In the fairy tale, Frost Ivanovich was a joke. Russian folk tale "Moroz Ivanovich"

Leads the story " Dead souls» Chichikov. It links together various events and human destinies. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov differs in his social nature from the circle of landowners. This is a man of a new, bourgeois formation - an “acquirer”, a predator. It was very important to comprehend his character, his inner world, historical place similar people V modern life. But it is not so easy to understand this character. It is difficult to grasp even his external appearance. Chichikov's portrait seems at first glance somewhat amorphous. And Gogol emphasizes this feeling from the very first moment of the hero’s appearance. “Not handsome, but not bad-looking either,” “not too fat, not too thin,” “not too old, but not too young,” “middle-aged,” “not too high in rank.” and not too small.” That's how he is - main character"Dead Souls".

In the same regard, a biography of Chichikov is given. Chichikov is the only character whose life story is revealed in all details and has been comprehensively artistically researched. To understand Chichikov as a socio-psychological type, it was necessary to comprehend the mystery of his origin and comprehend the living conditions under the influence of which his character was formed. That is why the very method of depicting Chichikov differs in many respects from the path that Gogol followed when drawing other characters in Dead Souls. Manilov and Sobakevich, Korobochka and Nozdryov are revealed by Gogol statically, as characters personifying a completely established, motionless, routine way of life. The static character was fully consistent with the stagnation of life and the entire way of life of these people.

Chichikov, who expressed a new phenomenon, still ripening, had to be depicted differently, in a different way. His character is shown in dynamics, in continuous development, in collisions with various obstacles that constantly arise on his path. The historical novelty of Chichikov naturally demanded from Gogol artistic analysis reasons for the appearance of such characters.

Introducing us to Tentetnikov in the second volume of Dead Souls and trying to unravel this type, the writer poses the question: “Are such characters already born or are they then formed as a product of sad circumstances that severely stop a person? Instead of answering this, it is better to tell the story of his upbringing and childhood.” “The History of Education” helps Gogol to identify the diverse conditions - the social environment, the family - under the influence of which a person’s character is formed. But what kind of person is Chichikov? Is he included in big picture Is Rus' “on one side” or is it somehow falling out of it? It would seem that the circle of landowners has already been presented, the circle of officials has been outlined.

Chichikov, partly an official and partly a landowner (true, a “Kherson” landowner, but still a nobleman), should have ended up somewhere in these circles, become a general row with other heroes, standing out, perhaps, by the degree of their vulgarity.

But Gogol acts differently: he separated it from this landowner-bureaucratic world, although he annexed it to Rus' “on one side.” The writer felt that before him was a new phenomenon, unclear in its novelty, which had not exhausted its possibilities, just as the landowners had exhausted themselves in Plyushkin, and the officials in the prosecutor. On the contrary, all the possibilities of the new phenomenon are just beginning to unfold.

So, the whole life of the hero passes before us. It was important for the writer to show this character both in its origins - social and psychological, and in the process of its subsequent evolution. In the old theories of literature there was a concept of a “through” hero. Chichikov is such a hero. We meet him already on the first page of “Dead Souls” and do not let him out of our sight for a single minute until the end of the book.

In the fall of 1835, Gogol began working on the poem “ Dead Souls”, the plot of which was suggested to him by Pushkin. Gogol had long dreamed of writing a novel about Russia, and was very grateful to Pushkin for the idea. “In this novel I want to show at least one thing...

Work plan: 1. Introduction 2. Main part 2.1. Plyushkin's estate 2.2. Plyushkin's feelings and emotions, their manifestation 2.3. Plyushkin's path to complete degradation 2.4. The influence of loved ones on the fate of the main character 2.5. Appearance...

In his “Author's Confession,” Gogol indicates that Pushkin gave him the idea to write “Dead Souls.” (This material will help you write correctly on the topic of Review of poem Dead souls. Summary doesn’t make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so...

The poem “Dead Souls” cannot be imagined without “lyrical digressions.” They entered the structure of the work so organically that we can no longer imagine it without these magnificent author’s monologues. Thanks to " lyrical digressions"We constantly feel...

Every schoolchild is familiar with the poem “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. It is very important to understand a work of literature, to feel each character, to understand his inner world and character. This is precisely what is important when studying “Dead Souls”. The main character is Pavel Ivanovich, about whose childhood and youth we learn at the very beginning. The author of the poem presented the main character as faceless and without his voice, like a chameleon. The character knows how to adapt to any person in order to achieve his main goal - his own well-being. Our task is to understand how the character of Nikolai Chichikov manifests itself in his interactions with Manilov, Korobochka and the landowners.

The character of Chichikov in communication with Manilov

Manilov is a “very courteous” landowner, who is already known in the first chapter of the poem. He has "sweet as sugar" eyes. Manilov met Chichikov with a smile. His tone was sweet, but sweetly false, like his smile, which at least a little brightened his gray everyday life. Manilov's sweet voice is just a way to please the guest. Chichikov easily carries on a conversation with Manilov about a goal that interests him, but Manilov takes him by surprise with the question “What do you need all this for?” Despite Chichikov’s skill in getting people to like him, he did not expect such a course of the conversation, which is why both sat with their mouths open. Chichikov came to his senses and assured his interlocutor that the deal was legal, and he was right. Chichikov convinced Manilov that this deal would turn out to be great honor, after which Manilov immediately agreed. Chichikov made his sweet speech with thanks and left, thinking about new myths and benefits sales of the dead shower.

The character of Chichikov in communication with Korobochka

Korobochka is an old economic woman, but she is limited and closed to other people. Therefore, in order for the deal to take place, Chichikov tries to understand his interlocutor. So he begins to get used to the image of Korobochka and understands that compliments do not work on her as they do on Manilov, and speaks to her only on business. Chichikov was dissatisfied with her curiosity, because she didn’t even know that dead souls could be bought or sold. The box turned out to be greedy, and she chose money.

The character of Chichikov in communication with Nozdrev

Nozdryov is an unpredictable person who does not control himself. Having come to visit Chichikov, Nozdrev introduces him to his farm, starting with the stables. Chichikov perceived this as obvious boasting, and a negative attitude towards him developed. The landowner did not pay attention to dinner and only at 5 o’clock they sat down at the table. This is followed by drinking and a quarrel between the interlocutors. Then they start playing checkers for their souls. Nozdryov lost, and without admitting it, he starts a fight with Chichikov. Chichikov flees for his life. Running away, Chichikov cannot understand why he trusted this swindler. But one thing united them - they both act for selfish purposes.

The character of Chichikov in communication with Sobakevich

Sobakevich is rude, capable of swearing, loves money. Therefore, already at the beginning of lunch, they had an argument about the governor’s table. Next, Chichikov declares his goal, but began to speak somehow from afar. He talks about the existing law, but understands that talking to Sobakevich simply won’t work. Therefore, he begins to speak diplomatically, with a certain formality. Chichikov even replaces the word “dead” souls with “non-existent” in order to give softness and not focus Sobakevich’s attention on this.

The character of Chichikov in communication with Plyushkin

Plyushkin - spiritually neglected man, quite stingy. Chichikov immediately puts politeness back into action and begins to please the landowner, calling him “a respectable, kind old man.” However, Plyushkin is not kind to the guest, not friendly, and did not even invite him to the table. Chichikov rejoices in his thoughts that he “intercepted Vatrushka from Sobakevich.” Interested in Plyushkin’s souls, Chichikov refers to his friend, but in his thoughts he laughs sarcastically because he bought them for himself. Leaving Plyushkin, in his thoughts he rejoices at the successful deal.

Chichikov's inner world remained unknown to us. It has not been repeated anywhere. It's like he professional actor and a psychologist who skillfully wins over people. He was never able to win over Nozdryov, because he himself is not rude, it is alien to him. Chichikov is ready to pretend for his own benefit. He was taught this since childhood. The poem "Dead Souls" deserves our attention, so much life examples presented on its pages. One has only to wonder what we would have learned about in the second volume if it had been preserved.

Chichikov's character is not simple; it is not easy for the reader to understand him. At the beginning of the story, the author draws appearance of the hero: “not handsome, but not bad-looking either,” “neither too fat, nor too thin,” “middle-aged man,” emphasizing the uncertainty and unpredictability of this image.

Revealing to the reader the main character as a socio-psychological type, Gogol narrates the origin, upbringing and life conditions of the formation of Chichikov’s personality. Pavel Ivanovich is the only character whose life story is revealed in all details and has been comprehensively artistically researched. He belongs to the type of “end-to-end” heroes (“he is the complete master here”), although we become acquainted with his biography only at the end of the first volume.

What kind of person is Chichikov? Does it fit into the big picture? Russian life or falls out of it? Although Chichikov is partly an official and partly a landowner (true, a “Kherson” landowner, but still a nobleman), Gogol separates him from this world, joining him to Rus' “on one side.” The uniqueness of the hero lies in the fact that he is a new being, unclear in his novelty, who has not exhausted his capabilities, like landowners and officials.

In the eleventh chapter of the poem, the writer reveals to us the life story of Chichikov. The author notes the “dark and humble” origin of the hero. His primary education and training took place in a “small room with small windows” that were never opened. Father left Pavlusha a legacy of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, please teachers and bosses, be kind to friends and, most importantly, save and save a penny. In his will, the father did not say anything to his son about moral responsibility to people, about honor and dignity. Walking along the road of life and developing his everyday principles, Chichikov realized that these concepts only interfere with the achievement of selfish goals.

Chichikov built his well-being at the expense of others: insulting a teacher, deceiving a police officer and his daughter, bribery, embezzlement of government money, fraud at customs. Moreover, each time he suffered a defeat, he carried out the next fraud with even greater energy. It is interesting to remember what thoughts occupied Gogol’s hero after a failed deal with smugglers. Chichikov complained that everyone was taking advantage of their position, “everything is gaining”; if he had not taken it, then others would have taken it. Pavel Ivanovich calls this “remorse,” thinking about his children, to whom he will not be able to leave a decent fortune. Gogol, who closely follows not only the hero’s actions, but also his thoughts, notes that in Chichikov’s reasoning “there was a certain side of justice.” Gogol’s irony sounds sad, how scary it is to understand that such behavior of officials in Russia was natural.

Svetlana
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The image of Chichikov - “The Knight of the Penny” Essay. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol "Dead Souls"

In the poem "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol showed that the old patriarchal noble Russia begins to collapse. The images of landowners, in particular Plyushkin, are clear evidence of this. The appearance of people of a different life orientation is caused by the inexorable course of history. This is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov - a man of a new formation, a businessman-acquirer.

Chichikov's character is not simple; it is not easy for the reader to understand him. At the beginning of the story, the author draws the appearance of the hero: “not handsome, but not bad-looking either,” “neither too fat, nor too thin,” “middle-aged man,” emphasizing the uncertainty and unpredictability of this image.

Revealing to the reader the main character as a socio-psychological type, Gogol narrates the origin, upbringing and life conditions of the formation of Chichikov’s personality. Pavel Ivanovich is the only character whose life story is revealed in all details and has been comprehensively artistically researched. He belongs to the type of “cross-cutting” heroes (“he is the complete master here”), although we become acquainted with his biography only at the end of the first volume.

What kind of person is Chichikov? Does he fit into the overall picture of Russian life or does he fall out of it? Although Chichikov is partly an official and partly a landowner (true, a “Kherson” landowner, but still a nobleman), Gogol separates him from this world, joining him to Rus' “on one side.” The uniqueness of the hero lies in the fact that he is a new being, unclear in his novelty, who has not exhausted his capabilities, like landowners and officials.

In the eleventh chapter of the poem, the writer reveals to us the life story of Chichikov. The author notes the “dark and humble” origin of the hero. His initial upbringing and training took place in a “small room with small windows” that were never opened. Father left Pavlusha a legacy of half a copper and a covenant to study diligently, please teachers and bosses, be kind to friends and, most importantly, save and save a penny. In his will, the father did not say anything to his son about moral responsibility to people, about honor and dignity. Walking along the road of life and developing his everyday principles, Chichikov realized that these concepts only interfere with the achievement of selfish goals.

Chichikov built his well-being at the expense of others: insulting a teacher, deceiving a police officer and his daughter, bribery, embezzlement of government money, fraud at customs. Moreover, each time he suffered a defeat, he carried out the next fraud with even greater energy. It is interesting to remember what thoughts occupied Gogol’s hero after a failed deal with smugglers. Chichikov complained that everyone takes advantage of their position, “everyone gains”; if he had not taken it, then others would have taken it. Pavel Ivanovich calls this “remorse,” thinking about his children, to whom he will not be able to leave a decent fortune. Gogol, who closely follows not only the hero’s actions, but also his thoughts, notes that in Chichikov’s reasoning “there was a certain side of justice.” Gogol’s irony sounds sad, how scary it is to understand that such behavior of officials in Russia was natural.

We cannot deny that Chichikov is a man of action who does not give up in the face of difficulties, that his fate is in many ways dramatic. It is gratifying to notice in such people the manifestation sincere feelings. When meeting a mysterious stranger at a ball, governor's daughter, something so strange happened to Chichikov" ("... apparently, the Chichikovs also turn into poets for a few minutes of their lives"). However, it is sad to realize the underdevelopment of the hero's soul, its inability to perceive the high and sublime ("... but the word " poet" will be too much").
1 year ago

Apr 11 2010

Main role Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov plays in the plot of “Dead Souls”. To understand Chichikov as a socio-psychological type, it was necessary to comprehend the mystery of his origin and comprehend the living conditions under the influence of which his character was formed. Manilov and Sobakevich, Korobochka and Nozdryov are shown by Gogol more or less statically, that is, without development, as characters personifying a way of life that is completely established, motionless, routine. They are the same everywhere; the question of the formation of such characters does not arise. The static character was fully consistent with the stagnation of everyday life and the entire life of such people. Only Plyushkin is given a “backstory” in the poem, but this is the degeneration of “wise avarice” into a “hole in humanity.”

Gogol approached the character of Chichikov differently. Chichikov, who expressed a new phenomenon, still ripening, had to be depicted differently, in a different way. His character is shown in continuous development, in a collision with various obstacles that constantly arise on his path.

Chichikov's biography is much more complete than any of the characters in Dead Souls. Everything passes before us. It was important for the writer to show this character both in its origins - social and psychological - and in the process of its subsequent development.

Chichikov is “new” in Russia, arousing the greatest interest and curiosity. That was the time when capital became the true master of life. Without family or tribe, he unceremoniously invaded secular living rooms and more and more forcefully pushed back in various areas public life noble aristocracy.

Severe, spiritually miserable in the father’s house, the last father’s advice, a very unique system of education at school, lack of talent and “a great mind on the other hand, on the practical side,” resourcefulness, the ability to gain confidence and “cheat” without a twinge of conscience, etc. - this is what Gogol draws the reader’s attention to.

Chichikov perfectly knew how to navigate in any environment, “he somehow knew how to find himself in everything.” He is flexible and resourceful. Depending on the circumstances, the character and tone of his conversation changes: in one case he is sentimental and flattering, in another he is respectful and obsequious, in the third he is restrained and businesslike, in the fourth he is cheeky and rude. So, every time in a new guise, he appears in Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin and almost always achieves his goal. He behaves respectfully and obediently with the teacher, “a lover of silence and good behavior,” with the elderly police officer, with the customs authorities. Even in the most difficult moments of his life, he does not get lost, he comes out unscathed in order to start all over again.

This chameleon-like ability to take on the colors of the surroundings is superbly conveyed in Chichikov’s language. He knows very well the value of words in the dead official world and handles words carefully. He tries to avoid expressions that are in any way rude or insulting to decency and knows how to pronounce “words with weight.” Clever, careful, insinuating, Pavel Ivanovich chooses words like these, true meaning which should not immediately become clear to his interlocutor. When talking with [Sobakevich, he, for example, never mentions dead souls, delicately calling them “non-existent.” Chichikov is extremely sensitive to the peculiarities of his interlocutor’s speech. From each of them, he instantly adopts the characteristic intonation in a conversation, the stylistic coloring of a phrase, and this comes out of him almost naturally and without compromising his own solidity. It is enough, for example, to recall the dialogue between Manilov and Chichikov in front of the door to Manilov’s chambers. Chichikov perfectly comprehended " great secret like". For all officials provincial town he made an irresistible impression. Moreover, everyone in him discovered his own. To the governor he seemed a well-intentioned man, to the prosecutor - efficient, to the gendarmerie colonel - learned, to the chairman of the chamber - respectable, to the police chief - amiable. This contrast between the appearance of character and his essence undoubtedly underlies the comic nature of Chichikov’s image, his moral and psychological portrait. This is exactly how Chernyshevsky defined the comic: it is “...internal emptiness and insignificance, hiding behind an appearance that has a claim to content and real value" The insignificant strives to hide itself and has an irresistible pretension to appear significant. This claim is always a source of humor.

“Fityulka” Khlestakov was mistaken for an auditor, he assumed the role of “ significant person", this creates comic effect his character. Something similar happens with Chichikov. He was mistaken for a “millionaire”, then it was discovered that he was hardly a “millionaire”. But that's where the similarities end. The comedy of Chichikov's character is deeper and more complex.

The legend of the millionaire becomes the ideological and psychological center of Chichikov’s entire adventure. Having heard about Chichikov's millions, everything provincial society reached out to him. But just as quickly it recoiled from him as soon as it found out that there were no millions in his name. Both the “ebb” and “ebb” gave Gogol material for subtle psychological observations. For Gogol, Chichikov is not at all petty swindler. I saw the indomitable energy of the Chichikovs in their desire for capital, for “a million.” I saw that the Chichikovs, striving for a “million,” freed themselves from everything human in themselves and were merciless towards people who stood in their way.

Gogol well understood the terrible threat that Chichikov posed to the people. Chichikovism penetrated into everyone’s souls more people, the circle of those who experienced a “tender disposition towards meanness” at the sight of the “millionaire” became wider. The Chichikovs threaten to replace the vulgar world with a world of militant meanness. The vulgar world of “dead souls” is historically doomed. Chichikov grows as an “acquirer, master”, grows with impunity with the obvious approval of his “acquisitions” and with secret universal envy of his strength.