The structure of a violin. Violin: history, video, interesting facts, listen

Many nations have a prototype of the violin. The violin acquired its modern shape and size by the sixteenth century. At the same time, the famous Italian violin maker Nicolo Amati, as well as his students Andrea Guarneri and Antonio Stradivari, also worked. Their violin is still considered the best in the world. It is believed that the great Stradivarius created about one thousand one hundred and sixteen musical instruments and many of them were even given names. Names were given in honor famous musicians who played one violin or another at one time. After all, the violin is an individual instrument and many great violinists preferred to have one single instrument that was thoroughly known to them. Each musician put his soul into his violin, and it responded in kind, producing unique melodies, incomparable in their beauty.

Violin stimulates the brain

The great scientist Albert Einstein was known as an excellent violinist, and even performed at concerts as a child. When Einstein grew up, he still loved to play the violin, claiming that it helped him think. And the well-known Conan Doyle, the brilliant detective Sherlock Holmes, played the violin, pondering his next case.

How are the violin and the mysterious smile of Gioconda connected? According to legend, Leonardo da Vinci invited violinists every time the Mona Lisa came to sit for a portrait. And the pleasure of music was forever imprinted in the smile of Gioconda.

And the smallest violin was created by a violinist from the Chinese city of Guangzhou. Its length is only one centimeter, and it took seven whole years to create. It's a shame it's not playable.

The violin is rightfully considered an instrument because the sound it produces is very expressive and beautiful. The tonality of the violin has a gentle sound that can make any person with ear for music.

The violin has its origins in India, where the first instruments with a bow appeared. Although in Europe in the Middle Ages the bow was in use, and it was played on a variety of musical instruments that had strings.

In any symphony orchestra, thirty percent of the musicians play violins.

The violin is the most common bowed instrument, enjoying incredible popularity since the 16th century as a solo and accompanying instrument in an orchestra. The violin is also called the “queen of the orchestra.”

Origin of the violin

Disputes about when and where this legendary musical instrument, do not subside to this day. Some historians suggest that the bow appeared in India, from where it came to the Arabs and Persians, and from them it passed to Europe. During musical evolution there were many different versions of bowed instruments that influenced the modern appearance of the violin. Among them we can highlight the Arab rebab, the German company and the Spanish fidel, the birth of which occurred in XIII-XV centuries. It was these instruments that became the progenitors of the two main bowed instruments - the viol and the violin. Viola appeared earlier, she was different sizes, they played it standing, holding it on their knees, and later on their shoulders. This type of viol playing led to the appearance of the violin.

Rebab

Some sources indicate the origin of the violin from the Polish instrument skripitsa or from the Russian skripli, the appearance of which dates back to the 15th century. For a long time The violin was considered a common instrument and did not sound solo. It was played by wandering musicians, and the main place for its sound was taverns and taverns.

Violin transformation

In the 16th century, Italian craftsmen who were engaged in the production of viols and lutes began making violins. They clothed the instrument in perfect shape and filled the best materials. Gasparo Bertolotti is considered the first master to make the first modern violin. The main contribution to the transformation and production of Italian violins was made by the Amati family. They made the timbre of the violin sound deeper and more delicate, and the character of the sound more multifaceted. They accomplished the main task that the masters set for themselves excellently - the violin, like the human voice, had to accurately convey emotions and feelings through music. A little later, there in Italy, they worked all over the world to improve the sound of the violin. famous masters Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments today are valued at entire fortunes.

Stradivarius

In the 17th century, the violin became a solo member of the orchestra. In a modern orchestra, there are about 30% of violinists from total number musicians. The range and beauty of the sound of a musical instrument is so wide that works of all genres of music are written for the violin. The world's great composers wrote many unsurpassed masterpieces, where the main solo instrument was the violin. The first work for violin was written in 1620 by the composer Marini and was called “Romanesca per violino solo e basso”.

Often in symphony orchestras the violin is used to conduct the main theme song. This role can be played by one or more violins. The solo violin belongs to the first violinist. By the way, it is better to start learning to play the violin from the age of four.

Currently, there are several main sizes of violins on the music market. For example, the smallest suitable for musicians 1/16 size violin. The most popular sizes are considered to be 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, ¾. Typically, such musical instruments are selected for children who are already involved in music school or have recently started training. For the average adult the best tool will become a 4/4 size violin. Violins of intermediate sizes 1/1 and 7/8 can also be created. However, they are the least in demand.

There are also three main categories of violins - artisan, factory and factory. Musical instruments are called craftsmen self made. They are usually made for a specific customer and can be passed down from generation to generation. Mostly craftsman violins are full-size.

Manufactured violins are instruments from the beginning of the last century. True, among them you can find broken and then restored instruments. Therefore, it is better to buy such a violin from a professional.

Factory violins are usually called modern musical instruments that are made in various factories. True, violins of this level are basic and budget option. They will have no value on the secondary market.

How to choose the right violin

In order to select a violin for yourself, you need to place it on your left shoulder and extend it in front of you. left hand. In this case, the head of the violin will be in the middle of the musician’s palm. The fingers should completely encircle the head. Modern consumers can choose a classic or electric violin.

Some musicians prefer only classical violins because the electric version of the instrument cannot produce the same clear sound. Moreover, it is simply impossible to play an electric violin in a symphony orchestra. In timbre and tonality it is very different from the classical version. When buying a violin, you should not choose the first instrument you come across.

Not all musical instruments can provide clear and beautiful sound. Choosing a violin for a child should be approached very seriously, since even small flaws can significantly complicate the learning process.

There are two types of models on the market: electric violins and regular ones. If your child is just learning to play this musical instrument, it is better to go with the factory version. If he already has experience performing, you can also look at foreign models. They usually cost more, but they sound better. It is better not to buy an electric violin for your child at all. It is quite heavy, difficult to handle and rarely used in classical concerts.

Size

There are really many sizes of violins. Among them there are standard ones, which are produced in factories, and rare ones, made for specific performers. The most used children's sizes: ¾, ½, 1/4, 1/8. Come to the store with your child and they will choose the most suitable option for you.

In addition to size, weight must be taken into account, otherwise the game will cause physical discomfort. In addition, the child will learn to play the violin incorrectly. But the most important thing is that he may no longer want to play. If he associates training with pain in his hands, he is unlikely to want to continue the learning process.

Defects

A tall or crooked bridge that supports the strings will require expensive fixes and will not produce a truly beautiful sound. Poorly fitted pegs will not allow you to properly tune the instrument. Due to an incorrectly placed choker, severe cracks may appear on the wood during drying, which can lead to rapid breakage of the violin.

Inspect the neck carefully. If there are any cracks, chips, roughness or unevenness on it, it is better not to buy such a tool. The varnish should be applied uniformly and evenly.

The weight of the instrument for a child should be as comfortable as possible. It is best to make purchases in specialized stores that provide a guarantee.

Pay special attention to the bow. Determine how smooth it is. To do this, you need to look from one edge of the bow to the other.

Consultation with teacher

It is best to consult with your teacher. An experienced violinist will easily determine which violin is suitable for a student and will be able to give specific recommendations. If you already have a violin, he will tell you what exactly is not suitable for the child and how this can be corrected.

Ask your teacher to go shopping with you if possible. He will be able to recognize any defects on the violin. Ask him to play the instrument and identify the sound quality. Without proper hearing, this is almost impossible to do.

The violin is a bowed string instrument that no orchestra can do without. Learning to play the violin requires years of practice under the guidance of an experienced teacher.

Instructions

The birthplace of the violin is Europe. The time of birth is the thirteenth century. Before the violin found its familiar form, it underwent various changes and improvements. We can say that the violin has been formed over centuries, and this formation is connected with the development and evolution of music as an art. The world owes the appearance of the classical form of the violin to the Italian master Andrea Amati, who managed to achieve from the violin something close to human voice timbre The Amati violin, thanks to its strong and rich sound, entered the stage of great concert halls and became one of the most popular instruments. Other famous Italian master, Antonio Stradivari, improved the structure of the violin, which made it possible to achieve a bright sound combined with the softness and tenderness inherent only in this instrument.

In our time, the violin has not lost its popularity. She is enough complex instrument, and mastering the game on it is much more difficult than, for example, . To learn professional game on the violin, you need to spend several years, and it is advisable to start in childhood. The sooner you start learning, the better, since the technique of playing this instrument requires great flexibility and mobility of the hands. To play the violin it is not at all necessary to have an absolute ear for music; harmonic ear is much more important. To develop it, you will need regular solfeggio classes.

Beyond skill musical performance, important element is also caring for the instrument itself. The violin is very weather sensitive; strong temperature fluctuations and any changes are destructive to it. environment. It should be protected from direct contact sun rays, heat, moisture. It is important to choose a high-quality case for it. Usually choose spacious and heat-resistant. The case must be ventilated periodically. The violin is stored in a special bag made of breathable fabric and cleaned regularly with soft flannel cloths. Inner surface violins are cleaned using heated oats or washed dry rice. In addition, there are a lot of factory-made violin care products. For better glide, the bow is rubbed with rosin.

Take care of your violin with love, spare no effort in learning to play it, and it will repay you handsomely - with great sound and longevity!

Tip 4: What musical instruments are there in a symphony orchestra?

Part symphony orchestra includes acoustic instruments traditionally used in academic music. The composition of the orchestra, as a rule, remains unchanged, but to implement creative idea Other tools may also be used.

Instructions

The first group of instruments in a symphony orchestra, the largest and probably the most recognizable, includes strings bowed instruments. This includes violins, violas and cellos, which are usually in the “front line”, directly in front of the conductor, as well as double basses. All these instruments consist of a wooden soundboard with strings stretched over it, which are played with a bow. The shape of the soundboard is the same for all representatives of this musical “family”; its size and, accordingly, the height of the sound produced differ. The violin has the highest tuning and at the same time is the most important tool in a symphony orchestra. A little lower in sound is the viola, and then the cello. The most low sound has a double bass, which usually acts as a rhythm section, in contrast to the solo violin.

Woodwinds include instruments whose sound production principle is based on the vibration of air in a hollow pipe, where the pitch of the sound changes with the help of valves. Despite the name, modern representatives This group can be made not of wood at all, but of metal, polymer materials or even glass. For example, orchestral flutes are usually made of an alloy that may include precious metals. They are accompanied by an oboe, a clarinet and the lowest sounding woodwind instrument - the bassoon. Externally, as a rule, they all look like long tubes with valve-holes on top, into which the musician supplies air directly from his lungs. This group also includes the saxophone, but it is not traditional instrument symphony orchestra.

According to the principle of sound production, brass wind instruments are similar to their “wooden” counterparts, although they differ from them in appearance. In addition, all the instruments of this group have a loud and bright sound, due to which they have a rather limited use in a symphony orchestra and are not always fully represented in it. Most often, the traditional composition includes trumpet, trombone, horn, and tuba.

The rhythm section of the symphony orchestra is represented by the group percussion instruments. It includes xylophones, triangles, and others, but most often in the orchestra you can find two representatives of this “family”. Timpani are large metal drums covered with a membrane, which the performer hits with special sticks. Cymbals are also used - metal discs that the musician holds in his hands and hits each other. In fact, both of these instruments may sound only once during the concert, but this will undoubtedly be a very intense part, the culmination of the work.

Irina Morozova
Thematic lesson on music “The History of a Little Violin”

« HISTORY OF THE LITTLE VIOLIN»

(Thematic lesson)

Goals and objectives:

Expand your horizons, tesarius, develop Creative skills, learn to distinguish sounds violins. To develop children's imagination when depicting various characters, to encourage them to search for expressive movements.

Material:

"Pipe and Drum" I. Chukash, "Children's Encyclopedia. Music from A to Z» E. Finkelstein, "Riddles about tools" P. Sinyavsky, violin and bow, video film "Making violins» , video recorder, props violin, grasshopper and bee costumes, song « Little grasshopper» sl. S. Kozlova, music. M. Sutyagina, phonograms ( "Caprice" N. Paganini, "Winter" from the cycle "Seasons" A. Vivaldi)

Progress of the lesson.

Children enter the hall and take their seats.

Musical director(M.R.) Guess the riddle.

Smooth bow movements

The strings make you tremble.

The motive murmurs from afar,

Sings about a moonlit evening.

How clear the sounds are overflowing,

There is joy and a smile in them.

It sounds like a dreamy tune

His name...

Children Violin.

M.R. Today we will talk about violin. (Shows violin and bow) Look how beautiful she is violin. She has a beautiful "figure"- a body with a long graceful neck, which ends in a head with pegs and a curl. (Looking at the children violin) The top side of the body, called the top, is made of spruce, and the bottom side, the back, is made of maple. There are slots on the top soundboard; they are called f-holes, as they are made in the shape of the Latin letter f. Between the f-holes there is a stand that supports the strings. If you look into the f-hole slots, you will see under the right side of the stand small stick, connecting both decks. That's what it is "soul" violins, that’s what she’s called – darling. What are these main parts for? violins? Pegs hold four strings: E string, A string, D string and G string. They are called that because they are tuned to these sounds. Turning the pegs violinist tuning strings. The strings are stretched over the fingerboard. Violinist presses them with the fingers of his left hand - this is how he changes the length of the string, obtaining either lower or higher sounds. Now you see how complex the design is violins endowed with a wonderful voice. Violin considered quite young musical instrument, but it took a lot of time to create it modern form. The bow with which violinist makes the strings sound, originally had an arched shape. Exactly like a bow, only the hair was not pulled tight. However, using such a bow was still not very convenient. AND violin The craftsmen had to work hard to create its modern design. The bow reed is made from Brazilian fernambuco wood. The hair, usually made from white horsehair, is stretched between the head and the block of the cane. The length of the bow is 75 cm, and the weight is approximately 60 g. The bow should be light in order to musician could handle it easily. We don't know the name of the first one violin maker, but I will tell you names famous schools violin makers . The most famous of them developed in northern Italy– in Bresci (Gaspar da Salo and Giovanni Magini, in Cremona (Amati, Stradivarius, Guarneri, Bergonzi). Now we'll see how they do it violin master.

Watching video material "Making violins»

M.R. If you pass the bow along the strings, you will immediately hear an extraordinary sound. Listen!

The phonogram sounds "CAPRIS" N. Paganini

M.R. Best of all violin played by Niccolo Paganini. He lived a very long time ago. This man had an unusually developed musical hearing and had unusually flexible fingers. He not only played violin, but also composed music for your favorite instrument. We heard it now. There were wonderful ones in our country too violinists are L. Kogan, D. Oistrakh. (Shows portraits violinists) . Ensembles are known all over the world violinists"Vivaldi", "Moscow Virtuosi". Now I want to invite you to listen to them perform an excerpt from violin concerto A. Vivaldi "Seasons"

The phonogram sounds "WINTER" A. Vivaldi ( "Seasons").

M.R. Now we will listen to a poem by E. Ognetsvet « Violin»

Baby Green Grasshopper

Plays on violin,

The butterflies listened

Birds and fish.

Let the first violin

They will give it to me too

Where is the ringing secret?

In every string.

I will start studying

And next summer

Together with the grasshopper

I'll play a duet.

Dramatizing a song « SMALL GRASSHOPPER» sl. S. Kozlova, music. M. Sutyagina (Appendix No. 2)

M.R. Finally, I want to ask you one more riddle.

Carved in the forest

Smoothly written out

Sings, bursts into song.

What is the name of?

Children Violin.

APPLICATION:

Small The grasshopper slept until noon.

From noon to evening played the violin.

An important bee flew in and sat down.

Started to listen to the little musician.

Golden circle of light and warmth

Over the green meadow the music floated.

The music sounded, and, forgetting things,

The important bee shook its head.

And the grasshopper the little one played the violin,

It was as if he was handing out a handful of happiness to everyone.

Didn't scream, didn't cry, didn't say a word,

On the green led the violin with a blade of grass.

Publications on the topic:

Scenario of the New Year's party for the preparatory group "New Year's story with a small Christmas tree" Scenario New Year's party For preparatory group Roles: Adults: Presenter, Baba Yaga, Ded Moro, Snow Maiden, Children: hedgehog, bunny,.

Name: Integrated directly educational activities By musical education V senior group kindergarten “7 flowers.

Integrated music lesson Musical director of MADOU Kindergarten No. 2 “Firefly” Manuilenko V.V. Educational area:.

The story of the little violin. The story of the little violin. Program task: To increase children's knowledge about the violin. (Where did its design come from); continue acquaintance.

Comprehensively – thematic planning“History of the Fatherland” was prepared by Kuznetsova Marina Rafailievna - music director, Egorova.

The violin is a high-register bowed musical instrument. Modern look acquired in the 16th century and became widespread in the 17th century. It has four strings tuned in fifths: g, d1,a1,e2 (“G” of the small octave, “D”, “A” of the first octave, “E” of the second octave), range from g (“G” of the small octave) to a4 (“A” of the fourth octave) and higher. The violin's timbre is thick in the low register, soft in the middle and brilliant in the upper.

The violin consists of two main parts: the body and the neck, along which the strings are stretched.

Frame

The body of the violin has a specific round shape, with rounded grooves on the sides forming a “waist”. The roundness of the external contours and waist lines ensures comfortable play, particularly in high positions. Bottom and top planes of the body - decks - connected to each other by strips of wood - shells . They have a convex shape, forming “arches”. The geometry of the vaults, as well as their thickness and its distribution, to one degree or another, determine the strength and timbre of the sound. Placed inside the case darling , communicating vibrations from coasters - through top deck — lower deck . Without it, the violin's timbre loses its liveliness and fullness.

Bottom deck made from solid maple wood (other hardwoods), or from two symmetrical halves.

Top deck made from resonant spruce.

Has two resonator holes - f-holes (in shape they resemble Latin letter f).

To the middle top deck rests stand , on which they rely strings , attached to tailpiece (underneck) .

Stand acts as a support for the strings from the side of the body and transmits vibrations from them to the soundboards, to the upper one directly, and to the lower one through the soundboard. Therefore, the position of the bridge affects the timbre of the instrument. It has been experimentally established that even a small shift of the stand leads to a significant change in the tuning of the instrument due to a change in the scale length and to a slight change in timbre - when moving towards the neck the sound is duller, while from there it is brighter. The bridge raises the strings above the top by different heights to be able to play each of them with a bow, distributes them at a greater distance from one another on an arc of greater radius than sill, so that when playing on one string the bow does not catch the neighboring ones.

Shells They combine the lower and upper soundboards to form the side surface of the violin body. Their height determines the volume and timbre of the violin, fundamentally affecting the sound quality: the higher the shells, the duller and softer the sound, the lower the shells, the more piercing and transparent the upper notes. The shells, like the soundboards, are made from maple wood.

Darling - a round spacer made of spruce wood, which mechanically connects the soundboards and transmits string tension and high-frequency vibrations to the lower soundboard. Its ideal location is determined experimentally; as a rule, the end of the choker is located under the foot of the stand on the side of the E string, or next to it. The choker can only be rearranged by the master, since its slightest movement significantly affects the sound of the instrument.

(here you can see the darling inside the violin through the hole in the f-hole)

Underneck , or tailpiece , serves for fastening strings. Previously made from hard ebony or mahogany (usually ebony or rosewood, respectively). Currently, it is often made from plastics or light alloys. On one side of the neck there is a loop, on the other there are four holes with slots for attaching strings. The end of the string with the button is threaded into the round hole, after which it is pressed into the slot by pulling the string towards the fingerboard. Currently, the holes in the under-neck are often installed lever-screw machines , making setup much easier.

Button — the head of a wooden peg, inserted into the hole in the body, located on the side opposite the fingerboard, serves to fasten the underneck. The wedge is inserted into a conical hole corresponding to it in size and shape, completely and tightly, otherwise cracking of the plug and shell is possible. The load on the button is very high, about 24 kg.

Vulture

Violin neck - a long board made of solid hard wood (black ebony or rosewood), curved in cross-section so that when playing on one string the bow does not catch adjacent strings. The bottom of the neck is glued to cervix , which goes into head , consisting of tuning box And curl .

Threshold - an ebony plate located between the fingerboard and the head, with slots for strings. The slots in the nut distribute the strings evenly apart and provide clearance between the strings and the fingerboard.

Neck - a semicircular part, which the performer covers with his hand while playing, structurally unites the violin body, neck and head. The neck with the nut is attached to the neck from above.

This is how sound is made from a violin

Pegs box - part of the neck in which a slot is made at the front, two pairs are inserted on both sides pegs , with the help of which it is produced string tuning . Pegs are conical rods. The rod is inserted into a conical hole in the peg box and adjusted to it - failure to comply with this condition can lead to destruction of the structure. For tighter or smoother rotation, the pegs are respectively slightly pressed or pulled out of the box when rotating, and for smooth rotation they must be lubricated with lapping paste. The pegs should not protrude too much from the peg box. The pegs are usually made of ebony and are often decorated with mother-of-pearl or metal (silver, gold) inlay.

Curl always served as something like a brand mark - evidence of the taste and skill of the creator. Some masters replaced the curl with a sculpture, like that of a viol - a carved lion's head, for example, as did Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). The 19th century masters, lengthening the neck of ancient violins, sought to preserve the head and scroll as a privileged “birth certificate”.

Jacob Steiner (c. 1617 - 1683) was the first known Austrian violin maker.

Play the violin with a bow , which is based on wooden cane , passing from one side to head , on the other is attached block . There is tension between the head and the block ponytail hair . The hair has keratin scales, between which, when rubbed, it becomes impregnated (soaked) rosin , it allows the hair to catch the string and produce sound.

Bow head (top) and shoe (bottom)

About how to properly use the bow, hold the violin, produce sound, etc. another time somewhere in the future somehow another time sometime later. And now you just need to relax and listen to how the violin sounds))