Leonardo da Vinci created the basic ideas. Psychological ideas of Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci lived at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, but it feels like he flew there from the future. Many of his discoveries, inventions and ideas are very difficult to explain otherwise. Nevertheless, there are a dozen basic ideas and concepts without which our world today would be different.

Vitruvian Man. Leonardo da Vinci developed his concept of the ideal physique based on the proportions proposed by the Roman architect and mechanic Vitruvius. Da Vinci's angry man now has reason to celebrate: it's one of the world's most recognizable sketches.

Geochronology. Most of da Vinci's contemporaries believed that the fossilized shellfish in the mountains were there because of the Great Flood. Italian artist and the inventor thought differently. It was he who first came up with the idea of ​​the movement of tectonic plates.

Self-propelled carriage. Of course, this is not a Ferrari, but for the era of da Vinci, the design of this carriage was truly revolutionary. The wooden “car” moved due to the interaction of springs with the wheels. In 2004, scientists in one of the museums in Florence created exact copy cart and discovered that it actually drove the way the inventor intended.

Ideal city. Da Vinci lived in Milan during the plague, but dreamed of a cleaner and more thoughtful city that he could be proud of. He left behind very detailed architectural drawings, which even included covered stables with a ventilation system. Da Vinci proposed building a two-level city, where the upper level would be for pedestrian and surface roads, and the lower level would be for tunnels and canals connected to the basements of houses, along which freight transport would move.

Helicopter. Modern scientists agree that this design is unlikely to have ever flown, but da Vinci's helicopter concept is still one of the most famous. This thing had to be operated by a team of four people. There is a version that the design of the helicopter was inspired by a children's toy in the form of a windmill, popular during the time of the inventor.

Machine gun. More of a thinker and scientist than a fighter, da Vinci still often thought about weapon concepts. For example, he proposed a more efficient cannon design, which had three barrels instead of one.

Winged paraglider. Da Vinci's imagination was filled to the brim with ideas for flying machines, including several concepts for paragliders with flapping wings.

Rotating bridge. A fan of fast travel, da Vinci believed that his rotating bridge would be best used in warfare. According to the concept, the bridge, made of lightweight but strong materials attached to a rope-and-roller system on wheels, allowed the army to quickly turn around and collapse in the right place.

Diving suit. Da Vinci was also very fascinated by the sea, and this inspired him to create concepts for exploration vehicles. underwater world. His underwater suit was made of leather and connected to a reed breathing tube and a bell that floated on the surface of the water. The inventor even provided a bag for collecting urine.

Mirror letter. Was Leonardo's famous handwriting an attempt to avoid plagiarism, or did Da Vinci write in such a way as to avoid smearing ink on the paper with his hand? Anyway, he liked it: most of his entries are made from right to left.

Inventions and ideas of Leonardo da Vinci - from the Middle Ages to the present day.

In the history of mankind it is not easy to find another person as brilliant as the founder of art High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). The comprehensive nature of the activities of this great artist and scientist became clear only when scattered manuscripts from his legacy were examined. A colossal amount of literature has been devoted to Leonardo, and his life has been studied in detail. And yet, much in his work remains mysterious and continues to excite people’s minds.

It is known that scientific and technical progress War is the best stimulus. Leonardo really had a chance to introduce flying machines, tanks and submarines into military affairs. For this, little was needed: an enlightened European monarch, keen on everything new (someone similar to Peter I), and a letter from da Vinci to him, in which the master would offer his engineering services. This could completely change the history of our planet. Almost all geniuses pay for their gift in one way or another - through poverty, ugliness, madness, or early death. Leonardo was a happy exception. Yes - he could not transform this world, and his scientific developments did not find application among his contemporaries. However, the master lived to an old age, accumulated a lot of money and did not need anything. The most interesting thing is that if he had the opportunity to choose, he would probably agree to endure hardships if only his research would be put into practice. And this is the sign of a truly great scientist.

Oddly enough, only one invention of da Vinci received recognition during his lifetime - a wheel lock for a pistol that was wound with a key. At first, this mechanism was not widespread, but by the middle of the 16th century it had gained popularity among nobles, especially in the cavalry, which was even reflected in the design of the armor: Maximilian armor began to be made with gloves instead of mittens for the sake of firing pistols. The wheel lock for a pistol, invented by Leonardo da Vinci, was so perfect that it continued to be found in the 19th century. His inventions were hundreds of years ahead of their time. His life is shrouded in mystery, and some of his works still raise eyebrows. But, as often happens, recognition of geniuses comes centuries later: many of his inventions were expanded and modernized, and are now used in everyday life.

He is known as a great artist and sculptor. But few remember that this man invented the car, tank, helicopter, planets, parachute, scuba gear and more than a hundred other modern devices in the 15th century! His life is shrouded in mystery, his creations are worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and scientists never cease to be amazed at Leonardo's prophetic genius.

In our project, we decided to talk about some of the inventions and ideas of Leonardo da Vinci. Of course, not about all of them, this is simply impossible, but about those that seemed to us the most significant and which have found their embodiment in our days.

Among all the “earthly” discoveries of Leonardo, first of all one should name…. automobile. Da Vinci's self-propelled carriage had three wheels and was driven by a winding spring mechanism. The two rear wheels were independent of each other, and their rotation was carried out by a complex system of gears. In addition to the front wheel, there was another one - a small, rotating one, which was placed on a wooden lever. It is assumed that this idea was born to Leonardo back in 1478. But only in 1752, a self-taught Russian mechanic, peasant Leonty Shamshurenkov, was able to assemble a “self-running stroller.” The idea that Leonardo proposed was further developed and improved. Thus the first cars appeared...

Throughout his life, da Vinci was literally obsessed with the idea of ​​flight. One of the very first (and most famous) sketches on this topic is a diagram of a device that in our time is considered to be a prototype of a helicopter. Leonardo's ideas made the work of scientists much easier, from the creation of flywheels to modern airplanes and helicopters. Leonardo da Vinci also developed a drawing of the “ancestor” of the modern helicopter.

Drawing of a diving suit The idea of ​​​​Leonardo da Vinci has been embodied in our days in various types spacesuits.

This lifebuoy, invented by Leonardo, was a truly necessary invention. What material Leonardo intended to use is unknown, but the counterpart of his invention later became a traditional fixture on the ship and took the form of a cortical circle covered with canvas. One of the most necessary things for teaching a person to swim is a lifebuoy. This invention of Leonardo remained virtually unchanged. To speed up swimming, the scientist developed a design of webbed gloves, which over time turned into the well-known flippers.

The greatest scientist of his time, Leonardo da Vinci enriched almost all areas of knowledge with insightful observations and guesses. But how surprised a genius would be if he knew that many of his inventions are in use even 555 years after his birth. In Norway, a bridge was built according to the design of Leonardo da Vinci “Mona Lisa of Bridges” 05-11-2001 In Norway, an architectural project by Leonardo da Vinci was implemented, which lovers of the great master have already nicknamed “Mona Lisa of Bridges”. Architecture connoisseurs consider this project of the great Renaissance artist to be a real masterpiece, comparing it with another masterpiece by Leonardo - portrait of a woman known as the Mona Lisa. This is the first time that Leonardo da Vinci's architectural project was realized not as a model, but in life-size.

Quick Assembly Bridge Codex Atlanticus, folio 55 The idea for this bridge came to Leonardo while studying the construction of temporary military bridges, the method of fastening wooden trunks with ropes. Leonardo describes how the trunks should be placed and how they should be tied together. He also mentions the materials to be used and technical tricks. This and other types of bridges were part of Leonardo's "military proposals" to Louis Moreau, Duke of the city of Milan. The date of the manuscript is approximately 1482.

A machine gun, scuba gear, a tank, a car, a helicopter, a parachute, a spacesuit... all these things are so familiar to us that they do not cause the slightest surprise. But it’s simply impossible to imagine that all this was invented... in the 15th century!!! But this is so! And these are the ideas of the great inventor, artist, anatomist, musician, poet, architect, sculptor, engineer, seer - Leonardo da Vinci.

Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci - great Italian artist (painter, sculptor, architect) and scientist (anatomist, mathematician, physicist, naturalist), bright representative like " universal man" - ideal Italian Renaissance. He was called a sorcerer, a servant of the devil, an Italian Faust and a divine spirit. He was several centuries ahead of his time. Surrounded by legends during his lifetime, the great Leonardo is a symbol of limitless aspirations human mind. Having revealed the ideal of the Renaissance “universal man,” Leonardo was interpreted in subsequent tradition as the person who most clearly outlined the range creative quests era. He was the founder of the art of the High Renaissance. No one will deny that the great da Vinci was a true genius. Many of his ideas were brought to life only several hundred years after the master’s death. Ten of the most famous concepts created by the great Leonardo are presented by iscience.ru.

1. Vitruvian Man

Following the ancient architect Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci described the ideal person. Now this drawing is called canonical proportions. By the way, the Vitruvian Man is one of the most recognizable images in the world.

2. Geological time

To comprehend in thought such enormous periods of time during which significant changes in the landscape can occur is not an easy task. Especially when a ready answer to the question is already offered. However, Leonardo da Vinci did not agree with the opinion, which argued that shells on mountain tops are a consequence global flood. He assumed that the mountains were once the shores of the seas and over time they rose very slowly until they became the way we see them. Modern science took Leonardo's side.

3. Self-propelled trolley

Of course, this is not a Ferrari, but for that time the idea was simply revolutionary. By the way, a wooden car was built according to Leonardo’s drawings. But this happened only in 2004. Scientists at one of the museums in Florence brought the genius's plan to life, and to their great surprise the cart worked exactly as da Vinci had imagined.

4. Ideal city

Seeing Milan engulfed in plague, Da Vinci dreamed of a more thoughtful and cleaner city that he would not be ashamed to call home. His architectural drawings are very detailed and even include a description of the ventilation in the stables. Maybe modern Milanese would be disappointed, but there was no stadium planned for the city.

5. Propeller

Today's scientists unanimously insist that such a structure will not be able to take off. However, this idea of ​​Leonardo still remains one of the most famous. The structure had to be driven by four people - alas, there were no engines yet in the 15th-16th centuries.

6. Three-barreled gun

Despite his peaceful nature, Leonardo designed many war machines. For example, more effective guns. This lightweight concept could easily become a fearsome weapon on the battlefield.

7. Winged glider

The conquest of the air element interested the genius no less than penetration into depths of the sea. One of the gliders that da Vinci outlined had an open cockpit, equipped with a control system for the pilot, and was supposed to fly using movable wings.

8. Rotating bridge

This type of bridge, designed by Leonardo da Vinci, would have been required by the armies of the time. The bridge, consisting of one span, was attached to the bank with a vertical hinge, which allowed it to rotate. Such bridges could be installed quite quickly.

9. Scuba

Da Vinci's fascination with the sea resulted in numerous drawings of devices for studying underwater life. His diving suit was made of leather and attached to a reed tube leading to a bell on the surface. The practicality of the artist’s approach is demonstrated by the thoughtfulness of even such details as the container for collecting the diver’s urine.

10. Mirror letter

Was this a technique to maintain the confidentiality of his notes, or simply a need to avoid smearing the ink (Leonardo wrote with his left hand)? Whatever the reasons, the vast majority of Leonardo da Vinci's recordings were made in mirror images.

The most important inventions: 1485-1505.

Late in the evening of April 15, 1452, Leonardo da Vinci was born in a Tuscan village. The village is called... Vinci! What an extraordinary coincidence, you say. But no! “Vinci” is not a surname, it means: Leonardo from the village of Vinci.

Leonardo's mother, Caterina, was a young waitress, and his father, Ser Piero, was a notary. Pierrot falls in love with Katerina, but the same year he marries the very rich Albiera. After some time, Katerina marries another man, and leaves her son to be raised by her father and stepmother, because they could support him better than her.

Little Leonardo asked thousands of questions about nature, about the animals he saw in the fields. Growing up, he loved to run away with a notebook under his arm and spend his days drawing rocks, animals and trees. One of his first drawings depicts two ducks in a pond.

Leonardo is fascinated by observing nature; the backgrounds of his paintings are amazing landscapes. The artist makes a habit of taking notes, capturing ideas and curiosity about what he sees or imagines before new exciting ideas erase the previous ones. Numerous large sheets of paper that have come down to us are full of sketches, inscriptions and puzzles - Leonardo loved word games and crosswords - demonstrating the interests of the future Master in all subjects: botany, anatomy, zoology, engineering, hydraulics and architecture.

The boy often eats vegetable soup, favorite dish. Training takes place with a local priest. He is left-handed; and this may cost him dearly - until recently, just a few years ago, children who wrote with their left hand were forced to relearn to write with their right hand, because the left was considered the hand of the devil! His mentor, fortunately, does not believe in this and leaves the right to choose the hand for writing to the miracle child.

One truly beautiful day, Ser Pierrot returns from yet another trip with news: he wants to leave Vinci forever and take Leonardo with him. His son is happy: finally they will be together! They leave for Florence, the world capital of culture, fashion and art. Florence five hundred years ago is like New York today. Leonardo gets to know the world during numerous travels, continuing to draw, design theater performances and carry out experiments. He leaves us with an endless number of portraits, frescoes and famous discoveries, led by the prototypes of the BICYCLE and the AIRPLANE!

First of all, the exhibition invites children to try on the “skin” of the great inventor and try to come up with some new one, their own, in currently the “machine” necessary for humanity - in a broader sense than we are used to. For Leonardo, the whole world was a machine driven by the power of mind and spirit.

Leonardo da Vinci is a universal genius in understanding the intellect, who fully embodied the highest incommensurable forms of expression in the sphere of not only art, but also knowledge. He was a great artist, sculptor, architect, engineer, mathematician, anatomist, musician and inventor - in general, very likely most famous person"of all times and peoples."

The exhibition gives visitors unique opportunity try sensory perception in the study of the great Leonardo, feel a total immersion in the extraordinary past of his era. Among the “didactic educational materials” of the Roman museum are real mechanisms invented using the famous Da Vinci codes; his famous machines, both carefully embodied and used in life, and unfinished by the master, often of enormous size, are presented here as models made of wood, which required certain, different skills and craftsmanship.

Thus, the interactivity of a museum is its main and special function.

What could have motivated the creators of the new museum to passionately (as Hostinato vigore - “ irresistible force", concept of a great master) follow an idea? We turn to an era in which success and recognition were achieved thanks to the ability to focus on simple but ruthless rules of economic pragmatism and market competition of the consumer market.

The well-being of both an individual and an entire nation depends on the number of supplies and market offers, the speed of change of greedily consumed material assets, the ability to stay ahead in conquering retail space and employment.

There is not enough time to contemplate, develop and process abstract thinking, to taste within yourself the speed of the flow of life and the process of creativity that overwhelms you; burning anxiety to entrust such an idea to anyone even close in spirit; the desire to share and together grow a project in which we believe; the need to be useful and win friends of friends with the wonderful things that we know how to do: all this, as well as much more, that makes up human life; and all this is dying out, and all this needs to be returned, and as soon as possible.

This was probably the goal that this exhibition was meant to achieve, and Leonardo once again uses chance as a tool for proper development human nature. Who better than the Great Scientist can remind us that man is a noble and inquisitive spirit, an investigative mind and dynamic matter created for action?

Due to the exceptional success of the Rome exhibition, it is now open every day from 9.30 to 19.30.

Introduction

leonardo da vinci psychological idea

The worldview of the Renaissance was humanistic - man is the central link of the whole chain. Consciousness was made dependent on man, man - on nature, nature - on science. "Knowledge is power". Knowledge is the core of consciousness. Human consciousness- this is a priceless crown with which a person is crowned. Being was considered primarily as a physical reality; it was believed that being in its reality is primarily nature, as an object of natural science and practical activities person.

It was believed that the divine principle was dissolved in nature, which imparts life, beauty and diversity of reality to nature. They fought against the feudal nobility. The subordination of the human personality to feudal and church authorities is replaced by the principle free development individuality.

Man is the center of the whole world. A person cannot be limited by anything in his activities and plans. Man is an individual, and also a microcosm. Man is also a personality. Personality is freedom.

The exact science of the Renaissance and its organic connection with philosophical thinking is personified by the name of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). This Italian thinker was a symbol of the comprehensiveness and harmonious development of personality.

He is rightfully considered a pioneer of natural science of the modern era. According to the philosopher’s definition, man is “nature’s greatest instrument.” Based on knowledge, he creates a huge variety of things and creations from natural materials, new reality- the world of culture.

The object of study is the ideas of Leonardo da Vinci.

The subject of the study is the psychological ideas of Leonardo da Vinci.

The purpose of the work is to identify the main psychological ideas of Leonardo da Vinci and their role in history.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

1. The role and place of Leonardo da Vinci in history is considered

2. Analyze Leonardo da Vinci’s concept of man.

3. Explore the seven principles of Leonardo da Vinci

The role and place of Leonardo da Vinci in history

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - titan of the Renaissance, genius, brilliant artist, engineer, machine designer, eccyclopedist, expert in anatomy human body, sculptor, architect, thinker. This is the embodiment of the humanistic ideal, a comprehensively developed personality. He was significantly ahead of his time.

Leonardo da Vinci is a pantheist. He believed that in nature the “reasonable divine principle, which is open to man as a part of nature,” is blurred. He believed in the power of reason and knowledge, in the creative power of man.

Particularly great, he believed, are the possibilities of an artist who creates something new. He equated the artist with the scientist.

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in the town of Anchiano near the city of Vinci, located near Florence. His father was Piero da Vinci, a notary who came from famous family city ​​of Vinci. According to one version, the mother was a peasant woman, according to another, a tavern owner known as Katerina. At about the age of 4.5 years, Leonardo was taken into his father's house, and in documents of that time he is named as the illegitimate son of Piero. In 1469 he entered the workshop famous artist, sculptor and goldsmith Andrea del Verrocchio (1435/36-1488). Here Leonardo went through his entire apprenticeship: from rubbing paints to working as an apprentice. According to the stories of his contemporaries, he painted the left figure of the angel in Verrocchio’s painting Baptism (c. 1476, Uffizi Gallery, Florence), which immediately attracted attention. The naturalness of movement, the smoothness of lines, the softness of chiaroscuro - distinguishes the figure of an angel from Verrocchio’s more rigid writing. Leonardo lived in the master's house even after he was accepted into the Guild of St. Luke, a guild of painters, in 1472.

One of the few dated drawings by Leonardo was created in August 1473. The view of the Arno Valley from above was made with a pen in quick strokes, conveying vibrations of light and air, which suggests that the drawing was made from life (Uffizi Gallery, Florence).

First painting, attributed to Leonardo, although its authorship is disputed by many experts, is the Annunciation (c. 1472, Uffizi Gallery, Florence). Unfortunately, unknown author made later corrections, which significantly deteriorated the quality of the work. Mona Lisa - the most famous work Leonardo da Vinci (1503-1506, Louvre, Paris). Mona Lisa (short for Madonna Lisa) was the third wife of the Florentine merchant Francesco di Bartolomeo dele Giocondo. Now the picture has been slightly changed: originally columns were drawn on the left and right, now cut off. The small-sized painting makes a monumental impression: the Mona Lisa is shown against the backdrop of a landscape where the depth of space and airy haze are conveyed with the greatest perfection. Leonardo’s famous sfumato technique is here brought to unprecedented heights: the thinnest, as if melting, haze of chiaroscuro, enveloping the figure, softens the contours and shadows. There is something elusive, bewitching and attractive in a light smile, in the liveliness of facial expression, in the majestic calm of the pose, in the stillness of the smooth lines of the hands.

Despite the fact that Leonardo went to Milan in the hope of a career as an engineer, the first order he received in 1483 was to make part of an altarpiece for a chapel Immaculate Conception- Madonna in the Grotto (Louvre; attribution to Leonardo of a later version from the London National Gallery is disputed, see below). A kneeling Mary looks at the Child Christ and the baby John the Baptist, while an angel pointing at John looks at the viewer . The figures are arranged in a triangle, on foreground. It seems that the figures are separated from the viewer by a slight haze, the so-called sfumato (blurred and indistinct contours, soft shadow), which now becomes characteristic feature painting by Leonardo. Behind them, in the semi-darkness of the cave, stalactites and stalagmites and slowly flowing waters shrouded in fog are visible. The landscape seems fantastic, but we should remember Leonardo's statement that painting is a science. As can be seen from the drawings contemporaneous with the painting, it was based on careful observations of geological phenomena. This also applies to the depiction of plants: you can not only identify them with a certain species, but also see that Leonardo knew about the property of plants to turn towards the sun.

Leonardo made several sketches of the Madonna and Child with St. Anna; This idea first arose in Florence. Perhaps around 1505 cardboard was created (London, National Gallery), and in 1508 or a little later - a painting that is now in the Louvre. Madonna sits on the lap of St. Anna and stretches out his hands to the Christ Child holding a lamb; loose, rounded shapes, outlined smooth lines, form a single composition.

John the Baptist (Louvre) depicts a man with a gentle smiling face that emerges from the semi-darkness of the background; he addresses the viewer with a prophecy about the coming of Christ.

In the mid-1480s, Leonardo painted Lady with an Ermine (Cracow Museum), which may be a portrait of Lodovico Sforza's favorite Cecilia Gallerani. The contours of the figure of a woman with an animal are outlined by curved lines that are repeated throughout the composition, and this, in combination with muted colors and delicate skin tones create the impression of ideal grace and beauty. The beauty of the Lady with an Ermine contrasts strikingly with the grotesque sketches of freaks in which Leonardo explored the extremes of anomalies in the facial structure.

In the service of the ruler of Milan, Lodovico Moro (from 1481), Leonardo acts as a military engineer, hydraulic engineer, and organizer of court festivities. For over 10 years he has been working on the monument to Francesco Sforza, father of Lodovico Moro; The life-size clay model of the monument, full of plastic power, has not survived (barbarically destroyed after the capture of Milan by the French in 1500) and is known only from preparatory sketches.

In Milan, Leonardo began to take notes; Around 1490 he focused on two disciplines: architecture and anatomy. He made sketches of several design options for a central-domed temple (an equal-ended cross, the central part of which is covered by a dome) - type architectural structure, which Alberti previously recommended for the reason that it reflects one of the ancient types of temples and is based on the most perfect shape - a circle. Leonardo drew a plan and perspective views of the entire structure, which outlined the distribution of masses and the configuration of the internal space. Around this time, he obtained the skull and made a cross-section, opening the sinuses of the skull for the first time. The notes around the drawings indicate that he was primarily interested in the nature and structure of the brain. Of course, these drawings were intended for purely research purposes, but they are striking in their beauty and similarity to sketches of architectural projects in that both of them depict partitions separating parts of the internal space.

Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519, leaving his drawings and papers in his will to Francesco Melzi, a student who kept them throughout his life. But after his death, all the countless papers were distributed all over the world, some were lost, some were kept in different cities, in museums around the world.