants have forgotten how to work. Korobochka has a completely different attitude towards farming. She has a “pretty village”, the yard is full of all kinds of birds. But Korobochka does not see anything beyond her nose, everything “new and unprecedented” frightens her. Her behavior (which can also be noted in Sobakevich) is driven by a passion for profit, self-interest. But Sobakevich is very different from Korobochka. He, in Gogol’s words, is “damn fist." The passion for enrichment pushes him to cunning, forces him to find different means of profit. Therefore, unlike other landowners, he uses an innovation - cash rent. He is not at all surprised by the buying and selling dead souls, but only cares about how much he gets for them. His life is monotonous. It encourages idleness and idleness. The landowner's horizons are narrow, and his character is insignificant. This is Manilov, whom the author not accidentally endows with characteristic surname, each syllable of which can be drawn out. Not a single sharp sound. Smoothness, stringiness, boredom. Comparing the hero with a cat, the author emphasizes Manilov’s kindness, courtesy, and politeness, which are brought to the point of grotesqueness. The episode is comical when the hero, not wanting to be the first to enter the room, squeezes sideways into the door at the same time as Chichikov. But all these traits take on ugly forms. Throughout his entire life, Manilov did nothing useful. His existence is aimless. This is emphasized by Gogol even in the description of his estate, where mismanagement and desolation reign. And all the owner’s mental activity is limited to fruitless fantasies that it would be nice to build an “underground passage” or build a “stone bridge” across the pond. By highlighting the “sweet as sugar” eyes in the character’s portrait, Gogol emphasizes that the “hero” is beautiful-hearted and sentimental to the point of cloying. Relations between people seem to him idyllic and festive, without clashes, without contradictions. He doesn’t know life at all; reality is replaced by empty fantasy, the play of a sluggish imagination. Manilov looks at everything through rose-colored glasses. Poor spiritual world Russian landowner, musty and primitive lifestyle. The box in the gallery of “dead souls” amazes with its greed and pettiness, cunning and stinginess. Hence the surname, which evokes associations with various boxes, chests and drawers in which various things are carefully stored. Thus, Korobochka is one of those “aunts” who “cry when the harvest fails,” and meanwhile “earn a little money.” Distinctive feature The heroine is her inhuman stupidity. Gogol aptly calls her “club-headed” and “strongly
forehead." But not all landowners are quiet and harmless, like Korobochka and Manilov. Village idleness and life without worries sometimes degraded a person so much that he turned into a dangerous, arrogant hooligan. A gambler, gossip, drunkard and rowdy Nozdryov is extremely typical for a Russian noble society. Chatting, boasting, swearing and lying - that's all he is capable of. This joker behaves cheekily and insolently, has a “passion to spoil his neighbor.” The hero's tongue is clogged with all sorts of distorted words, invented ridiculous expressions, swear words, alogisms. The portrait of Nozdryov is complemented by his last name, consisting of large quantity consonants that give the impression of an explosion. In addition, the combination of letters evokes an association with the hero’s favorite word “nonsense.” Gogol also did not like the other extreme - the homeliness and shrinkage of strong landowners brought to the point of absurdity. The life of people like Sobakevich is organized well and conscientiously. Unlike Nozdryov and Manilov, the hero is associated with economic activity. Everything with him is “stubborn”, without instability, in some kind of “strong and clumsy order.” Even the peasants' huts were built to last, and the well was made from the kind of oak "that only goes... to ships." The external powerful appearance of Sobakevich is emphasized through the interior of the house. The paintings depict heroes, and the furniture resembles its owner. Each chair seems to say: “...I am Sobakevich.” The landowner eats according to his appearance. The dishes are served large and filling. If it’s a pig, then the whole thing is on the table; if it’s a ram, then the whole thing is on the table. Gradually, an image of a gluttonous “man-fist”, a “bear” and at the same time a cunning scoundrel, whose interests boil down to personal material well-being, is emerging. The gallery of landowners is “crowned” by Plyushkin, the most caricatured and at the same time scary character. This is the only “hero” whose soul is steadily degrading. Plyushkin is a landowner who has completely lost his human appearance, and, essentially, his reason. In people he sees only enemies, thieves of his property, and does not trust anyone. Therefore, he abandoned society, his own daughter, cursed his son, does not receive guests and does not go anywhere himself. And his people are dying like flies. He considers peasants to be parasites and thieves, hates them and sees them as beings of a lower order. Already appearance villages speaks of their difficult and hopeless lot. The deep decline of the entire serf way of life is most clearly expressed in the image of Plyushkin.

Showing all the ugliness and spiritual wretchedness of his heroes, he constantly experiences the loss of humanity in them. This is “laughter through tears,” as the writer defined the originality of his creative method. The poem was enthusiastically welcomed by Belinsky, who saw in it “a purely Russian, national creation, snatched from a hiding place folk life, as true as it is patriotic, mercilessly pulling back the veil from reality and breathing passionate, bloody love for the fertile grain of Russian life: an immensely artistic creation...”

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a great realist writer, whose work has become firmly entrenched in Russian classical literature.

His originality lies in the fact that he was one of the first to give a broad picture of the district landowner-bureaucratic Russia. In his poem " Dead Souls"Gogol extremely exposes the contradictions of contemporary Russian reality, shows the failure of the bureaucratic apparatus, the withering away of serf-feudal relations, difficult situation common people. Therefore, the poem "Dead Souls" is rightly called the encyclopedia of Russian provincial life of the first thirds of the XIX century. In the poem, along with negative images of landowners, officials, a new hero - an emerging entrepreneur, there are images of the people, the Motherland and the author himself.

We note a complete lack of understanding of the practical side of life and mismanagement of the landowner Manilov. He is not involved in the management of his estate, entrusting this entirely to the steward. He cannot even tell Chichikov how many peasants he has and whether they have died since the last audit. His house “stood alone on the Jurassic, open to all the winds that might blow.” Instead of a shady garden, there were five or six birch trees “with thin tops” around the manor’s house. And in the village itself there was nowhere “a growing tree or any greenery.” Its impracticality is also evidenced by the interior furnishings of his house, where next to the magnificent furniture “were adjacent two chairs, covered simply with matting,” or “mountains of ash knocked out of a pipe,” lying on an expensive polished table. But we find the most vivid reflection of Manilov’s character in his language, speech manner: “... Of course... if the neighborhood were good, if, for example, there was such a person with whom in some way you could talk about courtesy, about good treatment, follow some kind of science, so that it would stir the soul, would give, so to speak, something like that to the guy.” Here he still wanted to express something, but, noticing that he was a little confused, he only picked his hand in the air.”

Korobochka has a completely different attitude towards farming. She has a “pretty village”, the yard is full of all kinds of birds, there are “spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets and other household vegetables”, there are “apple trees and other fruit trees”. She knows the names of her peasants by heart. But her mental horizons are extremely limited. She is stupid, ignorant, superstitious. The box does not see anything further than “its nose”. Everything “new and unprecedented” frightens her. She happens to be typical representative small provincial landowners leading subsistence farming. Her behavior (which can also be noted in Sobakevich) is driven by a passion for profit, self-interest.

But Sobakevich is significantly different from Korobochka. He is, in Gogol’s words, “a devil’s fist.” The passion for enrichment pushes him to be cunning and forces him to seek out various means of profit. Therefore, unlike other landowners, he uses an innovation - cash rent. He is not at all surprised by the buying and selling of dead souls, but only cares about how much he will get for them.

A representative of another type of landowner is Nozdryov. He is the complete opposite of Manilov and Korobochka. Nozdryov is a restless hero, a hero of fairs, drinking parties, and the card table. He is a carouser, a brawler and a liar. His farm has been neglected. Only the kennel is in excellent condition. Among dogs he is like a “father” among large family(I just want to compare him with Fonvizin’s Skotinin). He immediately squanders the income received from the forced labor of peasants, which speaks of his moral decline and indifference to the peasants.

Complete moral impoverishment, loss human qualities characteristic of Plyushkin. The author rightly dubbed it “a hole in humanity.” Speaking about Plyushkin, Gogol exposes the horrors of serfdom. Clothes in light shape jokes, Gogol reports terrible things that Plyushkin is “a swindler, he starved all the people to death, that convicts live better in prison than his serfs.” Over the last three years, 80 people have died at Plyushkin’s place. With the eerie mien of a half-crazed man, he declares that “his people are painfully gluttonous, and out of idleness they have acquired the habit of eating.” About 70 peasants from Plyushkin escaped, became outlaws, unable to bear the hunger life. His servants run around barefoot until late winter, since the stingy Plyushkin has only boots for everyone, and even then they are put on only when the servants enter the vestibule of the master's house. Plyushkin and others like him slowed down economic development Russia: “On the vast territory of Plyushkin’s estate (and he has about 1000 souls) economic life froze: mills, fulling mills, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills stopped moving; hay and bread rotted, luggage and haystacks turned into pure manure, flour turned into stone, into cloth. canvases and household materials were scary to touch. Meanwhile, on the farm, income was still collected, the peasant still carried the quitrent, and the woman still carried the linen. All this was dumped into storerooms, and it all became rot and dust." Truly "laughter through tears."

Plyushkin and other landowners represented by Gogol were “written off from life.” are the product of a certain social environment. Plyushkin was once a smart, thrifty owner; Manilov served in the army and was a modest, delicate, educated officer, but he turned into a vulgar, idle, sugary dreamer. WITH enormous power Gogol indicted the feudal-serf system, the Nicholas regime, the entire way of life in which Manilovism, Nozdrevism, Plyushkinsky squalor are typical, normal life phenomena.

In this display of the thoroughly vicious serfdom order and political system Russia lies the great significance of the poem “Dead Souls”. “The poem shocked all of Russia” (Herzen), it awakened the self-awareness of the Russian people.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://sochok.by.ru/

Essay on the topic “Depiction of landowners” in the poem “Dead Souls”

The dream of a future epic work dedicated to Russia led Gogol to the idea of the poem “Dead Souls.” Work on the work began in 1835. the plot of the poem, suggested by Pushkin, determined the initial scheme of the work: to show Rus' from one side,” that is, from its negative side. However, the ultimate goal of his work, Gogol planned to “expose to the eyes of the people” all the good that was hidden in Russian life and that gave hope for the possibility of its renewal.The breadth of the plan determined the writer’s appeal to epic forms.

According to the laws of the epic, Gogol recreates a picture of life in the poem, striving for maximum breadth of coverage. This world is ugly. This world is scary. This is a world of inverted values, the spiritual guidelines in it are perverted, the laws by which it exists are immoral. But living inside this world, having been born in it and having accepted its laws, it is almost impossible to assess the degree of its immorality, to see the abyss that separates it from the world of true values. Moreover, it is impossible to understand the reason causing spiritual degradation and moral decay of society. In this world live Plyushkin, Nozdrev, Manilov, the prosecutor, the police chief and other heroes, who are original caricatures of Gogol’s contemporaries. Gogol created a whole gallery of characters and types devoid of soul in the poem, they are all diverse, but they all have one thing in common - none of them have a soul. The first in the gallery of these characters is Manilov. To create his image, Gogol uses various artistic means, including landscape, the landscape of Manilov’s estate, and the interior of his home. The things surrounding him characterize Manilov no less than his portrait and behavior: “Everyone has their own enthusiasm, but Manilov had nothing.” Its main feature is uncertainty. Manilov's external well-being, his goodwill and willingness to serve seem to Gogol to be terrible traits. All this is exaggerated in Manilov. His eyes, “sweet as sugar,” express nothing. And this sweetness of appearance introduces a feeling of unnaturalness in every movement of the hero: here on his face appears “an expression that is not only sweet, but even cloying, similar to that potion that the clever doctor sweetened mercilessly, imagining with it to please the patient.” What kind of “potion” was sweetened by the cloying Manilov? Emptiness, his worthlessness, soullessness with endless discussions about the happiness of friendship. While this landowner is prospering and dreaming, his estate is being destroyed, the peasants have forgotten how to work. Korobochka has a completely different attitude towards farming. She has a “pretty village”, the yard is full of all kinds of birds. But Korobochka does not see anything beyond her nose, everything “new and unprecedented” frightens her. Her behavior (which can also be noted in Sobakevich) is driven by a passion for profit, self-interest. But Sobakevich is very different from Korobochka. He, in Gogol’s words, is “damn fist." The passion for enrichment pushes him to cunning, forces him to find different means of profit. Therefore, unlike other landowners, he uses an innovation - cash rent. He's not at all surprised buying and selling dead showers, but all he cares about is how much he gets for them. His life is monotonous. It encourages idleness and idleness. The landowner's horizons are narrow, and his character is insignificant. Such is Manilov, whom the author not by chance endows with a characteristic surname, every syllable of which can be drawn out. Not a single sharp sound. Smoothness, stringiness, boredom. Comparing the hero with a cat, the author emphasizes Manilov’s kindness, courtesy, and politeness, which are brought to the point of grotesqueness. The episode is comical when the hero, not wanting to be the first to enter the room, squeezes sideways into the door at the same time as Chichikov. But all these traits take on ugly forms. Throughout his entire life, Manilov did nothing useful. His existence is aimless. This is emphasized by Gogol even in the description of his estate, where mismanagement and desolation reign. And all the owner’s mental activity is limited to fruitless fantasies that it would be nice to build an “underground passage” or build a “stone bridge” across the pond. By highlighting the “sweet as sugar” eyes in the character’s portrait, Gogol emphasizes that the “hero” is beautiful-hearted and sentimental to the point of cloying. Relations between people seem to him idyllic and festive, without clashes, without contradictions. He doesn’t know life at all; reality is replaced by empty fantasy, the play of a sluggish imagination. Manilov looks at everything through rose-colored glasses. The spiritual world of the Russian landowner is wretched, the way of life is musty and primitive. The box in the gallery of “dead souls” amazes with its greed and pettiness, cunning and stinginess. Hence the surname, which evokes associations with various boxes, chests and drawers in which various things are carefully stored. Thus, Korobochka is one of those “aunts” who “cry when the harvest fails,” and meanwhile “earn a little money.” A distinctive feature of the heroine is her inhuman stupidity. Gogol aptly calls her “club-headed” and “strong-headed.” But not all landowners are quiet and harmless, like Korobochka and Manilov. Village idleness and life without worries sometimes degraded a person so much that he turned into a dangerous, arrogant hooligan. A gambler, gossip, drunkard and rowdy, Nozdryov is extremely typical of Russian noble society. Chatting, boasting, swearing and lying - that's all he is capable of. This joker behaves cheekily and insolently, has a “passion to spoil his neighbor.” The hero's language is clogged with all sorts of distorted words, invented absurd expressions, swear words, and alogisms. The portrait of Nozdryov is complemented by his surname, consisting of a large number of consonants, creating the impression of an explosion. In addition, the combination of letters evokes an association with the hero’s favorite word “nonsense.” Gogol also did not like the other extreme - the homeliness and shrinkage of strong landowners brought to the point of absurdity. The life of people like Sobakevich is organized well and conscientiously. Unlike Nozdrev and Manilov, the hero is associated with economic activity. Everything with him is “stubborn”, without instability, in some kind of “strong and clumsy order.” Even the peasants' huts were built to last, and the well was made from the kind of oak "that only goes... to ships." The external powerful appearance of Sobakevich is emphasized through the interior of the house. The paintings depict heroes, and the furniture resembles its owner. Each chair seems to say: “...I am Sobakevich.” The landowner eats according to his appearance. The dishes are served large and filling. If it’s a pig, then the whole thing is on the table; if it’s a ram, then the whole thing is on the table. Gradually, an image of a gluttonous “man-fist”, a “bear” and at the same time a cunning scoundrel, whose interests boil down to personal material well-being, is emerging. The gallery of landowners is “crowned” by Plyushkin, the most caricatured and at the same time terrible character. This is the only “hero” whose soul is steadily degrading. Plyushkin is a landowner who has completely lost his human appearance, and, essentially, his reason. In people he sees only enemies, thieves of his property, and does not trust anyone. Therefore, he abandoned society, his own daughter, cursed his son, does not receive guests and does not go anywhere himself. And his people are dying like flies. He considers peasants to be parasites and thieves, hates them and sees them as beings of a lower order. The very appearance of the village speaks of their difficult and hopeless lot. The deep decline of the entire serf way of life is most clearly expressed in the image of Plyushkin.

Showing all the ugliness and spiritual wretchedness of his heroes, he constantly experiences the loss of humanity in them. This is “laughter through tears,” as the writer defined the uniqueness of his creative method. The poem was enthusiastically welcomed by Belinsky, who saw in it “a purely Russian, national creation, snatched from the hiding place of people’s life, as true as it is patriotic, mercilessly pulling back the veil from reality and breathing passionate, blood-borne love for the fertile grain of Russian life: an immensely artistic creation. ..".

Essays on literature: Portrayal of landowners in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead souls

Gogol is a great realist writer, whose work has become firmly entrenched in Russian literature. classic literature.

His originality lies in the fact that he was one of the first to give a broad picture of the district landowner-bureaucratic Russia. In his poem “Dead Souls,” Gogol extremely exposes the contradictions of contemporary Russian reality, shows the failure of the bureaucratic apparatus, the withering away of serf-feudal relations, and the plight of the common people. Therefore, the poem “Dead Souls” is rightly called an encyclopedia of Russian provincial life in the first third of the 19th century. In the poem, along with negative images landowners, officials, a new hero - an emerging entrepreneur, images of the people, the Motherland and the author himself are given.

Korobochka has a completely different attitude towards farming. She has a “pretty village”, the yard is full of all kinds of birds, there are “spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets and other household vegetables”, there are “apple trees and other fruit trees”. She knows the names of her peasants by heart. But her mental horizons are extremely limited. She is stupid, ignorant, superstitious. The box does not see anything further than “its nose”. Everything “new and unprecedented” frightens her. She is a typical representative of small provincial landowners leading subsistence farming. Her behavior (which can also be noted in Sobakevich) is driven by a passion for profit, self-interest.

A representative of another type of landowner is Nozdryov. He is the complete opposite of Manilov and Korobochka. Nozdryov is a restless hero, a hero of fairs, drinking parties, and the card table. He is a carouser, a brawler and a liar. His farm has been neglected. Only the kennel is in excellent condition. Among dogs, he is like a “dear father” among a large family (I just want to compare him with Fonvizin’s Skotinin). He immediately squanders the income received from the forced labor of peasants, which speaks of his moral decline and indifference to the peasants.

Complete moral impoverishment and loss of human qualities are characteristic of Plyushkin. The author rightly dubbed it “a hole in humanity.” Speaking about Plyushkin, Gogol exposes the horrors of serfdom. Putting it into shape light joke, Gogol reports terrible things that Plyushkin is “a swindler, he starved all the people to death, that convicts live better in prison than his serfs.” Over the last three years, 80 people have died at Plyushkin’s place. With the eerie mien of a half-crazed man, he declares that “his people are painfully gluttonous, and out of idleness they have acquired the habit of eating.” About 70 peasants from Plyushkin escaped, became outlaws, unable to bear the hunger life. His servants run barefoot until late winter, since the stingy Plyushkin has only boots for everyone, and even then they are put on only when the servants enter the vestibule of the master's house. Plyushkin and others like him slowed down the economic development of Russia: “On the vast territory of the estate Plyushkin (and he has about 1000 souls) economic life froze: mills, fulling mills, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills stopped moving; hay and bread rotted, luggage and haystacks turned into pure manure, flour turned into stone, into cloth. canvases and household materials were scary to touch. Meanwhile, on the farm, income was still collected, the peasant still carried the quitrent, and the woman still carried the linen. All this was dumped into storerooms, and it all became rot and dust." Truly "laughter through tears."

Plyushkin and other landowners represented by Gogol were “written off from life.” are a product of a certain social environment. Plyushkin was once a smart, thrifty owner; served in the army and was a modest, delicate, educated officer, but turned into a vulgar, idle, sugary dreamer. With enormous force, Gogol indicted the feudal-serf system, the Nicholas regime, the entire way of life in which Manilovism, Nozdrevism, Plyushkinsky squalor were typical, normal life phenomena.

The great significance of the poem “Dead Souls” lay in this demonstration of the thoroughly vicious serfdom and political system of Russia. “The poem shocked all of Russia” (Herzen), it awakened the self-awareness of the Russian people.

Depiction of landowners in Gogol's poem "DEAD SOULS"

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a great realist writer, whose work has become firmly entrenched in Russian classical literature.

His originality lies in the fact that he was one of the first to give a broad picture of the district landowner-bureaucratic Russia. In his poem “Dead Souls,” Gogol extremely exposes the contradictions of contemporary Russian reality, shows the failure of the bureaucratic apparatus, the withering away of serf-feudal relations, and the plight of the common people. Therefore, the poem “Dead Souls” is rightly called an encyclopedia of Russian provincial life in the first third of the 19th century. In the poem, along with negative images of landowners, officials, a new hero - an emerging entrepreneur, there are images of the people, the Motherland and the author himself.

Korobochka has a completely different attitude towards farming. She has a “pretty village”, the yard is full of all kinds of birds, there are “spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets and other household vegetables”, there are “apple trees and other fruit trees”. She knows the names of her peasants by heart. But her mental horizons are extremely limited. She is stupid, ignorant, superstitious. The box does not see anything further than “its nose”. Everything “new and unprecedented” frightens her. She is a typical representative of small provincial landowners leading subsistence farming. Her behavior (which can also be noted in Sobakevich) is driven by a passion for profit, self-interest.

A representative of another type of landowner is Nozdryov. He is the complete opposite of Manilov and Korobochka. Nozdryov is a restless hero, a hero of fairs, drinking parties, and the card table. He is a carouser, a brawler and a liar. His farm has been neglected. Only the kennel is in excellent condition. Among dogs, he is like a “dear father” among a large family (I just want to compare him with Fonvizin’s Skotinin). He immediately squanders the income received from the forced labor of peasants, which speaks of his moral decline and indifference to the peasants.

Complete moral impoverishment and loss of human qualities are characteristic of Plyushkin. The author rightly dubbed it “a hole in humanity.” Speaking about Plyushkin, Gogol exposes the horrors of serfdom. Putting it in the form of a light joke, Gogol reports terrible things that Plyushkin is “a swindler, he starved all the people to death, that convicts live better in prison than his serfs.” Over the last three years, 80 people have died at Plyushkin’s place. With the eerie mien of a half-crazed man, he declares that “his people are painfully gluttonous, and out of idleness they have acquired the habit of eating.” About 70 peasants from Plyushkin escaped, became outlaws, unable to bear the hunger life. His servants run barefoot until late winter, since the stingy Plyushkin has only boots for everyone, and even then they are put on only when the servants enter the vestibule of the master's house. Plyushkin and others like him slowed down the economic development of Russia: “On the vast territory of the estate Plyushkin (and he has about 1000 souls) economic life froze: mills, fulling mills, cloth factories, carpentry machines, spinning mills stopped moving; hay and bread rotted, luggage and haystacks turned into pure manure, flour turned into stone, into cloth. canvases and household materials were scary to touch. Meanwhile, on the farm, income was still collected, the peasant still carried the quitrent, and the woman still carried the linen. All this was dumped into storerooms, and it all became rot and dust." Truly "laughter through tears."

Plyushkin and other landowners represented by Gogol were “written off from life.” are a product of a certain social environment. Plyushkin was once a smart, thrifty owner; Manilov served in the army and was a modest, delicate, educated officer, but he turned into a vulgar, idle, sugary dreamer. With enormous force, Gogol indicted the feudal-serf system, the Nicholas regime, the entire way of life in which Manilovism, Nozdrevism, Plyushkinsky squalor were typical, normal life phenomena.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://sochok.by.ru/

Travesting a chivalric romance into a picaresque one sometimes leads to the fact that big influence begin to provide and folklore elements. Their influence on the formation genre originality“Dead Souls” is quite large, and the work of Gogol, who was a Ukrainophile, was directly influenced by Ukrainian motives, especially since travesties turned out to be the most common on...

He did not know life at all, reality was replaced by empty fantasy, and therefore he looked at everything through rose-colored glasses. This is the only landowner who gave “dead souls” to Chichikov. Following Manilov, Gogol shows Korobochka, one of “those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures and losses, and meanwhile collect little money in bags placed in boxes...

And indifference. In this vulgar world, evil knows no boundaries, for it is limitless. What will you take from him? Laugh at them? It is comical in its immense vulgarity. Main question, which is asked by N.V. Gogol in the poem “Dead Souls”: “Is there something bright in this world, at least some kind of appeal to the light?” No, here they serve other idols: the stomach, materialism, love of money. But that's all false values, and...

writing a poem? The definition of the genre became clear to the writer only in last moment, since, while still working on the poem, Gogol calls it either a poem or a novel. To understand the features of the genre of the poem "Dead Souls", you can compare this work with the "Divine Comedy" by Dante, a poet of the Renaissance. Its influence is felt in Gogol's poem. " The Divine Comedy"consists of three parts. In the first part...