Comparison of Famusov and Chatsky table. Essay “Chatsky and Famusov

The theme of the homeland in the works of writers of the early 20th century occupies central place. This is most clearly manifested in the works of poets and prose writers who did not accept the revolution and left Russia in order to glorify the long-suffering country far from their home, turning their innermost thoughts and experiences to it. One of these poets was Marina Tsvetaeva.

The fate of the poetess M. Tsvetaeva is complex and diverse. She began writing very early, at the age of sixteen, but even then she inner world amazed with its richness and versatility.

Already in early work M. Tsvetaeva noted the motives of sadness and hopelessness. Subsequently they became more and more intensified. Tsvetaeva’s poetic style was formed under the influence of the richest poetic culture last decade “silver age" At the age of thirty, Tsvetaeva and her family were forced to leave Russia. Longing for her is reflected in such works as “Motherland”, “Chelyuskintsy”, “Longing for the Motherland”. However, it would be wrong to assume that the topic native land became relevant for Tsvetaeva only from the moment she went abroad. The poetess always worried about her country, lived with its victories and failures, but over the years, bitterness was mixed with the feeling of love - strong and painful.

Some contemporaries tried to accuse the poetess of betraying Russia, although she never forgot the dirty and noisy cities, quiet villages and fields of her country. Her love was constant. We find confirmation of this in the cycle “Poems about Moscow,” which was written several years before emigration.

It does not yet contain that hopeless melancholy that will arise in the poetess’s work in subsequent years. On the contrary, the poem testifies to Tsvetaeva’s hopes and affection for her Motherland, which is personified by the image of the capital.

Moscow! How huge

Everyone in Rus' is homeless.

We will all come to you.

Tsvetaeva feels part of the capital city. Her soul is filled with love for Moscow, she exalts it: “I exalt you, the best burden.” The capital is associated for the poetess with the concept spiritual world, hence the frequency of using religious words in describing the city: domes, crown, churches, bell ringing. Moscow is identified with the divine city, which cannot be forgotten.

Seven hills are like seven bells,

On the seven bells of the bell tower.

All in all: forty forty, -

Tsvetaeva’s attitude towards Moscow suggests her awareness of significant moral duty in relation to your favorite city. Just as those who are getting married before the altar repeat the oath after the priest, uttering the words: “Both in sorrow and in joy. “, in the same way, Tsvetaeva recognizes her desire to be with Moscow not only during her reign, but also during the period of sorrows. “. Where even dead I will be happy,” she says, about inseparability from the ancient Russian capital.

Marina Ivanovna is connected with the “wonderful” and “peaceful” city by inextricable ties, therefore in the poem she blesses her descendants for an alliance with Moscow. Thus, she makes it clear that the capital is timeless, it is forever young, and there are and will always be people who perceive her as a faithful friend, mother.

She is ready to hand over Moscow to the next generation with sacred trembling in her heart, “with tender bitterness,” as she herself admits, but at the same time she tries to set an example of the attitude that must certainly be present among her descendants. Marina Ivanovna herself hopes to remain with Moscow after her death.

Along the streets of abandoned Moscow

I will go, and you will wander.

And not one will be left behind on the way,

And the first lump will crash on the coffin lid, -

And finally it will be resolved

A selfish, lonely dream.

And from now on nothing is needed

To the newly deceased noblewoman Marina.

Russian people have always associated Moscow with the concept of the Motherland, and its name merged a great many spiritual aspects. It seems to me that Marina Tsvetaeva, speaking about the capital, had in mind Russia as a whole, and its attitude towards capital city is an echo of reverent awe for her native fatherland, which has always been for her the sphere of sacred duty.

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The theme of the homeland occupies a central place in the works of writers of the early 20th century. This is most clearly manifested in the works of poets and prose writers who did not accept the revolution and left Russia in order to glorify the long-suffering country far from their home, turning their innermost thoughts and experiences to it. One of these poets was Marina Tsvetaeva.

The fate of the poetess M. Tsvetaeva is complex and diverse. She began writing very early, at the age of sixteen, but even then her inner world amazed with its richness and versatility.

Already in the early work of M. Tsvetaeva, motifs of sadness and hopelessness were noted. Subsequently they became more and more intensified. Tsvetaeva’s poetic style was formed under the influence of the rich poetic culture of the last decade of the “Silver Age”. At the age of thirty, Tsvetaeva and her family were forced to leave Russia. Longing for her is reflected in such works as “Motherland”, “Chelyuskintsy”, “Longing for the Motherland”. However, it would be wrong to assume that the topic of her native land became relevant for Tsvetaeva only from the moment she went abroad. The poetess always worried about her country, lived with its victories and failures, but over the years, bitterness was mixed with the feeling of love - strong and painful.

Moscow! How huge

Hospice!

Everyone in Rus' is homeless.

We will all come to you.

Tsvetaeva feels part of the capital city. Her soul is filled with love for Moscow, she exalts it: “I exalt you, the best burden.” For the poetess, the capital is associated with the concept of the spiritual world, hence the frequency of using religious words in describing the city: domes, crown, churches, ringing bells... Moscow is identified with the divine city, which cannot be consigned to oblivion.

Seven hills are like seven bells,

On the seven bells of the bell tower.

All in all: forty forty, -

Bell seven hills!

Tsvetaeva's attitude towards Moscow suggests her awareness of a significant moral duty towards her beloved city. Just as those being married before the altar repeat the oath after the priest, uttering the words: “Both in sorrow and in joy...”, so Tsvetaeva recognizes her desire to be with Moscow not only during her reign, but also during the period of sorrows. “...Where even dead I will be happy,” she says, about inseparability from the ancient Russian capital.

Along the streets of abandoned Moscow

I will go, and you will wander.

And not one will be left behind on the way,

And the first lump will crash on the coffin lid, -

And finally it will be resolved

A selfish, lonely dream.

And from now on nothing is needed

To the newly deceased noblewoman Marina.

Russian people have always associated Moscow with the concept of the Motherland, and its name merged a great many spiritual aspects. It seems to me that Marina Tsvetaeva, speaking about the capital, had in mind Russia as a whole, and her attitude towards the capital city is an echo of reverent awe for her native fatherland, which has always been for her the sphere of sacred duty.

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The theme of the homeland in the works of M. Tsvetaeva (using the example of the work “Poems about Moscow”)

Not to be in Russia, to forget Russia -

only those can be afraid

who thinks of Russia outside of themselves.

M. Tsvetaeva

Golden-domed Moscow, the ringing of bells, the towers and domes of churches since childhood merged in the soul of M. Tsvetaeva in the image of the Motherland, a deep love for which she carried through all the hardships and difficulties of her life. thorny path. It was probably very difficult for a poet who does not receive recognition in his native country.

Unable to accept the revolution of 1917, Marina Tsvetaeva was forced to emigrate abroad in 1922, but not for ideological reasons, since she could not imagine life away from Russia, but following her beloved husband, a white officer.

You! I’ll lose this hand of mine, - At least two! I will sign with my lips on the scaffold: discord is my land - Pride, my homeland!

A poet cannot live long away from his homeland, so M. Tsvetaeva always carried the dear image of her native country in her soul, hoping for a return. The proud and freedom-loving woman did not have any feelings of resentment towards Russia, which seemed to have turned away from her and betrayed her poet, because she understood: history is made not by countries, but by people.

The distance, innate as pain, is such a homeland and such a rock that everywhere, throughout the entire distance, I carry it all with me!

Tsvetaeva tried to pour her love for Russia into her son, who had never seen his homeland. Marina Ivanovna was sure: for a Russian person there would be no happiness apart from Russia, and she really wanted her son to understand this and accept his country with all its mistakes and contradictions.

I pumped all of Rus' into you - like a pump! God knows - I’ll swear! - You will not be the scum of your Country.

Abroad, M. Tsvetaeva’s family lived in Berlin, Prague, and Paris, but all the thoughts, hopes and aspirations of the poet were directed to their homeland. Unbroken and unconquered, she refused to write the lampoons against Russia so expected by foreign admirers, to vilify it in poetry, expressing resentment and anger at visible injustice. Yes, Russia was her pain, but it was a fatal, inevitable pain that she had to come to terms with, accepting everything as it was.

The Eiffel is just a stone's throw away! Serve and climb. But each of us is so mature, I see, I say, and today, That your Paris seems boring and ugly to us. “My Russia, Russia, Why do you burn so brightly?”

Many of M. Tsvetaeva’s poems, written during the period of emigration, are filled with longing for the homeland, where both the heart and soul of the poet aspired. Not accepted by Russia at one time, even in a foreign land she remained lonely, not understood. Returning home threatened Tsvetaeva with many dangers and surprises, but it was more difficult to endure separation from home country I didn’t have the strength, and besides, my husband and daughter had left there even earlier. Material from the site

Homesickness! A long-debunked problem! I don’t care at all - Where to be completely alone...

In fact, Tsvetaeva really didn’t care, which is why she made a decisive and irrevocable choice - to return. But during the emigration of Marina Tsvetaeva, Russia changed - just as decisively and just as irrevocably. The forebodings that tormented the poet in a foreign land were fully justified - returning to her homeland brought Marina Ivanovna even greater suffering and tragedy. Severe depression and a deep sense of loneliness pushed M. Tsvetaeva to make a terrible choice, about which she prophetically wrote several years before the tragedy:

Solitude: go into yourself, like your great-grandfathers in the feuds. Solitude: in the chest Seek and find freedom. ........................................ Celebrate and bury the victory of Solitude in breasts Solitude: go away, Life!

A bright and original poet passed away, not seeing further meaning in it, but her poems remained, reading which, you are imbued with the deepest respect for the courageous and freedom-loving personality of M. Tsvetaeva, you admire the endless love for the Motherland that she carried in her heart until the last moment.

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Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. The theme of the Motherland in the works of Marina Tsvetaeva [ Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

Analysis of the development of the theme of the Motherland in Tsvetaeva’s poems.

The fate of the remarkable Russian poetess Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva was not simple, even tragic. Independent, proud, never imitating anyone, either in life or in poetry, she went through a path of hardships that would have been more than enough for many ordinary lives. Where the other is more weak person, would have been broken and crushed long ago, Marina Tsvetaeva survived without sacrificing even a little of her personality or talent.

She found courage and perseverance in her creativity and in her ardent, enduring love for her Motherland. That is why the theme of the Motherland is leading in the work of Marina Tsvetaeva.

At the age of 17, while in Paris, Marina Tsvetaeva writes the poem “In Paris”. It would seem that the young poetess should have been charmed and amazed by the bright, cheerful Paris. But no: “In big and depraved Paris there is still the same secret melancholy...” and loneliness: “I’m alone here.” And young Tsvetaeva dreams of Russia:

In big and joyful Paris
I dream of grass, clouds...

Tsvetaeva's theme of the Motherland receives further development in poems dedicated to Moscow. One of them starts like this

Moscow! How huge
Hospice!

Here Tsvetaeva represents Moscow as the heart of Russia, the center of its spiritual values. The Russian man is a wanderer and a sinner, striving for spiritual purification, which is associated with faith (Iveron Icon, healer Panteleimon), with Moscow:

And hallelujah flows
To the dark fields.
- I kiss your chest,
Moscow land!

Poems written far from the Motherland, in exile, are filled with completely new intonations, tragic and hopeless. Here is a poem from 1925:

I bow to Russian rye,
The field where the woman lies...
Friend! It's raining outside my window
Troubles and joys in the heart...
You are in the midst of rain and troubles -
The same as Homer in hexameter.
Give me your hand - to the whole world!
Here are mine - both are busy.

The verse is built on antithesis. Tsvetaeva in Czechoslovakia, overwhelmed by nostalgia, “with troubles in her heart and rains,” and a friend in Russia, who also has rains and troubles, but who is calm and happy like “Homer in a hexameter,” because he is at home, in his homeland.

Seven years pass and Tsvetaeva writes a poem in which amazing power expresses the idea that for her a return to Russia, an alliance with her Motherland, is impossible. The Russia that was close to Tsvetaeva no longer exists, and “now the country” will not accept the poetess:

The Motherland will not call us!

But still, in spite of everything, love for Russia overcomes the tragedy of the break in Tsvetaeva’s soul, and she exclaims:

Go, my son, home - forward -
To your own land, in your own age, at your own hour - from us
To Russia - you, to Russia - the masses,
In our time - a country! at this moment - a country!

The poem from 1934 seems even more tragic to me. The thought expressed in the first stanza seems blasphemous:

Homesickness! For a long time
A hassle exposed!
I don't care at all -
Where all alone
Be,...

Homesickness is a ghost, a whim. Tsvetaeva consistently develops this thought throughout the entire poem: she doesn’t care where and how to live, with whom and in what language to speak, she has no memories:

Every house is foreign to me, every temple is empty to me,
And everything is equal, and everything is one.
But if there is a bush along the way
Especially the mountain ash stands up...

But the last two lines literally explode this logic of indifference. In fact, Tsvetaeva’s indifference and falsehood is a weak attempt to somehow muffle the pain and longing for the Motherland. The incompleteness of the thought about the rowan bush, as if torn off by unexpectedly surging feelings, emphasizes the depth and strength of love for Russia.

In the cycle “Poems for the Czech Republic,” the poetess creates her strongest, most expressive poems, in which she directly declared her love for the Motherland and the people:

You won't die, people!
God bless you!
I gave with my heart - pomegranate,
The chest gave - granite.
Prosper, people,
Solid as a tablet
Hot like a pomegranate
Clear as crystal.

Tsvetaeva’s work became an outstanding and original phenomenon of both the culture of the Silver Age and all literature in general. Her poems, filled with deep feeling, sink into the soul. Their unusual rhythm philosophical meaning make you think about the essence of life. Tsvetaeva is one of the few poets who saw the whole tragedy of Russia and sought not to renounce it, but to help the Motherland.

Modern Russia may not be the image of which the poetess dreamed, but thanks also to her poems, faith in great country will not disappear, and on the path to returning the former greatness of our Motherland in 2014-2015, we have already taken several big steps.

Theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Every house is alien to me, every temple is empty to me, And everything is the same, and everything is one. But if along the way a bush stands up, especially a rowan... The poet has no homeland, the poet belongs first of all to the world. But every Russian poet belongs first of all to Russia. Always. The feeling of patriotism in Russian poets has been brought to some critical point. This is a cup that cannot be filled so that the water overflows. It's not enough for poets. Tsvetaeva is a Russian poet, in addition, she is an eyewitness to all the turning points of her time. Her lyrics are a chronicle. A chronicle of love experiences and a chronicle of Russia, the Motherland, and the twentieth century.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Not accepting the revolution of 1917, In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and her daughter went abroad to join her husband, Sergei Efron, a white officer. The decision to leave Tsvetaeva’s homeland was not easy: only her enormous, sizzling love for her husband forced her to leave the country. Tsvetaeva loves Russia, she would not exchange it for either Foggy Albion or “big and joyful” Paris, which took 14 years of her life: I’m here alone. It’s so sweet to cling to the chestnut trunk: And Rostand’s verse cries in the heart, Like there, in abandoned Moscow.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Most of what Tsvetaeva created in exile remained unpublished. In 1928, her last lifetime collection, “After Russia,” was published in Paris, which included poems from 1922-1925. Later, Tsvetaeva writes about it this way: “My failure in emigration is that I am not an emigrant, that I am in spirit, that is, in the air and in scope - there, there, from there...” For Marina Tsvetaeva, Russia is an expression of the spirit of rebellion, lush space and boundless latitude. Others go astray with all their flesh, From parched lips they swallow the breath. . . And I - arms wide open! - froze - tetanus! To blow my soul out - a Russian draft!

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Poems written in exile are longing for the homeland, the bitterness of separation from Russia. Tsvetaeva forever merged with her homeland, with its free and desperate soul. The distance, innate as pain, is such a homeland and such a rock that everywhere, throughout the entire distance, I carry it all with me. Abroad, Tsvetaeva follows the events taking place in Russia. She writes poems about the Chelyuskinites, she is proud that they are Russian. I hold on to you with every muscle - and I’m proud: the Chelyuskinites are Russians!

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Marina Tsvetaeva always admired the country in which she was born, she knew that her homeland was mysterious and extraordinary, where extremes sometimes come together without any transitions or rules. What could be warmer than your own land, which nurtured and raised you like a mother, which you cannot do without, which cannot be betrayed? The breadth and open spaces of her native land, the “Russian, through” wind – this is what Marina has absorbed. And it was Russia, vast and harsh, unyielding and patient, that she bequeathed to her son, Georgy Efron. My child. . . My? Her Child! The same reality with which reality grows. Can the earth, worn down to dust, be carried into the cradle by a child in shaking handfuls: “Rus' is this dust, honor this dust!”

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva The feminine principle is everywhere in Tsvetaeva’s work. Her Russia is a woman. Strong, proud, and... always a victim. The theme of death permeates all feelings, and when about Russia, it is heard especially loudly: You! I’ll lose this hand, at least two! I will sign with my lips on the chopping block: discord is my land. Pride, my homeland! “Motherland”, 1932 But these are “late” feelings. There is also childhood on the Oka River, in Tarusa, sweet memories and the desire to return there again and again in order to remember, to take with you the Russia of the past century: Give us back childhood, give back All the colorful beads, Small, peaceful Tarusa Summer days.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Marina Tsvetaeva’s childhood is connected not only with Tarusa, with Oka, but also, of course, with Moscow. . Moscow streets, the Moscow landscape are a constant background for the poet’s experiences, starting from his earliest poems. Already in the collection " Magic lantern» M. Tsvetaeva turns to the romantic past of the city: Houses with a sign of the breed With the appearance of its watchmen. . . Blue hills near Moscow, There is dust and tar in the slightly warm air. . . Moscow in the poetry of M. Tsvetaeva appears as the center of spiritual culture and history. : - the domes are burning, - the bells are ringing, And the tombs are in a row, - In them queens and kings sleep.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Central work M. Tsvetaeva, dedicated to this topic, - First of all, the cycle conveys the deep emotion of the poet contemplating his beloved city. Love that reaches the point of delight - such is the feeling that awakens in the soul. The poems sound solemn and joyful.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva The center of this city is spirituality. The popular faith is alive in this city, appearing again and again in the cycle of “forty churches”. Around the church - all the magpies And the doves flying over them, And the Spassky gates with flowers, Where the Orthodox hat is taken off. And as many as forty churches Laugh at the pride of kings! Seven hills are like seven stakes, On seven bells there are bell towers. All in all: forty, - Bell Seven Hills!

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Moscow for Tsvetaeva is a home and a gift that is not received, but given. She gives Moscow, as her most valuable asset, to both her daughter and her lover as a guarantee of genuine feelings: With her husband Sergei Efron With her daughter Ariadna Efron

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva Moscow in Tsvetaeva’s poems appears as a spiritual inheritance, the unity of faith and history, which is given to a person for his entire life - from birth to death. The feeling of blood connection with the native land creates personality. That is why the final poem of the cycle is about the birth of the poet: The Rowan was lit with a red brush. Leaves were falling. I was born.

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva In her autobiography, Tsvetaeva writes that she returns to Moscow in 1939 from emigration to give her son, George, a homeland. But, perhaps, to return this homeland to yourself? . . But the old Moscow about which she wrote in 1911 no longer exists; “languid great-grandmothers, the glory of the Houses of Old Moscow,” have perished. Outside terrible era Stalin with boarded up doors and quiet whispers of gossip. Tsvetaeva is suffocating, again irresistibly drawn to childhood, she wants to run away and hide from all the “dirt” pouring from above. But she is also amazed at the strength of her people, who have withstood the difficult trials of incessant coups and continue to bear the unbearable burden of dictatorship. She is subdued by him, she is proud, she knows that she is also part of this people: The people are the same as the poet - Herald of all latitudes, - Like the poet, with his mouth open, Stands - such a people! "The People", 1939

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva The theme of the Motherland is, first of all, the theme of the entire Russian people, Russian history, it is the theme of Derzhavin, Ivan the Terrible, Blok. Tsvetaeva’s work is all one. She herself is part of this Motherland, its singer and its creator. She cannot live in Russia and cannot live away from it. Her whole fate and creativity is a paradox. But the paradox is far from meaningless! Tsvetaeva is like a mirror - she reflects everything, without distortion, she accepts everything, she simply cannot live with it, with this inescapable feeling of homeland. And all of it, this feeling, is in her poems: Suffer me! I am everywhere: I am dawn and ore, bread and sigh, I am and I will be, and I will obtain Lips - just as God will obtain the soul.