Why weren't artists buried in a common cemetery? Why were actors used to be buried behind the cemetery? Killed by robbers or died a “brazen” death

Elizaveta Starichenkova, Ruzanna Arushanyan, 9th grade students

The presentation is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the creation of the underground organization “Young Guard” in the city of Krasnodon. It tells about the activities of the Young Guards during the Great Patriotic War, about the heroes of Krasnodon, about how we now preserve the memory of them...

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Dedicated to the heroes of Krasnodon... Completed by: Starichenkova E., Arushanyan R., 9th grade students of school 594, St. Petersburg

Let you die... But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to light! We sing a song to the madness of the brave!

“Young Guard” is an underground anti-fascist Komsomol organization that operated during the Great Patriotic War, mainly in the city of Krasnodon, Lugansk (Voroshilovgrad) region (Ukrainian SSR). It consisted of about 110 participants. Many of them have just finished school. The youngest was 14 years old. The members of the organization are called Young Guards.

Underground youth groups arose in Krasnodon immediately after its occupation by German troops. At the end of September 1942, underground youth groups united into the “Young Guard”, the name was proposed by Sergei Tyulenin. Ivan Turkenich became the commander of the organization.

"...I swear to take merciless revenge for the devastated cities and villages, for the blood of our people. If this revenge requires my life, I will give it without a moment of hesitation." Oath of the Young Guards

Activities of the Young Guard The Young Guard issued and distributed more than 5 thousand anti-fascist leaflets. Members of the organization destroyed enemy vehicles with soldiers, ammunition and fuel.

They set fire to the labor exchange building, where lists of people destined for deportation to Germany were kept, thereby saving about 2,000 people from being deported to Germany. They were preparing to stage an armed uprising in Krasnodon in order to defeat the German garrison and join the advancing units of the Soviet army.

Disclosure of the “Young Guard” The search for partisans intensified after the Young Guards carried out a daring raid on German vehicles with New Year's gifts, which the underground wanted to use for their needs. G. Pocheptsov, who was a member of the Young Guard, and his stepfather V. Gromov reported on Komsomol members and communists known to them, while G. Pocheptsov reported the names of members of the Young Guard known to him. On January 5, 1943, the police began mass arrests, which continued until January 11.

The fate of the Young Guards In the fascist dungeons, the Young Guards courageously and steadfastly withstood the most severe torture. On January 15, 16 and 31, 1943, the Nazis dropped 71 people, some alive, some shot. into the pit of mine No. 5, 53 m deep.

E.N. Koshevaya with the surviving Young Guard members - Nina Ivantsova, Anatoly Lopukhov, Georgy Arutyunyants. 1947

Still from the film “Young Guard” Director Sergei Gerasimov

Young Guard members All were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”, 1st degree. They were awarded the title of Heroes Soviet Union posthumously.

Ivan Turkenich (1920-1944) In May-July 1942 he was at the front. Having been captured in one of the battles on the Don, he escaped, returned to Krasnodon and became the commander of the Young Guard. On August 13, 1944, during the battle for the Polish town of Glogow, Captain Ivan Turkenich was mortally wounded and died a day later. He was buried in the Polish city of Rzeszow at the cemetery of Soviet soldiers.

Ivan Zemnukhov (1923-1943) Important role belongs to him in the creation of an underground printing house. In December 1942 he became the circle administrator amateur performances them. A. Gorky. This club essentially became the headquarters of the Young Guards. On the night of January 15-16, 1943, after terrible torture together with his comrades, he was thrown alive into the pit of mine No. 5. He was buried in mass grave in the city of Krasnodon.

Oleg Koshevoy (1926-1943) In 1940, Oleg began studying at the school named after A. Gorky, where he met the future Young Guards and became one of them. Koshevoy tried to cross the front line, but was captured at the Kartushino station - during a routine search at the checkpoint, he was found to have a pistol, blank forms of an underground participant and a Komsomol card sewn into his clothes, which he refused to leave, contrary to the requirements of conspiracy. After torture he was shot on February 9, 1943.

Ulyana Gromova (1924-1943) Gromova was elected a member of the headquarters of the underground Komsomol organization. She took part in the preparation of military operations, distributed leaflets, and collected. On the eve of the 25th anniversary October revolution Together with Anatoly Popov, Ulyana hung a red flag on the mine chimney. In January 1943, she was arrested by the Gestapo. A five-pointed star was carved on her back, and her right arm was broken.

Lyubov Shevtsova (1924-1943) In February 1942 she joined the Komsomol. In the summer of 1942, she graduated from the intelligence school of the State Security Administration and was left to work in occupied Voroshilovgrad. For various reasons, she was left without leadership and independently contacted the Krasnodon underground. As a result of betrayal, she was arrested by the Krasnodon police on January 8, 1943 and, after brutal torture, on February 9, she was shot in the Thunderous Forest on the outskirts of the city of Rovenki.

Sergei Tyulenin (1925-1943) Successfully carried out combat missions of the organization’s headquarters: participated in distributing leaflets, collecting weapons, ammunition, and explosives. On the night of December 6, 1942, he participated in the arson of the labor exchange. On January 27, 1943, Sergei Tyulenin was arrested by the occupation authorities and, after severe torture, on January 31, he was shot and thrown into the pit of mine No. 5.

Everlasting memory to the Young Guards... How scary it is to die at 16, How you want to fucking live. Don't shed tears, but smile, fall in love and raise children. But the sun is setting. They won't be able to meet the dawn anymore. The boys went into immortality, In the prime of their youth...

The feat of the heroes of the "Young Guard" is captured in novel of the same name A.A. Fadeeva. “This heroic theme captivated me. I wrote with enormous intensity and passion. I write about everything as it really happened.” - A.A. Fadeev. Eternal memory to the Young Guards...

The hero’s mother, Elena Koshevaya, talks about the life of Oleg Koshevoy and his selfless struggle in her book. The book is imbued with unspent motherly love and affection. Eternal memory to the Young Guards...

A museum in Krasnodon dedicated to the heroes of the Young Guard. The largest repository of documents on the organization's activities. A fragment of the exhibition of the museum Eternal Memory of the Young Guards...

Monuments to Oleg Koshevoy and Lyuba Shevtsova in the city of Kharkov. Eternal memory to the Young Guards...

Monument “Oath” in Krasnodon Monument to Ulyana Gromova in Togliatti Eternal memory to the Young Guards...

Eternal memory to the Young Guard... In 1956, a monument was erected in the Ekateringofsky Park of Leningrad to the members of the underground organization “Young Guard” who died in 1943. The monument is the author’s repetition of the monument built in Krasnodon. Since then, the two cities have been connected by the memory of the heroic deeds of the Young Guard.

"Young Guard" is a Komsomol anti-fascist underground organization that operated in the city of Krasnodon, Voroshilovgrad region (now Lugansk region, Ukraine) during the Great Patriotic War during the period of temporary occupation of Donbass by Nazi troops in 1942-1943. "Young Guard" - one of the brightest symbols of courage Soviet people in the fight against foreign invaders.

AND THE "YOUNG GUARD" WAS BORN

“THE YOUNG GUARD”... We pronounce these ringing words and identify them with the popular character of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Behind enemy lines, in the occupied territory, numerous detachments of people's avengers - partisans, and various underground organizations - operated. The earth burned under the feet of the fascist invaders. One of the most heroic pages is inscribed in the history of the Great Patriotic War by the Krasnodon underground Komsomol organization "Young Guard". The Young Guards showed such unparalleled courage and resilience, against which Hitler’s monstrous machine of suppression was powerless.
On July 20, 1942, Krasnodon was captured by the Nazis. The enemy occupation continued for 7 months, and almost all this time the underground operated in the city. The Young Guards carried out anti-fascist propaganda, wrote and issued anti-fascist leaflets, committed sabotage - they destroyed enemy vehicles with soldiers, ammunition and fuel, they freed over 90 prisoners of war, saved many Krasnodon residents from being taken into fascist slavery. Young Guard members produced and distributed more than 5 thousand anti-fascist leaflets. On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution, 8 red flags were hung in the city. The party underground and the Young Guard were preparing an armed uprising in the city with the aim of destroying the fascist garrison; the avengers planned to march towards the advancing units of the Red Army. The organization had 4 radios, an underground printing house, weapons and explosives. Only the betrayal of the provocateur G. Pocheptsov interrupted this preparation.
And now about heroes and boundless courage in more detail.
After the Nazi occupation of Krasnodon, several anti-fascist youth groups immediately arose in the city, led by Ivan Zemnukhov, Oleg Koshevoy, Vasily Levashov, Sergei Tyulenin, Antonina Eliseenko, Vladimir Zhdanov, Nikolai Sumskoy, Ulyana Gromova, Anatoly Popov, Maya Peglivanova. They, according to the memoirs of contemporaries, were called “Star”, “Sickle”, “Hammer”, etc. By September 1942, soldiers and commanders of the Red Army who found themselves in Krasnodon - Evgeny Moshkov, Ivan Turkenich, Vasily Gukov, Dmitry - joined them Ogurtsov, Nikolay Zhukov, Vasily Tkachev and others. The "Young Guard" united over 100 people (including 44 students, 26 workers and 14 employees, of which 15 were communists) - boys and girls aged 14 to 25 years.
The final impetus for the creation of the underground youth organization “Young Guard” was the brutal execution of miners in Krasnodon. On September 29, 1942, in a city park, the Nazis buried alive 32 miners who sabotaged the order of the German authorities. “In the days of the bloody fascist revelry, our Young Guard was born,” noted the commander of the Young Guard, Ivan Turkenich, in his report “Days of the Underground.” The Young Guard rose to fight the enemy, standing in his way as an indestructible bastion of courage. The day after the death of the miners, the The first organizational meeting of the leaders of youth groups in the city and nearby villages.The created underground organization, at the suggestion of Sergei Tyulenin, receives the name “Young Guard”.
The headquarters of the youth organization is elected. It included: Victor Tretyakevich, Ivan Zemnukhov, Oleg Koshevoy, Vasily Levashov, Ivan Turkenich, Sergei Tyulenin. Ivan Turkenich, a career military man with combat experience, was later appointed commander, and Viktor Tretyakevich was appointed commissar. When Victor led the battle group, Oleg Koshevoy became commissar. Subsequently, Ulyana Gromova and Lyubov Shevtsova were brought into the headquarters.
Ivan Turkenich recalled this as follows: “A headquarters was elected to direct all the work. The commissar was first Viktor Tretyakevich, and then Oleg Koshevoy. Ivan Zemnukhov was appointed responsible for intelligence and conspiracy. Levashov was a member of the headquarters. As a military man, my comrades later elected me commander underground organization. The headquarters divided all members of the "Young Guard" into groups, putting the most proven, reliable comrades at their head."
The overwhelming majority of the Young Guards were Komsomol members. New entrants were awarded temporary Komsomol certificates. All Young Guards took the oath.
Member of the Young Guard Valeria Borts noted that “everyone joining the ranks of the underground was obliged to take an oath of allegiance to the Motherland...” “We took it in a solemn atmosphere,” stressed the surviving Young Guard members Anatoly Lopukhov and sisters Olga and Nina Ivantsov . Olga Ivantsova, in her article “Comrades Helped Out,” published on September 12, 1946 in the newspaper “Stalin’s Tribe,” wrote: “I well remember the exciting moment of the Young Guard underground members taking the oath.” One after another, at the call of Oleg Koshevoy, we approached the table and signed. After taking the oath, they sang "Internationale"..." Radiy Yurkin testified in the newspaper "Youth of Ukraine" on October 10, 1943: "Koshevoy called me. I stood up, worried. Word for word, I repeated after Oleg the oath of the Young Guards..."
For the purpose of secrecy, all the Young Guards were divided into groups, into fives, created on a territorial basis, taking into account the friendly relations between the members of each group. Each group had a liaison officer to communicate with headquarters, received tasks from him and reported on their completion.

THE POWER OF THE SAINT'S FEAT

YOUNG GUARDS... Their boundless courage and heroism made the small mining town of Krasnodon unconquered. Having established a harsh fascist regime in the city and its environs from the first days of occupation, the main method of which was the merciless destruction without trial of all patriotic forces, the Nazis and their accomplices never became full-fledged masters here. Every day the occupiers expected severe retribution. And it happened. Let us turn to the documents and materials of the Krasnodon Order of Friendship of Peoples Museum "Young Guard", located, by the way, in the city on the square named after the Young Guard.
From the first days of the occupation of Krasnodon, the Nazis tried to organize the work of the mines. Following the Wehrmacht units, a gendarme team arrived in the cities of Krasnodon and Rovenki, which began creating a police apparatus, and the so-called Directorate No. 10, which was part of the system of the “Eastern Society for the Operation of Coal and Metallurgical Enterprises” and was called upon to pump out Krasnodon coal. The work of the Central Electromechanical Workshops was resumed, where the leaders of the party underground, Philip Petrovich Lyutikov and Nikolai Petrovich Barakov, took a job, risking their lives. Using their official position, they accept young underground workers into their workshops. Everything necessary is being done to ensure that the enterprise, which, according to the occupiers’ plan, was to restore the Krasnodon mines, does not operate at full capacity. Young heroes damaged equipment, slowed down work, destroying individual parts of machines, and committed sabotage. So, on the eve of the launch of mine No. 1 “Sorokino”, Yuri Vitsenovsky cut the rope with which the cage was lowered into the shaft. The multi-ton cage broke, destroying in its path everything that had been so laboriously restored by the invaders. Thanks to the active work of the people's avengers, the fascists did not manage to remove a single ton of coal from the Krasnodon mines.
At the end of September, Young Guards led by Ivan Turkenich hanged two traitors to the Motherland in the city park, who were especially zealous in reprisals against civilians. Youth strike groups began operations to destroy German vehicles on the roads leading from Krasnodon to Sverdlovsk, Voroshilovgrad, Izvarino.
By opposing the fascists and carrying out acts of retaliation, the Young Guards set themselves the task of “embracing influence” over the entire city. The “outreach” began with the distribution of leaflets. Radio receivers were installed in the apartments of Nikolai Petrovich Barakov, Oleg Koshevoy, Nikolai Sumsky, and Sergei Levashov. The underground members listened to the reports of the Sovinformburo, based on their texts they compiled leaflets, with the help of which they conveyed to the residents of the city and region the truth about the situation in the country, on the Soviet-German front. Leaflets appeared on the streets, markets, and other public places. At first, leaflets were written by hand on pieces of school notebook paper. This took a lot of time, so the headquarters of the Young Guard, at the suggestion of Oleg Koshevoy, decided to create an underground printing house. The Young Guards collected fonts by letter in the ruins of the printing house of the regional newspaper. A compact printing house was set up in the house of Georgy Harutyunyants on the outskirts of the city. Having closed the windows with shutters, Ivan Zemnukhov, Viktor Tretyakevich, Vasily Levashov, Vladimir Osmukhin, Georgy Arutyunyants and other guys sat at night at a primitive press, printing leaflets.
The first printed leaflets appeared in the city on November 7, 1942, on the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution. The Young Avengers called on the population to rise up to fight the invaders. In total, during the occupation, the Young Guards, as already noted, distributed more than 5,000 copies of leaflets of 30 titles. When distributing them, underground members showed initiative and ingenuity. Oleg Koshevoy, for example, put on a police uniform at night and, moving freely on the street after curfew, posted leaflets; Vasily Pirozhok managed to stuff leaflets into the pockets of Krasnodon residents at the market, even attaching them to the backs of policemen; Sergei Tyulenin "patronized" the cinema. He appeared here before the start of the session. At the most convenient moment, when the projectionist turned off the lights in the hall, Sergei threw leaflets into the auditorium. Many leaflets went outside the city - to the Sverdlovsk, Rovenkovsky, Novosvetlovsky districts, and to the Rostov region.
But not only printed leaflets caused a sensation among Krasnodon residents on November 7, 1942. As the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution approached, the Young Guards were faced with the question of how to celebrate the red date? There were many offers. We settled on two things: to have time to produce printed leaflets and, on the eve of the holiday, distribute them throughout the city and... hang red flags over the occupied Krasnodon. On the night of November 7, eight groups of underground fighters set off to carry out a combat mission. The day before, the girls prepared the panels by sewing together pieces of fabric and dyeing them red. In the morning, Krasnodon residents saw red flags blazing in the autumn wind. This military operation of the underground made a huge impression on the city residents. “When I saw the flag on the school building,” said an eyewitness to the events, M.A. Litvinova, “an involuntary joy overwhelmed me. I woke up the children and quickly ran across the road to Mukhina. I found her standing in her underwear on the windowsill, tears crawling in streams over her thin cheeks. She said: “Maria Alekseevna, this was done for us, Soviet people. We are remembered, we are not forgotten by ours..."
On that day, young underground fighters not only distributed leaflets throughout the city and region and hung red flags, but also financial assistance families of front-line soldiers. “We prepared holiday gifts for the families of workers, especially those who suffered at the hands of the German executioners,” wrote Ivan Turkenich. “We allocated money for them from our Komsomol fund and purchased food. I remember that on the eve of the holiday I went with a bundle under my arm to the outskirts of the city, where lived the family of my fellow front-line soldier. He, too, like me, was a Soviet officer. His wife, an old mother and four children remained in Krasnodon. And so I brought them a holiday gift. The hungry children unwrapped the paper and with a cry of joy discovered bread and a little grain. How grateful the exhausted people were to us for these modest gifts."
The headquarters constantly worked to involve young people in the ranks of the Young Guard. If in September there were 35 people in the underground, then in December there were over 100 underground members in the organization.
The Young Guards increased their underground work. After the holiday, on November 15, Ivan Zemnukhov, Ivan Turkenich, Anatoly Popov, Demyan Fomin helped 20 prisoners of war, whom the Nazis placed in the building of the Pervomaiskaya hospital, escape from captivity, and soon Evgeny Moshkov’s group freed more than 70 Soviet soldiers from a prisoner of war camp, which was located near the farm Volchensky, Rostov region.
Around the same days, a herd of 500 head of cattle marched towards the Dolzhanka station, guarded by Nazi soldiers. At the direction of Ivan Turkenich, Sergei Tyulenin, Vladimir Osmukhin, Demyan Fomin, Viktor Petrov and Semyon Ostapenko shot the guards outside the city, and dispersed the cattle to nearby villages and hamlets. On the roads leading to Krasnodon, enemy vehicles exploded and burned, weapons and documents disappeared without a trace. At the end of November, Ivan Turkenich, Anatoly Popov and Demyan Fomin threw grenades at a German headquarters vehicle in the Krasnodon-Izvarino section. A combat group led by Sergei Levashov destroyed a convoy between Krasnodon and Sverdlovsk. Sergei Tyulenin and his military friends gave the Fritz a “light” on the Krasnodon-Voroshilovgrad road.
Active activities the underground workers evoked impotent anger among the occupiers. The police are beginning to intensively search for the perpetrators of anti-fascist events. A harsh regime is being established in the city. To disguise the activities of the underground, Ivan Zemnukhov, Evgeny Moshkov, Viktor Tretyakevich, Valeria Borts, Lyubov Shevtsova, Vladimir Zagoruiko, Vasily Levashov and others get a job at the M. Gorky club. Three circles began to operate here, in which most of the participants were underground fighters. Young people, under the guise of studying in circles, could meet without arousing suspicion from the authorities. From here the guys went on combat missions.
One day Lyuba Shevtsova came excited to a headquarters meeting. She learned that the Nazis were going to take young people to work in Germany. Lists at the labor exchange have already been prepared. The headquarters decided to disrupt the recruitment. To this end, several leaflets were issued calling on the population to save their children from fascist slavery. And Lyuba Shevtsova, Viktor Lukyanchenko and Sergei Tyulenin on the night of December 6 carried out a brilliant operation to set fire to the labor exchange. Documents prepared by the Nazis for more than 2 thousand Krasnodon residents burned in the fire. By morning, only charred walls remained of the ominous exchange building, which was popularly nicknamed the “black exchange”.
Let us turn once again to the documents of the Krasnodon Young Guard Museum. One of the certificates notes:
“In those days, a fighting spirit reigned in the Young Guard, everyone sought to make their contribution to the struggle for liberation native land. Lida Androsova wrote in her diary that at night, while performing combat missions with her friends, they listened with bated breath to the distant roar of artillery cannonade. It was the heroes of Stalingrad who marched menacingly to the West, bringing liberation to the enslaved peoples."
Great importance headquarters provided weapons to the underground. The Young Guards used all means to obtain weapons and ammunition. They stole them from the Nazis, collected them in places of recent battles, and finished them off in armed clashes with the enemy. The weapons were stored in the basements of the destroyed city bathhouse building. Ivan Turkenich noted in his report that by the end of 1942, “in the warehouse there were 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 300 grenades, about 15,000 cartridges, 10 pistols, 65 kg of explosives and several hundred meters of fuse.” The underground members were going to direct all these weapons against the fascists located on the territory of Krasnodon. Together with the party underground, the Young Guards were actively preparing an armed attack on the fascist garrison; they planned to destroy the enemy and thereby help the Red Army quickly liberate their hometown.
Hitler's occupiers considered the Young Guard a dangerous force. The head of the gendarme district, Renatus, gave the following assessment of the resistance of the Krasnodon underground fighters:
"...From the first days of the occupation of the Krasnodon region by German troops, the struggle of the Soviet people against the German authorities unfolded there. In the fall of 1942, stacks of bread were burned in the fields, the activities of the German authorities to procure bread, meat and other food products for the German army were disrupted. The population evaded work on repairing bridges and roads, young people avoided mobilization for work in Germany, leaflets with anti-German content were distributed, which called on Soviet people to wage a merciless fight against the German authorities. In the city of Krasnodon, the German labor exchange was burned, on the day of the Soviet holiday on November 7, patriots hung red flags... All these actions of the Soviet people led us to believe that an underground organization was operating in the Krasnodon region. We believed that this business was led by the communists and, first of all, destroyed them. However, the struggle against us continued..."
On December 26, the headquarters of the Young Guard learned that cars with New Year's gifts for German soldiers had stopped in the city. There was an attack on the occupiers' vehicles. The underground in those days was in dire need of the money needed to bribe police officers and support the neediest families of Red Army soldiers who fought at the front. It was decided, with the help of teenagers, to sell some of the cigarettes from the New Year's fascist gifts. At this time, the Nazis carefully searched for the participants in the theft of gifts. Soon one of the teenagers was caught red-handed at the bazaar. Unable to bear the beating, he named those who gave him the cigarettes.
On January 1, 1943, Evgeny Moshkov and Viktor Tretyakevich were arrested because they did not have time to reliably hide bags of gifts. On January 2, Ivan Zemnukhov was arrested, trying to help out his comrades. At the same time, G. Pocheptsov, who was a member of the Young Guard, and his stepfather V. Gromov reported on Komsomol members and communists known to them, while Pocheptsov reported the names of members of the underground organization known to him.
In the village of Pervomaika, on January 2, at the apartment of Anatoly Popov, the last meeting of the headquarters took place. It was attended by I. Turkenich, O. Koshevoy, S. Tyulenin, U. Gromova, L. Shevtsova and some other members of the organization. The headquarters instructed the Young Guards to infiltrate the front line in small groups. On the same day, Sergei Tyulenin, Oleg Koshevoy, sisters Nina and Olya Ivantsov, Valeria Borts and Nadya Tyulenina left for the east. Stepan Safonov and Radiy Yurkin, having taken a machine gun from the Tyulenins’ apartment, attacked a German car, blew it up and, having shot the soldiers, left the city. Georgy Harutyunyants, Vasily Levashov, Anatoly Lopukhov disappeared from the city. Ivan Turkenich hid from the police.

THEY DIDN'T KNEEL

ON JANUARY 5, the Gestapo and police began mass arrests, which continued until January 11. The arrests were carried out gradually as the Germans became aware of the members of the organization. The investigation into the Young Guard case was led by the deputy head of the gendarme post, Hauptvahmeister Zons. The head of the Krasnodon regional police, Solikovsky, and his assistants actively helped him.
Most of the underground workers were captured, thrown into fascist dungeons and subjected to terrible torture. On January 8, the Nazis arrested Lyubov Shevtsova in Voroshilovgrad, who had gone there to get a walkie-talkie received at a partisan school.
The Koshevoy-Tyulenin group failed to cross the front line. On January 11, the guys returned to Krasnodon. The Ivantsov sisters hid with relatives on a farm near the city. Borts went to her friends in Voroshilovgrad and there began to wait for the arrival of the Red Army. Oleg Koshevoy was detained seven kilometers from the city of Rovenki by the field gendarmerie serving railway. During the search, the Nazis found a pistol, forms of Komsomol certificates and a Komsomol seal on him.
Sergei Tyulenin crossed the front line on the territory of the Glubokinsky district of the Rostov region and asked the command to send him to reconnaissance. In the second half of January, still dressed in civilian clothes, he and paratroopers burst into the city of Kamensk on a tank. The combat vehicle was hit, and Tyulenin again found himself in occupied territory. The Nazis grabbed him and threw him into the basement with the Red Army soldiers. In the evening they started shooting, Sergei was wounded in the arm, he fell, and others began to fall on him. When everything calmed down, he came to his senses, got out from under the bodies of the dead and quietly left Kamensk at night. He decided to make his way to Krasnodon. On January 27 he was tracked down and captured in hometown. On the same day, seven more members of the Young Guard fell into the hands of the fascists, whom they managed to track down. These are Anya Sopova, Anatoly Kovalev, Mikhail Grigoriev, Yuri Vitsenovsky and others.
From documents of the Krasnodon Museum "Young Guard".
“The most cruel, most brutal tortures, which even the medieval Inquisition could not invent, were used by the Nazis to force the brave underground fighters to speak. Young Guards were beaten in their cells, tortured during interrogations, whipped in the corridors. The Nazis tried their best in front of each other, inventing everything more and more tortures.In the office of the chief of the Krasnodon regional police, Solikovsky, where the arrested were usually interrogated, the ceiling, walls and even the furniture were completely covered in blood.
They were subjected to torture and torture not only by official gendarmerie and police officers, but also by Nazi officers and soldiers from the military units remaining in Krasnodon. What a savage form these interrogations took can be imagined from the behavior of the translator Artes, who asked to be released from work because she, as a woman, could not stand the terrible sights unfolding before her eyes. Moans and screams were constantly heard from the offices where the patriots were interrogated. To drown them out, the Nazis played a gramophone with bravura music."
In fascist dungeons, the Young Guard bravely withstood torture. Police investigator Cherenkov in 1947 told the following about Sergei Tyulenin:
“He was mutilated beyond recognition, his face was covered with bruises and swollen, blood was oozing from open wounds. Three Germans immediately entered, and after them came Burgardt (translator - Ed.), summoned by the head of the Krasnodon regional police, Solikovsky. One German asked Solikovsky , what kind of person was he who was beaten like that." Solikovsky explained. The German, like an angry tiger, knocked Sergei down with a blow of his fist and began to torment his body with forged German boots. He struck him with terrible force in the stomach, back, face, trampled and "They tore his clothes into pieces along with his body. At the beginning of this terrible execution, Tyulenin showed signs of life, but soon he fell silent and was dragged dead from the office."
Other Young Guards also held up courageously during interrogations. During torture, Solikovsky demanded that Ulyana Gromova beg for mercy, but she spat in the executioner’s face and declared: “I didn’t join the organization to then ask you for forgiveness. I only regret one thing, that we didn’t do enough.” Ulyana was hung by her hair, a five-pointed star was cut out on her back, her breasts were cut off, her body was burned with a hot iron, the wounds were sprinkled with salt, and she was placed on a hot stove. However, she was silent, just as Alexandra Bondareva, Antonina and Liliya Ivanikhin, Ivan Zemnukhov, who were subjected to cruel torture, and many others were silent.
During interrogation, Anatoly Kovalev called Solikovsky a traitor and angrily told him: “You will not die by your own death. If we did not kill you, then there will be those who will avenge us.”
The Young Guards were also brutally tortured and thrown into the cells of the Rovenki district branch of the Gestapo (city of Rovenki). The gendarme platoon commander O. Drewitz testified during interrogation:
“When the prisoners were placed on the edge of a pre-dug hole, Koshevoy raised his head and, turning to those standing nearby, shouted loudly: “Look death straight in the eyes!” His words were drowned out by shots. Then I noticed that Koshevoy was still alive and was only wounded. I approached Koshevoy, who was lying on the ground, and shot him point-blank in the head.”
And here is the testimony of translator T. Geist:
“In the second batch of those arrested was Lyuba Shevtsova. When they were placed at the caponier to cover the cars, Lyuba looked around at the soldiers and policemen. Someone could not stand it and barked: “Bend your head down, you partisan bastard!” I remember Lyuba tore off her coat and shawl , tore her blouse and shouted: “Shoot!” Shots rang out, she tried to say something else, but she fell back and fell into the hole.”
During the investigation, none of the executioners of the Young Guard could cite a single fact of cowardice and cowardice among the Young Guard. The glorious underground fighters bravely accepted death. They left this life with their heads held high, firmly believing in the rightness of their holy cause.
On January 15, 16 and 31, 1943, arrested Krasnodon residents, tortured to death by the Nazis, and some alive (71 people) were thrown by the Nazis into a 53-meter pit in coal mine No. 5. Even dead underground heroes instilled fear in the occupiers and their accomplices. After the execution, they stationed policemen at the pit, who threw stones and other heavy objects at the shaft.
On February 9, 1943, O. V. Koshevoy, L. G. Shevtsova, S. M. Ostapenko, D. U. Ogurtsov and V. F. Subbotin, who were in the cells of the Rovenkovsky district department of the Gestapo, were shot in the Gremyachey forest near the city Rovenki, 4 people were shot in other areas. 12 Young Guards escaped from the pursuit of the Nazis.
Decades have passed since the great feat was accomplished by the Krasnodon heroes, but the Young Guard continues its heroic path. She is a symbol of courage and bravery for the youth of many countries in the struggle for the independence of their Fatherland, for the bright ideals of humanity.

MEMBERS OF THE KOMSOMOL UNDERGROUND ORGANIZATION
"YOUNG GUARD":
Androsova Lidiya Makarovna
Arutyunyants Georgy Minaevich
Bondarev Vasily Ivanovich
Bondareva Alexandra Ivanovna
Borisov Vasily Mefodievich
Borisov Vasily Prokofievich
Borts Valeria Davydovna
Vicenovsky Yuri Semenovich
Gerasimova Nina Nikolaevna
Glavan Boris Grigorievich
Grigoriev Mikhail Nikolaevich
Gromova Ulyana Matveevna
Gukov Vasily Safontievich
Dadyshev Leonid Alexandrovich
Dubrovina Alexandra Emelyanovna
Dyachenko Antonina Nikolaevna
Eliseenko Antonina Zakharovna
Zhdanov Vladimir Alexandrovich
Zhukov Nikolay Dmitrievich
Zagoruiko Vladimir Mikhailovich
Zemnukhov Ivan Alexandrovich
Ivanikhina Antonina Aleksandrovna
Ivanikhina Liliya Alexandrovna
Ivantsova Nina Mikhailovna
Ivantsova Olga Ivanovna
Kezikova Nina Georgievna
Kiikova Evgenia Ivanovna
Kovalev Anatoly Vasilievich
Kovaleva Klavdiya Petrovna
Koshevoy Oleg Vasilievich
Kulikov Vladimir Tikhonovich
Levashov Vasily Ivanovich
Levashov Sergey Mikhailovich
Lopukhov Anatoly Vladimirovich
Lukashov Gennady Alexandrovich
Lukyanchenko Viktor Dmitrievich
Mashchenko Antonina Mikhailovna
Minaeva Nina Petrovna
Mironov Nikolay Ivanovich
Moshkov Evgeniy Yakovlevich
Nikolaev Anatoly Georgievich
Ogurtsov Dmitry Uvarovich
Orlov Anatoly Alekseevich
Ostapenko Semyon Markovich
Osmukhin Vladimir Andreevich
Palaguta Pavel Fedoseevich
Peglivanova Maya Konstantinovna
Petlya Nadezhda Stepanovna
Petrachkova Nadezhda Nikitichna
Petrov Viktor Vladimirovich
Pirozhok Vasily Markovich
Polyansky Yuri Fedotovich
Popov Anatoly Vladimirovich
Rogozin Vladimir Pavlovich
Samoshina Angelina Tikhonovna
Safonov Stepan Stepanovich
Sopova Anna Dmitrievna
Startseva Nina Illarionovna
Subbotin Viktor Fedorovich
Sumskoy Nikolay Stepanovich
Tkachev Vasily Ivanovich
Tretyakevich Viktor Iosifovich
Turkenich Ivan Vasilievich
Tyulenin Sergey Gavriilovich
Fomin Demyan Yakovlevich
Shevtsova Lyubov Grigorievna
Shepelev Evgeniy Nikiforovich
Shishchenko Alexander Tarasovich
Shishchenko Mikhail Tarasovich
Shcherbakov Georgy Kuzmich
Yurkin Radiy Petrovich

The list of members of the “Young Guard” (71 people) is given from the collection of memoirs and documents “Immortality of the Young” (7th ed. revised and supplemented - Donetsk: Donbass, 1988).

The interregional commission to study the history of the Young Guard organization, in the process of a large two-year work, came to the conclusion (March 1993) that in terms of its number, the Young Guard was at least 2 times larger than its “official” composition .
From the final note of the Interregional Commission for the Study of the History of the Young Guard organization it follows that, in addition to those officially approved, members of the Young Guard were also:
N. P. Alekseenko
R. I. Lavrenova
F. I. Lodkina
A. V. Prokopenko
O. S. Saprykina
P. I. Sukovatykh
A. G. Titova
N. A. Tyulenina
V. P. Shevchenko
A. M. Fedyanina
N. F. Shcherbakova
The commission considered that it was necessary to restore to the lists of underground members also those excluded from the organization’s lists for various reasons: V.V. Mikhailenko and I.L. Savenkov.

SURVIVORS

12 people escaped the pursuit of the Nazis, among them G. M. Arutyunyants, V. M. Borisov, V. D. Borts, N. M. Ivantsova, O. I. Ivantsova, V. I. Levashov, A. V. Lopukhov, O. S. Saprykina, S. S. Safonov, I. V. Turkenich, M. T. Shishchenko, R. P. Yurkin. A.V. Kovalev went missing. Some of those who managed to escape the massacre in Krasnodon died at the fronts. Let's talk briefly about them.
Georgy Harutyunyants - in January 1943 he managed to leave the city. In the ranks of the Red Army, he took part in battles with the Nazi invaders. After the war, he graduated from the Military-Political Academy named after V.I. Lenin, served in the Armed Forces of the USSR as a political worker, and died on April 26, 1973.
Vasily Borisov - having left Krasnodon, moved to the city of Novograd-Volynsky, Zhitomir region, where he again joined the underground struggle against the occupiers. The underground failed, and Borisov was shot by the Nazis on November 6, 1943. He was buried in the village of Bolshoi Sukhodol, Krasnodon region.
Valeria Borts - after an unsuccessful attempt to cross the front line before the arrival of Soviet troops, she hid in the city of Voroshilovgrad. After the occupation, having completed 10 classes of evening school, she studied at the Aviation Institute, then served in the Armed Forces of the USSR as a translator, and died on January 14, 1996.
Nina Ivantsova - left Krasnodon, met the Red Army, returned to the city with a military unit, in the post-war period - at Komsomol and party work, died on January 1, 1982.
Olga Ivantsova - left the city, returned to Krasnodon with the advancing units, graduated from the Lviv Higher Trade School in 1955, worked in trade, died on June 16, 2001.
Anatoly Kovalev - was arrested on January 28, 1943. On January 31, he escaped from execution, then left Krasnodon and went missing; According to data published in the newspaper "Evening Rostov" in 1973, in the hospital for disabled people of the Great Patriotic War in Rostov-on-Don, there lived a man (completely blind and poorly communicative) who called himself A.V. Kovalev, a member of the "Young Guard".
Vasily Levashov - when arrests began in Krasnodon, he went to the Stalin region. After the liberation of Donbass, he joined the Red Army and fought the Nazis. He graduated from the Military-Political Academy, served in the Navy - in political and teaching positions, died on July 10, 2001.
Anatoly Lopukhov - during the arrests he was hiding with friends in mines and in villages near the city of Voroshilovgrad. After the expulsion of the Nazis, he was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army, in the post-war period he served in the Armed Forces as a political commissar, and died on October 5, 1990.
Olga Saprykina - left the city during the arrests. After the arrival of the Red Army, she was drafted into the army and, as part of part of the railway troops, marched to the Oder. In 1957, she graduated from law school, worked in various positions in government agencies, and was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree. Lives in Moscow.
Stepan Safonov - having crossed the front line and joined the ranks of the Red Army, he fell on January 20, 1943 in the battles for the liberation of the city of Kamensk.
Ivan Turkenich - after the arrests began, he went deep underground, then crossed the front line. In the ranks of the Red Army he went through all of Ukraine and was mortally wounded on August 13, 1944 in the battle for the Polish us. point Lotoshin and died in the arms of his comrades the next day. He was buried in the city of Rzeszow (Poland).
Mikhail Shishchenko - when the arrests began, he managed to escape. After Krasnodon's release, he worked in administrative positions in the coal mining industry, died on May 5, 1979;
Radiy Yurkin - when the arrests began, he left the city and hid until the arrival of the Red Army. After the war, he served in the Air Force, then worked at Krasnodon enterprises, and died on July 16, 1975.

FEAT - LIVE!

ON FEBRUARY 14, 1943, Krasnodon was liberated by units of the 266th Rifle Division in cooperation with the 3rd Tank Brigade (3rd Guards Army of the Southwestern Front). Immediately after the liberation of the city, several dozen bodies of Young Guards tortured by the Nazis were removed from the pit of Mine No. 5 located near the city. On March 1, Young Guards were buried with military honors in the city park (59 people) and in the village of Krasnodon (12 people). Oleg Koshevoy, Lyubov Shevtsova, Dmitry Ogurtsov, Viktor Subbotin, Semyon Ostapenko, shot in the Thundering Forest, were buried in the center of the city of Rovenki in a mass grave along with 92 victims of fascist terror. Vasily Borisov was buried in the village of Bolshoy Sukhodol, where he was shot by the Nazis on November 6, 1943.
September 13, 1943 to U. M. Gromova, I. A. Zemnukhov, O. V. Koshevoy, S. G. Tyulenin and L. G. Shevtsova for outstanding services in organizing and leading the underground Komsomol organization "Young Guard" and for their personal courage and heroism in the fight against the Nazi invaders was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. On May 5, 1990, the heroic title was posthumously awarded to the commander of the underground organization, Ivan Turkenich (died at the front). 3 members of the "Young Guard" were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, 36 - the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, 6 - the Order of the Red Star, 66 - the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War", 1st degree. On December 13, 1960, V. I. Tretyakovich was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
Simultaneously with the publication in print on September 15, 1943, of the decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme USSR on rewarding Young Guards, an article by Alexander Fadeev “Immortality” appeared in the Pravda newspaper, on the basis of which the novel “Young Guard” was written a little later (the book was first published in 1946 .), dedicated to the unprecedented feat of the youth of the mining town of Krasnodon. Subsequently, it was from this work that the absolute majority of citizens, first of the Soviet Union, and then of Russia, Ukraine and other countries, formed an idea of ​​​​the activities of the Krasnodon underground during the occupation.
Named in memory of the Young Guard in 1961 new town Lugansk region Molodogvardeysk.
In the homeland of the “Young Guard” in Krasnodon in 1954, a monument-obelisk to the heroes of the Young Guard “Oath” was erected (sculptors V. I. Agibalov, V. I. Mukhin, V. X. Fedchenko, architect - A. A. Sidorenko), which is an outstanding monumental group sculpture. The monument is now a kind of coat of arms, an emblem of the city. The 6.5-meter sculpture is installed on a pedestal of pink granite 6 meters high. A group of Young Guard heroes appears before our eyes - Oleg Koshevoy, Sergei Tyulenin, Lyubov Shevtsova, Ulyana Gromova, Ivan Zemnukhov, standing under the banner of the Motherland at the moment of the underground fighters’ oath. On the polished body of the granite there is a Komsomol badge, the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the inscription: “To the Heroes of the Young Guard from the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Ukraine.”
The monument was created for Krasnodon, but the work was so loved by Komsomol members from the Leningrad plant "Monumentskulptura", who cast bronze figures of Young Guards for Krasnodon, that on their initiative the Leningraders raised funds for exactly the same monument "Oath" to be installed in their city. The monument today is the dominant feature of one of the public gardens in St. Petersburg.
On May 9, 1965, in Krasnodon, not far from the “Oath” monument, on the grave of underground workers at the foot of the marble stele “Grieving Mother”, the image of which symbolizes the eternal grateful memory of them in the hearts of the people, was lit Eternal flame. In 1970, the “Young Guard” memorial complex was opened here, which united the grave of the Young Guard with the tombstone-stele “Grieving Mother” and the Eternal Flame, the monument to the heroes of the Young Guard “Oath” and the building of the Krasnodon Museum “Young Guard”. In 1982, the “Unconquered” monument was erected at the site of the death of underground workers (coal mine pit No. 5).
In Kharkov, in the early 1950s, an alley of Young Guard heroes was opened at 22 Kultury Street, in front of the 116th secondary school.
Settlements, streets, enterprises, ships, and youth organizations bear the names of Young Guards.
In Moscow in 1962, in Kuntsevo, one of the streets was renamed Molodogvardeiskaya in memory of the heroes of the Young Guard, and in Lyublino, in honor of the Komsomol heroes who fought the Nazis in the city of Krasnodon, one of the streets was named Krasnodonskaya. On the territory of secondary school No. 681, a monument to Oleg Koshevoy, a member of the Young Guard headquarters, was erected; in secondary school No. 310 (formerly 312), the Young Guard museum has been operating for more than 50 years. The book publishing house "Young Guard" operates in the capital.
A unique monument to the Young Guards is the Collection of Memories and Documents “Immortality of the Young” (Donetsk, Donbass Publishing House), which has gone through several editions. In 1981, a book of biographical essays about members of the Krasnodon underground, “Young Guards” (authors: R. M. Aptekar, A. G. Nikitenko), was published.

MEMORY TRAIN
"MOSCOW-KRASNODON"

September 2007... Moscow delegates the “Memory Train” to Lugansk, Krasnodon, dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the creation of the legendary Komsomol underground organization “Young Guard”. Its passengers were 400 participants in the youth-patriotic action "Train of Memory. Dedicated to the Victory in the Great Patriotic War" - members of youth and children's public organizations the Russian capital, activists of student organizations, war veterans who liberated Donbass from the Nazi invaders, members of the Lugansk community in Moscow.
The action was organized on behalf of the capital government by the Moscow Public Relations Committee with the participation of the North-Eastern Prefecture administrative district Moscow and the administration of the Lugansk region (Ukraine).
Participants of the action visited the mining town of Krasnodon - the homeland of the Young Guard. At the "Invictus" memorial, a requiem meeting "The Immortality of the Feat of the Krasnodon Heroes" and a flower-laying ceremony took place. The children, together with veterans, visited the monument to the heroes of the Young Guard "Oath" and the Krasnodon Museum "Young Guard", heard a story about those who gave their lives in the fight against the German occupiers - for the honor and independence of our once united Fatherland.

THE IMAGE OF YOUNG GUARDS IN LITERATURE AND ART

The heroic feat is captured in A. A. Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard” (first edition - 1946). The legendary work recreates actual events; the novel preserves the true names of most of the characters - communists, Young Guards, their relatives, “hostesses” of safe houses (Marfa Kornienko, the Krotova sisters), the commander of the partisan detachment I. M. Yakovenko and others. The book contains poems by Oleg Koshevoy (in Chapter 47 - the second edition of the novel) and Vanya Zemnukhov (in Chapter 10), the text of the oath (in Chapter 36) and leaflets of the Young Guard (in Chapter 39). The novel contains fictional characters and scenes, although to one degree or another they find their prototypes. Most serious literary critics note that the novel “The Young Guard” is a literary feat. Following Alexander Fadeev, many other books, poems, and songs about the Krasnodon heroes were written.
In 1947, based on the novel by A. Fadeev in State Theater film actor (Moscow) S. A. Gerasimov staged the play “Young Guard”. It served as the basis for the feature film “The Young Guard” in two episodes (1948, directed by Sergei Gerasimov).
The Baltic composer Yu. S. Meitus created the opera “The Young Guard” in four acts (seven scenes), which was popular in the USSR.
The words of the song and the majestic melody “It was in Krasnodon” have long become the call sign of the city of Krasnodon. And “The Song of the Krasnodon People” by V. Solovyov-Sedoy” to the verses of S. Ostrovsky has truly become popular. In the Donbass, at meetings of young people with war veterans, song lines are heard: “We will never forget Oleg Koshevoy.” Krasnodon residents also know the song A . Kabakov "Hero Invictus", dedicated to one of the bright and active Young Guards O. Koshevoy. Kabakov created the song cycle "Young Guard Land", consisting of 25 musical portraits - members of the Krasnodon underground. Lebedev-Kumach, S. Marshak and others dedicated their poems to the Young Guards famous Soviet poets.
Beginning in 1943, artists and sculptors began working on images of Young Guards. People's Artist USSR P. Sokolov-Skalya arrived in Krasnodon shortly after the liberation of Donbass. The result of the trip was the painting “Krasnodon residents listen to Moscow.” Located in Moscow, in the State Tretyakov Gallery, it instills patriotic feelings in the audience. P. Sulimenko and A. Plamenetsky called their canvas strictly in military style: “Destruction of an enemy convoy.” M. Poplavsky’s painting “Commissar of the Young Guard” clearly says that the enemies are doomed. “Krasnodontsy.” “They are immortal,” this is what V. Zadorozhny called his painting. Beaten, exhausted, but unconquered, strong-willed go to their last way, the heroes of Krasnodon into their immortality. The canvases “On the Eve of the Uprising” and “They Will Not Surrender” by A. Varshavsky, “The Unconquered” by A. Filbert, M. Volshtein, F. Kostenko, and others are dedicated to the courageous struggle of the underground fighters and their resilience. artistic canvases.
Of course, the palette of artistic works dedicated to the feat of the Young Guard is much wider. Here we should mention the high relief “Young Guards” (author - O. Eldarov), located in the Leningrad Academy of Arts. Repin, paintings “The Oath of Krasnodon” and “Young Guards” by Kharkov resident P. E. Kellert, “Girl from Krasnodon” and “Landscape of Krasnodon” by N. P. Volkov, color linography by G. A. Bondarenko “Young Guards”, sculpture “Hero of the Soviet Union” Ulyana Gromova" by V. I. Agibalova, V. I. Mukhina, V. X. Fedchenko (1952) and others.

One of the mythologized pages of the history of the USSR, which, unfortunately, is still perceived by many even now, but which has always been true. In mid-February 1943, after the liberation of Donetsk Krasnodon by Soviet troops, several dozen corpses of teenagers tortured by the Nazis, who were members of the underground organization “Young Guard” during the occupation, were extracted from the pit of the N5 mine located near the city...
Near an abandoned mine, most members of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard,” which fought against the Nazis in the small Ukrainian town of Krasnodon in 1942, lost their lives. It turned out to be the first underground youth organization about which it was possible to collect fairly detailed information. The Young Guards were then called heroes (they were heroes) who gave their lives for their Motherland. A little over twenty years ago, everyone knew about the Young Guard.
The novel of the same name by Alexander Fadeev was studied in schools; while watching Sergei Gerasimov's film, people could not hold back their tears; motor ships, streets, hundreds of educational institutions and pioneer detachments. What were they like, these young men and women who called themselves Young Guards?
The Krasnodon Komsomol youth underground included seventy-one people: forty-seven boys and twenty-four girls. The youngest was fourteen years old, and fifty-five of them never turned nineteen. The most ordinary guys, no different from the same boys and girls of our country, the guys made friends and quarreled, studied and fell in love, ran to dances and chased pigeons. They were studying in school clubs, sports sections, played strings musical instruments, wrote poetry, many drew well.
We studied in different ways - some were excellent students, while others had difficulty mastering the granite of science. There were also a lot of tomboys. Dreamed about the future adult life. They wanted to become pilots, engineers, lawyers, someone was going to enter the drama school, and some - to the pedagogical institute.

The “Young Guard” was as multinational as the population of these southern regions THE USSR. Russians, Ukrainians (there were also Cossacks among them), Armenians, Belarusians, Jews, Azerbaijanis and Moldovans, ready to come to each other’s aid at any moment, fought the fascists.
The Germans occupied Krasnodon on July 20, 1942. And almost immediately the first leaflets appeared in the city, the new bathhouse, already ready for German barracks. It was Seryozhka Tyulenin who began to act. One.
On August 12, 1942 he turned seventeen. Sergei wrote leaflets on pieces of old newspapers, and the police often found them in their pockets. He began to collect weapons, not even doubting that they would definitely come in handy. And he was the first to attract a group of guys ready to fight. At first it consisted of eight people. However, by the first days of September, several groups were already operating in Krasnodon, not connected with one another - in total there were 25 people in them.
The birthday of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard” was September 30: then a plan for creating a detachment was adopted, specific actions for underground work were planned, and a headquarters was created. It included Ivan Zemnukhov, the chief of staff, Vasily Levashov, the commander of the central group, Georgy Arutyunyants and Sergei Tyulenin, members of the headquarters.
Viktor Tretyakevich was elected commissioner. The guys unanimously supported Tyulenin’s proposal to name the detachment “Young Guard”. And at the beginning of October, all the scattered underground groups were united into one organization. Later, Ulyana Gromova, Lyubov Shevtsova, Oleg Koshevoy and Ivan Turkenich joined the headquarters.
Now you can often hear that the Young Guards did nothing special. Well, they posted leaflets, collected weapons, burned and contaminated grain intended for the occupiers. Well, they hung several flags on the day of the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution, burned the Labor Exchange, and rescued several dozen prisoners of war. Other underground organizations have existed longer and done more!

And do these would-be critics understand that everything, literally everything, these boys and girls did was on the brink of life and death. Is it easy to walk down the street when warnings are posted on almost every house and fence that failure to surrender weapons will result in execution? And at the bottom of the bag, under the potatoes, there are two grenades, and you have to walk past several dozen police officers with an independent look, and anyone can stop you... By the beginning of December, the Young Guards already had 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 300 grenades, about 15 thousand cartridges in their warehouse, 10 pistols, 65 kilograms of explosives and several hundred meters of fuse.
Isn’t it scary to sneak past a German patrol at night, knowing that you will be shot if you appear on the street after six in the evening? But most of the work was done at night. At night they burned the German Labor Exchange - and two and a half thousand Krasnodon residents were spared from German hard labor. On the night of November 7, the Young Guards hung out red flags - and the next morning, when they saw them, people experienced great joy: “They remember us, we are not forgotten by ours!” At night, prisoners of war were released, telephone wires were cut, German vehicles were attacked, a herd of 500 head of cattle was recaptured from the Nazis and dispersed to nearby farms and villages.
Even leaflets were posted mainly at night, although it happened that they had to do this during the day. At first, leaflets were written by hand, then they began to be printed in their own organized printing house. In total, the Young Guards issued about 30 separate leaflets with a total circulation of almost five thousand copies - from them Krasnodon residents learned the latest reports from the Sovinformburo.

In December, the first disagreements appeared at the headquarters, which later became the basis of the legend that still lives and according to which Oleg Koshevoy is considered the commissar of the Young Guard.
What happened? Koshevoy began to insist that from all the underground fighters a detachment of 15-20 people be selected, capable of operating separately from the main detachment. This is where Kosheva was supposed to become commissar. The guys did not support this proposal. And yet, after the next admission of a group of youth to the Komsomol, Oleg took temporary Komsomol tickets from Vanya Zemnukhov, but did not give them, as always, to Viktor Tretyakevich, but issued them to the newly admitted ones himself, signing: “Commissar of the partisan detachment “Hammer” Kashuk.”
On January 1, 1943, three Young Guard members were arrested: Evgeny Moshkov, Viktor Tretyakevich and Ivan Zemnukhov - the fascists found themselves in the very heart of the organization. On the same day, the remaining members of the headquarters urgently gathered and made a decision: all Young Guards should immediately leave the city, and the leaders should not spend the night at home that night. All underground workers were notified of the headquarters’ decision through liaison officers. One of them, who was a member of the group in the village of Pervomaika, Gennady Pocheptsov, upon learning about the arrests, chickened out and wrote a statement to the police about the existence of an underground organization.

The entire punitive apparatus came into motion. Mass arrests began. But why did most of the Young Guards not follow the orders of headquarters? After all, this first disobedience, and therefore the violation of the oath, cost almost all of them their lives! Probably, the lack of life experience had an effect.
At first, the guys did not realize that a catastrophe had happened and their leading three would no longer get out of prison. Many could not decide for themselves: whether to leave the city, whether to help those arrested, or voluntarily share their fate. They did not understand that the headquarters had already considered all the options and took the only correct one. But the majority did not fulfill it. Almost everyone was afraid for their parents.
Only twelve Young Guards managed to escape in those days. But later, two of them - Sergei Tyulenin and Oleg Koshevoy - were nevertheless arrested. The city's four police cells were packed to capacity. All the boys were terribly tortured. The office of the police chief Solikovsky looked more like a slaughterhouse - it was so spattered with blood. So that the screams of the tortured would not be heard in the yard, the monsters started up a gramophone and turned it on at full volume.
The underground members were hung by the neck from a window frame, simulating execution by hanging, and by the legs from a ceiling hook. And they beat, beat, beat - with sticks and wire whips with nuts at the end. Girls were hanged by their braids, and their hair could not stand it and broke off. The Young Guards had their fingers crushed by the door, shoe needles were driven under their fingernails, they were placed on a hot stove, and stars were cut out on their chests and backs. Their bones were broken, their eyes were knocked out and burned out, their arms and legs were cut off...

The executioners, having learned from Pocheptsov that Tretyakevich was one of the leaders of the Young Guard, decided to force him to speak at any cost, believing that then it would be easier to deal with the others. He was tortured with extreme cruelty and was mutilated beyond recognition. But Victor was silent. Then a rumor was spread among those arrested and in the city: Tretyakevich had betrayed everyone. But Victor’s comrades did not believe it.
On the cold winter night of January 15, 1943, the first group of Young Guards, among them Tretyakevich, was taken to the destroyed mine for execution. When they were placed on the edge of the pit, Victor grabbed the deputy chief of police by the neck and tried to drag him along with him to a depth of 50 meters. The frightened executioner turned pale with fear and hardly resisted, and only a gendarme who arrived in time and hit Tretyakevich on the head with a pistol saved the policeman from death.
On January 16, the second group of underground fighters was shot, and on the 31st, the third. One of this group managed to escape from the execution site. It was Anatoly Kovalev, who later went missing.
Four remained in prison. They were taken to the city of Rovenki, Krasnodon region, and shot on February 9, along with Oleg Koshev, who was there.

Krasnodon entered on February 14 Soviet troops. The day of February 17 became mournful, full of crying and lamentations. From the deep, dark pit, the bodies of tortured young men and women were taken out in buckets. It was difficult to recognize them; some of the children were identified by their parents only by their clothes.
A wooden obelisk was placed on the mass grave with the names of the victims and the words:
And drops of your hot blood,
Like sparks, they will flash in the darkness of life
And many brave hearts will be lit!
The name of Viktor Tretyakevich was not on the obelisk! And his mother, Anna Iosifovna, never took off her black dress again and tried to go to the grave later so as not to meet anyone there. She, of course, did not believe in her son’s betrayal, just as most of her fellow countrymen did not believe, but the conclusions of the commission of the Central Committee of the Komsomol under the leadership of Toritsin and the subsequent remarkable artistically Fadeev's novel had an impact on the minds and hearts of millions of people. One can only regret that in compliance historical truth Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard” did not turn out to be as wonderful.
The investigative authorities also accepted the version of Tretyakevich’s betrayal, and even when the true traitor Pocheptsov, who was subsequently arrested, confessed to everything, the charge against Victor was not dropped. And since, according to the party leaders, a traitor cannot be a commissar, Oleg Koshevoy, whose signature was on the December Komsomol tickets - “Commissar of the partisan detachment “Hammer” Kashuk”, was elevated to this rank.
After 16 years, they managed to arrest one of the most ferocious executioners who tortured the Young Guard, Vasily Podtynny. During the investigation, he stated: Tretyakevich was slandered, but despite severe torture and beatings, he did not betray anyone.
So, almost 17 years later, the truth triumphed. By decree of December 13, 1960, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR rehabilitated Viktor Tretyakevich and awarded him the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (posthumously). His name began to be included in all official documents along with the names of other heroes of the Young Guard.

Anna Iosifovna, Victor’s mother, who never took off her black mourning clothes, stood in front of the presidium of the ceremonial meeting in Voroshilovgrad when she was presented with her son’s posthumous award.
The crowded hall stood and applauded her, but it seemed that she was no longer happy with what was happening. Perhaps because the mother always knew: her son was an honest person... Anna Iosifovna turned to the comrade who was rewarding her with only one request: not to show the film “The Young Guard” in the city these days.
So, the mark of a traitor was removed from Viktor Tretyakevich, but he was never restored to the rank of commissar and was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which was awarded to the other dead members of the Young Guard headquarters.
Finishing this short story about the heroic and tragic days of the Krasnodon residents, I would like to say that the heroism and tragedy of the “Young Guard” are probably still far from being revealed. But this is our history, and we have no right to forget it.

Crimea, Feodosia, August 1940. Happy young girls. The most beautiful, with dark braids, is Anya Sopova.
On January 31, 1943, after severe torture, Anya was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5. She was buried in the mass grave of heroes in the central square of the city of Krasnodon.
...now "Young Guard" is on television. I remember how we loved this picture as children! They dreamed of being like the brave Krasnodon residents... they swore to avenge their death. What can I say, tragic and beautiful story The Young Guards were shocked by the whole world, and not just the fragile minds of children.
The film became the box office leader in 1948, and the leading actors, unknown students of VGIK, immediately received the title of Laureate Stalin Prize- an exceptional case. “Woke up famous” is about them.
Ivanov, Mordyukova, Makarova, Gurzo, Shagalova - letters from all over the world came to them in bags.
Gerasimov, of course, felt sorry for the audience. Fadeev - readers.
Neither paper nor film could convey what really happened that winter in Krasnodon.

Ulyana Gromova, 19 years old
“….a five-pointed star is cut out on the back, the right arm is broken, the ribs are broken” (KGB Archives of the USSR Council of Ministers).

Lida Androsova, 18 years old
“...extracted without an eye, an ear, a hand, with a rope around the neck, which cut heavily into the body. The baked blood is visible on the neck” (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d. 16).

Anya Sopova, 18 years old
“They beat her, hung her by her braids... They lifted Anya out of the pit with one braid - the other broke off.”

Shura Bondareva, 20 years old
"...extracted without the head and right breast, the whole body was beaten, bruised, and black in color."

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old (pictured first on the left in the second row)

Lyuba Shevtsova, 18 years old
On February 9, 1943, after a month of torture, she was shot in the Thunderous Forest near the city along with Oleg Koshev, S. Ostapenko, D. Ogurtsov and V. Subbotin.

Angelina Samoshina, 18 years old.
“Traces of torture were found on Angelina’s body: her arms were twisted, her ears were cut off, a star was carved on her cheek” (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Shura Dubrovina, 23 years old
“Two images appear before my eyes: the cheerful young Komsomol member Shura Dubrovina and the mutilated body raised from the mine. I saw her corpse only with the lower jaw. Her friend Maya Peglivanova was lying in a coffin without eyes, without lips, with her arms twisted... "

Maya Peglivanova, 17 years old
"Maya's corpse was disfigured: her breasts were cut off, her legs were broken. All outer clothing was removed." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331) She was lying in the coffin without lips, with her arms twisted.”

Tonya Ivanikhina, 19 years old
"... taken out without eyes, head bandaged with a scarf and wire, breasts cut out."

Serezha Tyulenin, 17 years old
"On January 27, 1943, Sergei was arrested. Soon his father and mother were taken away, all his belongings were confiscated. The police severely tortured Sergei in the presence of his mother, they arranged confrontation with a member of the Young Guard, Viktor Lukyancheiko, but they did not recognize each other.
On January 31, Sergei was tortured in last time, and then he, half-dead, along with other comrades was taken to the pit of mine No. 5..."

Funeral of Sergei Tyulenin

Nina Minaeva, 18 years old
“...My sister was recognized by her woolen gaiters - the only clothes that remained on her. Nina’s arms were broken, one eye was knocked out, there were shapeless wounds on her chest, her whole body was covered in black stripes...”

Tosya Eliseenko, 22 years old
“Tosia’s corpse was disfigured, tortured, and she was put on a hot stove.”

Victor Tretyakevich, 18 years old
"...Among the last, they raised Viktor Tretyakevich. His father, Joseph Kuzmich, in a thin patched coat, stood day after day, clutching a pole, not taking his eyes off the pit. And when they recognized his son, he was faceless, with a black face. blue back, with shattered arms - he fell to the ground, as if knocked down. No traces of bullets were found on Victor's body - which means they threw him out alive..."

Oleg Koshevoy, 16 years old
When arrests began in January 1943, he attempted to cross the front line. However, he is forced to return to the city. Near the railway Kortushino station was captured by the Nazis and sent first to the police and then to the district Gestapo office in Rovenki. After terrible torture, together with L.G. Shevtsova, S.M. Ostapenko, D.U. Ogurtsov and V.F. Subbotin, on February 9, 1943, he was shot in the Thunderous Forest near the city.

Boris Glavan, 22 years old
“He was pulled out of the pit, tied up with Evgeniy Shepelev with barbed wire face to face, his hands were cut off. His face was mutilated, his stomach was ripped open.”

Evgeny Shepelev, 19 years old
"...Evgeniy's hands were cut off, his stomach was torn out, his head was broken...." (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331)

Volodya Zhdanov, 17 years old
“He was taken out with a laceration in the left temporal region, his fingers were broken and twisted, there were bruises under the nails, two strips three centimeters wide and twenty-five centimeters long were cut out on his back, his eyes were gouged out and his ears were cut off” (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d .36)

Klava Kovaleva, 17 years old
"... was pulled out swollen, the right breast was cut off, the feet were burned, the left hand was cut off, the head was tied with a scarf, traces of beatings were visible on the body. Found ten meters from the trunk, between the trolleys, it was probably thrown alive" (Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d. 10)

Evgeniy Moshkov, 22 years old (pictured left)
"... Young Guard communist Yevgeny Moshkov, choosing the right moment during interrogation, hit the policeman. Then the fascist animals hung Moshkov by his legs and kept him in that position until blood gushed from his nose and throat. They took him down and "They began to interrogate again. But Moshkov only spat in the executioner's face. The enraged investigator who was torturing Moshkov hit him with a backhand blow. Exhausted by the torture, the communist hero fell, hitting the back of his head on the door frame and died."

Volodya Osmukhin, 18 years old
“When I saw Vovochka, mutilated, almost headless, without his left arm up to the elbow, I thought I was going crazy. I didn’t believe it was him. He was wearing only one sock, and the other leg was completely bare. Instead of a belt, he was wearing a scarf warm. Outerwear No. The hungry animals took off.
The head is broken. The back of the head had completely fallen out, only the face remained, on which only Volodin’s teeth remained. Everything else is mutilated. The lips are distorted, the nose is almost completely gone. My grandmother and I washed Vovochka, dressed her, and decorated her with flowers. A wreath was nailed to the coffin. Let the road lie peacefully."

Parents of Ulyana Gromova

Uli's last letter

Funeral of the Young Guards, 1943

In 1993, a press conference of a special commission to study the history of the Young Guard was held in Lugansk. As Izvestia wrote then (05/12/1993), after two years of work, the commission gave its assessment of the versions that had excited the public for almost half a century. The researchers' conclusions boiled down to several fundamental points.
In July-August 1942, after the Nazis captured the Luhansk region, many underground youth groups spontaneously arose in the mining town of Krasnodon and its surrounding villages. They, according to the recollections of contemporaries, were called “Star”, “Sickle”, “Hammer”, etc. However, there is no need to talk about any party leadership of them. In October 1942, Viktor Tretyakevich united them into the “Young Guard”.
It was he, and not Oleg Koshevoy, according to the commission’s findings, who became the commissioner of the underground organization. There were almost twice as many “Young Guard” participants as was later recognized by the competent authorities. The guys fought like a guerrilla, taking risks, suffering heavy losses, and this, as was noted at the press conference, ultimately led to the failure of the organization.
“….Blessed memory to these girls and boys… who were infinite times stronger… all of us, millions of us, combined...”

The city of Krasnodon (a former workers' village) is located in eastern Ukraine, on the border with Russia. He became known thanks to facts related to the youth partisan detachment, which began its activities during German occupation. After the liberation of Krasnodon in 1943 and the publication of a story by writer Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev in 1945, this city gained very wide popularity. This book is called "Young Guard". Summary it will help readers find out the fate of Komsomol members who defended their Motherland during the Great Patriotic War.

How it all began, or Meet the characters

In July 1942, a group of girls, including Ulyana Gromova, Valya Filatova and Sasha Bondareva (all of them recent graduates of a high school in the mining village of Pervomaiskoye), frolic on the river bank. But they are disturbed by the sounds of bombers flying overhead and the distant boom of artillery. Each of the girls claims that if evacuation begins, she will stay and fight the German invaders. Suddenly explosions shook the ground.

The girls come out of the forest and see a road clogged with military and civilian vehicles. Komsomol members rush to the village. Ulyana meets Lyuba Shevtsova, who reports that Soviet troops are retreating. A decision was made to blow up the plant and hastily evacuate documents and equipment. Some party workers, led by the leader of local partisans Ivan Protsenko, remain in the village, the rest of the residents are also evacuated.

Evacuation and meeting Sergei Tyulenin

This is how the work “The Young Guard” begins. A summary of the first chapters introduces the reader to the main participants in all subsequent events. Here such characters as Komsomol member Viktor Petrov and Oleg Koshevoy appear. There is a description of the evacuation, during which German bombers attack a column of refugees.

Meanwhile, in Krasnodon, hospital staff are trying to place the wounded soldiers who were in the hospital at home. local residents. Returning home after building defenses and digging trenches, Sergei Tyulenin, a seventeen-year-old boy who witnessed the Nazi attack on Voroshilovgrad.

When he realized that the Red Army troops were doomed, he collected rifles, revolvers and ammunition, and then buried them in his backyard. The further summary of Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard” will tell about the invasion of the village German troops and about the actions of the population remaining in Krasnodon.

The invasion of the German occupiers and the reaction of local residents

The Nazis arrive in Krasnodon. Sergei watches their approach. German general Baron von Wenzel occupies the house of Oleg Koshevoy, where his mother and grandmother remained. Others cut down jasmine and sunflower bushes throughout the village, leaving no cover for a possible enemy. They settle in local dwellings, drink, eat and shout songs. About forty wounded Soviet soldiers who remained in the hospital were brutally shot.

Sergei Tyulenev and Valya Borsch hid in the attic of their school to spy on the enemy. They observed the German headquarters, which was located directly opposite the school building. That same night, Sergei unearths several Molotov cocktails in his yard and sets the headquarters on fire.

Thus, the book “The Young Guard,” a brief summary of which describes individual events of the Second World War, introduces the reader to heroic characters from the very first pages. Komsomol members who, despite their young age, were not afraid to resist the Nazi invaders.

Return of Oleg Koshevoy and further confrontation

What events will the following summary introduce? "Young Guard" is not only the title of the work. This is the Komsomol underground organization that was formed in Krasnodon. And it all begins with the return of Oleg Koshevoy to the village. He meets Sergei Tyulenin, and together the guys begin to look for contact with the underground in order to convince the partisans that they can be trusted, despite their young age.

The guys decide to collect all the weapons that may still remain in the steppe after the battle and hide them securely. Moreover, they are going to create their own youth organization. Philip Lyutikov, who was the secretary of the district committee, soon attracted many Komsomol members to underground work, among them Oleg Koshevoy and Sergei Tyulenev. This is how the Young Guard was formed. The novel, a brief summary of which tells the reader about the members of this organization, was named after it.

Not everyone turned out to be brave Komsomol members

Further in the novel the battles of the partisan detachment led by Protsenko are described. At first everything goes well, but after a while the fighters find themselves surrounded. A special group is assigned to ensure the detachment's retreat. Stakhovich is in it. What will the summary now introduce the reader to?

"A young novel, which, unfortunately, contains not only images of brave Komsomol members defending their homeland and loved ones from the German occupiers. There were also those who did not find enough courage to fight back. Among them was the Komsomol member Stakhovich, who chickened out and fled to Krasnodon. And there he deceived him, saying that he was sent by the headquarters for the organization. Chairman Fomin becomes the next traitor. Party members are being arrested in the region. The Nazis executed many of them, burying them in the ground alive.

Active activities of the organization

Lyubov Shevtsova, also a member of the Young Guard organization (the summary of the novel has already mentioned her name), shortly before these brutal arrests was sent by the underground organization to undergo special courses. A very bright and pretty girl now easily establishes contacts with the Nazis necessary for underground fighters, and also obtains important information. This is how the most important events of the novel “The Young Guard” begin to unfold.

The book, a brief summary of which only superficially depicts the vicissitudes of the life of young people during the Second World War, tells in great detail about each hero of the Young Guard and his tragic fate. Thanks to the active actions of Komsomol members, leaflets were posted and Ignat Fomin, who had betrayed his fellow villagers, was hanged. Then the prisoners of war of the Soviet Army were released.

The youth organization consisted of several groups. Each was responsible for the tasks assigned to it. Some attacked cars traveling with groups of Nazis, others attacked tank cars. And there was another detachment that operated absolutely everywhere. It was headed by Sergei Tyulenev. Want to know what happened next? We offer you a summary.

"Young Guard" or Careless actions of Komsomol members

Here it comes to tragic end action of the novel. The work “Young Guard” by A. A. Fadeev tells in its final chapters about the careless act of members of the organization, which caused numerous arrests and deaths. Before the New Year, Komsomol members came across a car with gifts for German soldiers. The guys decided to sell them at the market; the underground needed money. So the police got on their trail.

Arrests began. Lyutikov immediately gave the order that all members of the Young Guard leave the city. But not everyone managed to leave. Stakhovich began to betray his comrades under torture by German soldiers. Not only young Komsomol members were arrested, but also adult underground members. Oleg Koshevoy took all the blame for the organization’s actions upon himself and until the very end remained silent about the main leaders, despite the torture to which he was subjected.

The last pages of a wonderful work

How does the work written by A. A. Fadeev (“Young Guard”) end? A chapter-by-chapter summary told the reader about almost all the main events related to the Komsomol organization. And it only remains to add a few words that thanks to the courage and bravery of many Komsomol members, the Germans never found out that the head of the underground was Lyutikov.

The Young Guards were brutally beaten and tortured. Many no longer even felt the blows, but continued to remain silent. And then the half-dead prisoners, exhausted from endless torture, were killed and thrown into a mine. And already on the fifteenth of February, on the territory of Krasnodon appeared soviet tanks. This is how it ended famous novel Fadeev about the courage and bravery of young Komsomol members of this city.

Anna Sopova is one of those members of the Krasnodon underground whose name is not always heard. Even her parents rarely spoke about the circumstances of their daughter’s death. Maybe it was too painful to reopen the heart wound, or maybe they didn’t know how to take their pain out on people.

Anna Dmitrievna Sopova born on May 10, 1924 in the village of Shevyrevka, Krasnodonsky district, into a working-class family. In 1932 I went to first grade, and in 1935 the Sopov family moved to the city of Krasnodon. Anna continued her studies at school No. 1 named after A. M. Gorky. She studied well. Repeatedly, the teaching staff of the school awarded her with certificates and books, and twice she was awarded tourist trips to the Caucasus.

Crimea, Feodosia, August 1940. Happy young girls. The most beautiful, with dark braids, is Anya Sopova.

In 1939 she joined the ranks of the Lenin Komsomol. She immediately became actively involved in the life of the Komsomol organization of the school. Anya dreamed of becoming a pilot. She told the kids a lot about her favorite heroine, Valentina Grizodubova. When the war began, like many schoolchildren, she took part in the construction of defensive structures. On the eve of the occupation of Krasnodon I finished 10th grade.

At the beginning of October 1942, Sopova joined the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard”; her comrades elected her commander of the five.

“There was a lot of gentleness, sensitivity, warmth in the character of this girl, and at the same time a lot of heroism and courage,” recalls teacher K. F. Kuznetsova.

Sopova’s group met at her home or at the house of Yuri Visenovsky, where they wrote leaflets, many of which were authored by Anna. She took part in many combat operations.

“In the evening, my daughter Nyusia was not at home. She arrived only in the morning. I didn’t question the girl; I knew that Nyusya often visited her friends. Only in the morning I noticed how she was shining, how her cheerful eyes were laughing. With special joy she kissed me, mother, and kept repeating:

"Under the scarlet banner our people..."

“What are you talking about, Nyusya?” “She took me outside and said: “Admire me, daddy.”

I raised my head and saw a scarlet flag above the directorate.”

“One early January morning someone knocked on our door,” Anna’s parents recalled. - It was the police. They came for our daughter. Nyusya calmly got dressed, asked us not to worry, and kissed us deeply goodbye. Last words hers were: “Take care of yourself, dear ones.” She walked away with a firm, confident gait. We never saw her alive again."

...So the gendarmes dragged in a young, fragile girl with dimples on her cheeks and heavy brown braids. "Meister" lazily asked:

- What's your name?

- Anna Sopova...

These were the only words that the Gestapo men heard from the girl. She was twice suspended from the ceiling by her braids. The third time, one of the braids broke and the girl fell to the floor, bleeding. But she didn't say a word to them...

“...They began to ask her who she knew, with whom she had connections, what she did. She was silent. They ordered her to strip naked. She turned pale - and did not move. And she was beautiful, her braids were huge, lush, down to her waist. They tore off her clothes, wrapped her dress over her head, laid her on the floor and began to whip her with a wire whip. She screamed terribly. Then she fell silent again. Then Plokhikh, one of the main executioners of the police, hit her in the head with something...”

From the memoirs of Alexandra Vasilievna Tyulenina.

On January 31, after severe torture, she was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5. Anya was lifted out of the pit with one scythe - the other broke off. But the Nazis did not get a word from her.

She was buried in the mass grave of heroes in the central square of the city of Krasnodon. Anna Dmitrievna Sopova was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War,” 1st degree.

Information about the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, about the injuries inflicted on the underground fighters of Krasnodon as a result of interrogations and executions at the pit of mine No. 5 and in the Thunderous Forest of Rovenki. January-February 1943. (Archive of the Young Guard Museum.)

The certificate was drawn up on the basis of the act of investigating the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the Krasnodon region, dated September 12, 1946, on the basis of archival documents of the Young Guard Museum and documents of the Voroshilovograd KGB.

DOCUMENT. (DESCRIPTION OF TORTURE):

1. Barakov Nikolay Petrovich, born in 1905. During interrogations, the skull was broken, the tongue and ear were cut off, the teeth and left eye were knocked out, the right hand was cut off, both legs were broken, and the heels were cut off.

2. Vystavkin Daniil Sergeevich, born in 1902, traces of severe torture were found on his body.

3. Vinokurov Gerasim Tikhonovich, born in 1887. He was pulled out with a crushed skull, a smashed face, and a crushed arm.

4. Lyutikov Philip Petrovich, born in 1891. He was thrown into the pit alive. Cervical vertebrae were broken, the nose and ears were cut off, there were wounds on the chest with torn edges.

5. Sokolova Galina Grigorievna, born in 1900. She was among the last to be pulled out with her head crushed. The body is bruised, there is a knife wound on the chest.

6. Yakovlev Stepan Georgievich, born in 1898. He was extracted with a crushed head and a dissected back.

7. Androsova Lidiya Makarovna, born in 1924.

Lydia printed and distributed anti-fascist leaflets and repeatedly damaged Nazi communications. On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, Lydia, together with Nina Kezikova and Nadezhda Petrachkova, made the Red Banner, which was hoisted at mine No. 1.

01/12/1943 Lydia was arrested along with other underground fighters. The Nazis brutally tortured Lydia. They cut off her hand, her ear, and cut out her eye. The Nazis executed Lydia by hanging on January 16, 1943; her mutilated body was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5.

8. Bondareva Alexandra Ivanovna, born in 1922. The head and right mammary gland were removed. The whole body is beaten, bruised, and black.

9. Vintsenovsky Yuri Semenovich, born in 1924. He was taken out with a swollen face, without clothes. There were no wounds on the body. Apparently he was dropped alive.

10. Glavan Boris Grigorievich, born in 1920. It was recovered from the pit, severely mutilated.

11. Gerasimova Nina Nikolaevna, born in 1924. The victim's head was flattened, her nose was depressed, her left arm was broken, and her body was beaten.

12. Grigoriev Mikhail Nikolaevich, born in 1924.

Mikhail participated in the execution of policemen and in many other military operations of the Young Guard, obtained weapons, printed and distributed anti-fascist leaflets.

01/27/1943 Mikhail was arrested. The Nazis brutally tortured him, beat him, he had lacerations on his head, his face was disfigured, his teeth were knocked out, his legs were chopped up, his body was black from wounds. Mikhail was thrown into pit No. 5 while still alive, causing him a severe gunshot wound.

13. Gromova Ulyana Matveevna, born in 1924.

Ulyana Gromova was one of the organizers of an underground group in the village of Pervomaika, which became part of the Young Guard.

Ulyana prepares and participates in combat operations of the Young Guards, distributes leaflets, collects medicines, and agitates Krasnodon residents to sabotage food supplies and the recruitment of young people to work in Germany.

On the eve of the 25th anniversary of the Great October Revolution, together with Anatoly Popov, Ulyana hung a red flag on the chimney of mine No. 1 - encore.

In January 1943, the Nazis arrested Ulyana. During interrogations, she was severely beaten, hung by her hair, a five-pointed star was cut out on her back, her breasts were cut off, her body was burned with a hot iron, her wounds were sprinkled with salt, she was put on a hot stove, her arm and ribs were broken. On January 16, 1943, the Nazis executed Ulyana and threw her into the pit of mine No. 5.

14. Gukov Vasily Safonovich, born in 1921. Beaten beyond recognition.

15. Dubrovina Alexandra Emelyanovna, born in 1919. She was pulled out without a skull, there were puncture wounds on her back, her arm was broken, her leg was shot.

16. Dyachenko Antonina Nikolaevna, born in 1924. There was an open fracture of the skull with a patchy wound, striped bruises on the body, elongated abrasions and wounds resembling imprints of narrow, hard objects, apparently from blows with a telephone cable.

17. Eliseenko Antonina Zakharovna, born in 1921. The victim had traces of burns and beatings on her body, and there was a trace of a gunshot wound on her temple.

18. Zhdanov Vladimir Alexandrovich, born in 1925. He was extracted with a laceration in the left temporal region. The fingers are broken, which is why they are twisted, and there are bruises under the nails. Two stripes 3 cm wide and 25 cm long were cut out on the back. Eyes were gouged out and ears were cut off.

19. Zhukov Nikolay Dmitrievich, born in 1922. Extracted without ears, tongue, teeth. An arm and a foot were severed.

20. Zagoruiko Vladimir Mikhailovich, born in 1927. Recovered without hair, with a severed hand. Despite the torture, Volodya held on courageously until the very last minutes life and when he was pushed into the pit, he shouted:

Long live the Motherland! Long live Stalin!

21. Zemnukhov Ivan Alexandrovich, born in 1923. He was taken out beheaded and beaten. The whole body is swollen. The foot of the left leg and the left arm (at the elbow) are twisted.

22. Ivanikhina Antonina Aeksandrovna, born in 1925. The victim's eyes were gouged out, her head was bandaged with a scarf and wire, and her breasts were cut out.

23. Ivanikhina Liliya Alexandrovna, born in 1925. The head was removed and the left arm was severed.

24. Kezikova Nina Georgievna, born in 1925. She was pulled out with her leg torn off at the knee, her arms twisted. There were no bullet wounds on the body; apparently, she was thrown out alive.

25. Kiikova Evgenia Ivanovna, born in 1924. Extracted without right foot and hand right hand.

26. Kovaleva Klavdiya Petrovna, born in 1925. The right breast was pulled out swollen, the right breast was cut off, the feet were burned, the left breast was cut off, the head was tied with a scarf, traces of beatings were visible on the body. Found 10 meters from the trunk, between the trolleys. Probably dropped alive.

27. Koshevoy Oleg Vasilievich, born in 1924.

Oleg is one of the organizers and leaders of the Young Guard, participated in many of its military operations, including the destruction of traitors, obtained weapons, destroyed enemy equipment and food, printed and distributed anti-fascist leaflets.

01/12/1043 Oleg was arrested. The Nazis brutally tortured him, beat him, disfigured his face, and crushed the back of his head. Oleg turned gray from torture. On 02/09/1943, having failed to obtain a confession, the Nazis shot Oleg in the Thunderous Forest.

28. Levashov Sergey Mikhailovich, born in 1924. The extracted one is broken radius left hand. The fall caused dislocations in the hip joints and both legs were broken. One is in the femur and the other is in the knee area. The skin on my right leg was all torn off. No bullet wounds were found. Was dropped alive. They found him crawling far away from the crash site with his mouth full of dirt.

29. Lukashov Gennady Alexandrovich, born in 1924. The victim was missing a foot, his hands showed signs of being beaten with an iron rod, and his face was disfigured.

30. Lukyanchenko Viktor Dmitrievich, born in 1927.

He was a member of Sergei Tyulenin's group. He produced and distributed anti-fascist leaflets.

December 5, 1942 Viktor Lukyanchenko Sergei Tyulenin, Lyubov Shevtsova participated in the arson of the labor exchange. As a result of the arson, documents of young Krasnodon residents prepared for theft to Germany were destroyed.

On January 27, 1943, at night, Viktor Lukyanchenko was arrested. On January 31, after severe torture, he was shot and thrown into the pit of mine No. 5.

Before the execution, the Nazis cut off the living Victor’s hand, cut out his eye and cut off his nose. He was buried in the mass grave of heroes in the central square of the city of Krasnodon.

31. Minaeva Nina Petrovna, born in 1924. She was pulled out with broken arms, a missing eye, and something shapeless was carved on her chest. The entire body is covered with dark blue stripes.

32. Moshkov Evgeniy Yakovlevich, born in 1920. During interrogations, his legs and arms were broken. The body and face are blue-black from beatings.

33. Nikolaev Anatoly Georgievich, born in 1922. The entire body of the extracted man was dissected, his tongue was cut out.

34. Ogurtsov Dmitry Uvarovich, born in 1922. In the Rovenkovo ​​prison he was subjected to inhuman torture.

35. Ostapenko Semyon Makarovich, born in 1927. Ostapenko's body bore signs of cruel torture. The blow of the butt crushed the skull.

36. Osmukhin Vladimir Andreevich, born in 1925. During interrogations, the right hand was cut off, the right eye was gouged out, there were burn marks on the legs, and the back of the skull was crushed.

37. Orlov Anatoly Alekseevich, born in 1925. He was shot in the face with an explosive bullet. The entire back of my head is crushed. Blood is visible on the leg; he was removed with his shoes off.

38. Peglivanova Maya Konstantinovna, born in 1925.

Maya wrote and distributed leaflets, conducted anti-Hitler propaganda among the population, helped Soviet prisoners of war escape, and collected medicines and bandages for them.

On January 11, 1943, Maya was arrested. Translator Reiband told his mother that during interrogation Maya admitted that she was a partisan and proudly threw words of curse and contempt into the face of the executioners. The Nazis brutally tortured Maya: they cut out her eyes, cut off her breasts, and broke her legs. After severe torture, she was thrown into the pit of mine No. 5.

After the liberation of Krasnodon, the names of the young guard girls were written on the prison cell walls: Maya Peglivanova, Shura Dubrovina, Ulyasha Gromova and Gerasimova. They wrote: “We are being taken away... What a pity that we won’t see you again. Long live Comrade Stalin!

She was thrown into the pit alive. She was pulled out without eyes or lips, her legs were broken, lacerations were visible on her leg.

39. Petlya Nadezhda Stepanovna, born in 1924. The victim's left arm and legs were broken, her chest was burned. There were no bullet wounds on the body; she was dropped alive.

40. Petrachkova Nadezhda Nikitichna, born in 1924. The body of the extracted woman bore traces of inhuman torture, and was removed without a hand.

41. Petrov Viktor Vladimirovich, born in 1925. A knife wound was inflicted in the chest, fingers were broken at the joints, ears and tongue were cut off, and the soles of the feet were burned.

42. Pirozhok Vasily Makarovich, born in 1925. He was pulled out of the pit beaten. The body is bruised.

43. Polyansky Yuri Fedorovich,1924 year of birth. Extracted without left arm and nose.

44. Popov Anatoly Vladimirovich, born in 1924. The fingers of the left hand were crushed and the foot of the left foot was severed.

45. Rogozin Vladimir Pavlovich, born in 1924. The victim's spine and arms were broken, his teeth were knocked out, and his eye was gouged out.

46. Samoshinova Angelina Tikhonovna, born in 1924. During interrogations, his back was cut with a whip. Shot through right leg in two places.

47. Sopova Anna Dmitrievna, born in 1924.

Anna was the commander of the Five, participated in many military operations of the Young Guard, printed and distributed anti-fascist leaflets. Anna's "Five" planted the Red Flag on the Nazi administration building.

01/25/1043 Anna was arrested. The Nazis brutally tortured her, beat her, and hung her by her braids. Anna's corpse with one scythe was removed from pit No. 5 - the other was torn out with sections of skin.

48. Startseva Nina Illarionovna, born in 1925. She was pulled out with a broken nose and broken legs.

49. Subbotin Viktor Petrovich, born in 1924. The beatings on the face and twisted limbs were visible.

50. Sumskoy Nikolay Stepanovich, born in 1924. The eyes were blindfolded, there was a trace of a gunshot wound on the forehead, there were signs of lashing on the body, traces of injections under the nails were visible on the fingers, the left arm was broken, the nose was pierced, the left eye was missing.

51. Tretyakevich Viktor Iosifovich, born in 1924. The hair was torn out, the left arm was twisted, the lips were cut off, the leg was torn off along with the groin.

52. Tyulenin Sergey Gavrilovich, born in 1924.

Sergei’s “Five” carried out military operations: they stole cattle from the enemy, destroyed food carts, and on the night of October 7, 1942, they hoisted the Red Banner at school No. 4. 12/05/1943 Sergei, Lyubov Shevtsova, Viktor Lukyanchenko set fire to the Labor Exchange. In January 1943, Sergei crossed the front line and joined the Red Army. He fought, was captured, wounded and fled to Krasnodon from being shot.

On January 27, 1943, following a denunciation, Sergei was arrested. The Nazis brutally tortured him in front of his mother, broke his spine, and mutilated his entire body. The monsters burned through Sergei’s body, knocked out his teeth and broke his jaw. Sergei died from torture. On January 31, 1943, the Nazis threw Sergei’s body into the pit of mine No. 5.

53. Fomin Dementy Yakovlevich, born in 1925. Removed from a pit with a broken head.

54. Shevtsova Lyubov Grigorievna, born in 1924. Several stars are carved on the body. Shot in the face by an explosive bullet.

55. Shepelev Evgeniy Nikiforovich, born in 1924. Boris Galavan was removed from the pit, bound face to face with barbed wire, his hands were cut off. The face is disfigured, the stomach is ripped open.