The service of the muses does not tolerate beautiful vanity. Küchlya is a living target of fate
Central administrative District. Connects Borovitskaya Sq. from Serafimovicha Street and (through the Maly Kamenny Bridge, which continues it) from the street. Bolshaya Polyanka.
On the site of the later bridge, apparently from the very beginning of Moscow, there was a ford through which the road from Ryazan to Novgorod went through Volok Lamsky, known as Volotskaya. Then a floating (“living”) bridge was built, which was raised to allow ships to pass through. Against the bridge at the end of the 16th century. All Saints (Water) Gates were built White City, named after the Church of All Saints, which stood nearby (near the modern Cathedral of Christ the Savior), on the moat.
In 1643, chamber master Anze Christler from Strasbourg was invited to build the Stone Bridge. Together with his uncle Ivan, he made a wooden model of the bridge with a drawing. The construction site was also determined, slightly above the confluence of the Neglinka River with the Moscow River. However, things did not go beyond the start of work.
Work resumed in 1682 and was completed in 1687; the bridge was built according to Christler's design. The length of the bridge was 149 m, width 21 m. The construction was led by the “master of bridge stone work”, the monk Elder Philaret. So much money was spent that Muscovites, talking about something very expensive, said: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge.” The bridge received the name of All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and New Kamenny (Old Kamenny meant the Trinity Bridge across the Neglinka, near the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin). Over time, the bridge acquired its modern name.
In 1689, traveler de la Neuville reports: “Prince Golitsyn built a stone bridge with 12 arches on the Moscow River, very high due to the large floods.”
The bridge started from the corner of the Government House or the House on the Embankment (now Serafimovicha St., 2) and went to Lenivka Street. Numerous shops were built on the Stone Bridge, and it became a favorite place for walking. On the Zamoskvoretsk side, to protect the bridge and for beauty, they erected a tower with three pairs of gates, topped with two tents. At the walkway, special observation deck on the tower, there was a beer hall overlooking the Kremlin. There was a mill working under the bridge.
In 1783, three arches of the bridge with eleven furniture shops of the merchant Epaneshnikov collapsed due to water pressure, overload and poor maintenance. 4 people died. During the renovation, all the benches and the bridge tower were dismantled. The bridge stood in this form until mid-19th V.
In 1859, on the site of the old Stone Bridge, a new one was built according to the design of engineer Tanenberg. This time it was three-span, with metal trusses.
On March 16, 1938, the modern Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge was opened according to the design of engineer N.Ya. Kalmykov and architects V.G. Gelfreich, M.A. Minkus and V.A. Shchuko... They decided to send him not to narrow Lenivka, but to the place of the newly opened passage, closer to the Kremlin. Now the length of the bridge, including the approaches, is 487 m. The height is 8.8 m from the normal retaining level (NLU) of the Moscow River. Tall metal arches blocked the river in one span. The construction of new bridges across the Moscow River in 1938 was associated with the opening of the Moscow-Volga canal. Large Volga ships now had to sail along the Moscow River, therefore, the spans of the bridges had to be raised to a considerable height.
Until 1945, a tram line ran across the bridge.
Thus, the names Kamenny and Vsekhsvyatsky competed from the very moment the bridge was built. This was the first stone bridge across the Moscow River, which was reflected in its subsequent name.
From the bridge there is a view of the Kremlin, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the House on the Embankment, Bersenevskaya, Prechistenskaya and Sofia embankments.
An object cultural heritage regional significance.
The Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge in Moscow is one of the most famous bridges in the capital, and throughout Russia. In all images, be it postcards, posters, photographs, where it appears, the Great Stone Bridge is always included in the frame. This structure, intended for both people and cars, connects the two banks of the Moscow River. On one side of the bridge there is Borovitskaya Square and Znamenka and Mokhovaya streets nearby, on the other - Bolotny Island and Bolshaya Polyanka Street.
Until the 15th century, instead of the modern bridge, there was a floating bridge, which was a deck made of logs laid on several fastened rafts. Such a structure was convenient to use; if necessary - enemy raids, ice floes melting, covering the river with ice - it could simply be removed.
After the end of the raids of the Tatar troops on the city, the number of residents of Zamoskvorechye increased markedly, which led to the need for a permanent strong bridge. In 1643, at the invitation of Mikhail Romanov, the architect Jagon Krilster from Strasbourg arrived in Moscow to create a new bridge. The planned structure was supposed to be a stunning structure at that time. The height of the bridge was planned to be more than 30 meters; the base was to be ice-cutting bulls, treated with metal, to protect the crossing during the melting of the ice. As a result, it had to be so strong that it could withstand even cannon shots. Klister's death delayed the construction of the crossing for several decades.
Only in 1682-1687 was the construction of the bridge completely completed. The project was led by a monk about whom there is no information left. The result was a large-scale structure - 170 meters long and 22 meters wide. The structure was supported by 8 arches. The arches in the center of the bridge were 15 meters high. This height was sufficient for ships to pass under the structure. To protect the bridge from hostilities during wars, a tower with tents was erected on the right bank of the river. The bridge became not only a way of quick communication between the two banks, but also an opportunity to conduct trade, since there were trading shops on both sides.
The new crossing served until 1859. Then, due to its disrepair, it was replaced with a metal structure with three spans. Modern look The stone bridge was built in 1938. The new project was carried out by a group of craftsmen: engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov and several professional architects. Today the bridge is 487 meters long and 40 meters wide.
If you look at the city from this bridge, you can see a panorama historical center Moscow and the three main embankments of the city.
The Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge is a bridge across the Moscow River, connecting Borovitskaya Square, Mokhovaya and Znamenka streets near the Borovitskaya Tower of the Kremlin with Bolshaya Polyanka Street on Bolotny Island.
The length of the bridge with approaches is 487 m, including a river span of 105 m, a bank span of 42.5 m, and a width of 40 m.
From the Big Stone Bridge there are wonderful views of,.
The nearest metro stations: Polyanka, Borovitskaya, Tretyakovskaya.
The lattice of the Big Stone Bridge is decorated with symbols of the USSR early period. Thus, on the coat of arms you can see the Monument to the Soviet Constitution, which was located on Tverskaya Square opposite the Moscow City Hall building in 1918-1941.
The modern bridge was built in 1938 and installed slightly downstream of the river (engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, architects V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreich, M. A. Minkus). Later, the bridge was moved to Borovitskaya Square, since the narrow Lenivka made access to it difficult.
In 1643, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the construction of a bridge across the Moscow River was started by a master from Strasbourg, Yagon Christler. The bridge was named All Saints after the nearby All Saints Gate. After the death of the king and the master, construction was stopped, as the plan was considered too bold and expensive.
Construction was resumed in 1682 and completed in 1687, on the initiative of Princess Sophia and Vasily Golitsyn, following the old model of Christler (who left behind a wooden model of the bridge) of the “bridge stone craftsman” monk St. Philaret. After completion in 1692, the bridge received the name of All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and New Kamenny (Old Kamenny meant the Trinity Bridge across the Neglinka, near the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin). Over time, the bridge acquired its modern name.
Huge amounts of money were spent on the construction of the bridge. At that time, a saying even arose - “” (about the value and high cost of something). In the 19th century V Nizhny Novgorod province a saying was also recorded: “A stone bridge is better!”
Over time, the bridge fell into disrepair. In 1858, on the site of the dismantled bridge, engineer N.N. Voskoboynikov, according to the design of engineer Colonel Tannenberg, built a new, first metal three-span bridge in Moscow. The river span was blocked by arches. Fire monitors were used as pavement.
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Images
All Saints Bridge. Moscow at the end of the 17th century. Vasnetsov A.M., 1901 Yaroslavl Art Museum
To be honest, I didn’t expect such a big stir around. Today I want to draw your attention to another bridge, it is older and in much worse condition, despite the fact that it is located right at the entrance to Novgorod.
We are talking about a stone bridge over the Vitochka River, between the villages of Trubichino and Vitka. Each of us drove past it dozens, hundreds, and maybe thousands of times, but never even saw this bridge. This happened due to the fact that a new bridge was built next to it, which is higher than the old one and at the same time located close to it.
Stone bridges on federal roads of Russia less than 50 left. The bridge is interesting because it is the last bridge in Russia, built at the end of the 18th century according to the first standard design using ellipsoidal vaults. This the only one on the road network there is a three-span (3x8.6 m) bridge. In 1995, the bridge over officially became a cultural and historical heritage(Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated February 20, 1995 N 176).
It seems to me that this particular bridge could become the tourist gate of the city. On the bank of the Vitochka River, with a view of the bridge and the Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God(1786) should be located information platform for tourists. Now it is located under the fence and wires of the trolleybus depot.
If the bridge was restored and the surrounding area between the bridge, river and temple was landscaped, it would create an excellent roadside recreation area.
Bridge condition
Now the bridge is in very poor condition. The walls of the intermediate supports are severely damaged and the destruction continues. During the construction of the new bridge, the two outer spans were closed, because of this, all the water passes only through the central span, actively destroying the intermediate supports. Defects in the masonry joints, which have been slowly developing over many decades, have led over the years to a situation that could lead to the collapse of the bridge. The supports are scary to look at.
In 2004, a federal agency of the Ministry of Transport Russian Federation issued a document “Stone Bridges of Russia”, which described in detail the problems of the bridge and the actions necessary to preserve it.
A little history
In 1786, by order of Catherine II, a “commission on the construction of roads in the state” was created, which was engaged in the improvement of highways. Naturally, the main object of its activity was the highway between St. Petersburg and Moscow. It was crossed by many rivers and rivulets, through which wooden bridges requiring constant repairs.
It was decided to begin the construction of stone bridges according to standard designs, then they were called “exemplary”. Engineers have developed a whole series of “exemplary” bridge designs of one, two and three spans. Standard projects were simply “tied” to local conditions.
Hundreds of bridges were built according to standard designs. Such progressive method construction in the 18th century was unknown to any country. But with time most of bridges were destroyed, especially during the Great Patriotic War. And then about them historical value didn't think about it. Roads expanded, design requirements changed, and bridges were simply dismantled. Our bridge is one of the last.
Related links
- Stone bridges of Russia. Federal agency Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.
