Presentation about the musical instrument balalaika contrabass. The most famous war posters

Nadezhda Zhukova

Master Class:

In order to do something like this I took the balalaika: plywood, gouache, brushes and clear varnish. And of course, a good mood.

take plywood, cut it out and paint it brown gouache. (I couldn’t cut it straight, so the bottom left side is a little larger). After drying, I made a red border.

Well, I started decorating longer.

At the end of our work, after the drawing has dried, we varnish it. (leave to dry completely)

Well, that's all ours" balalaika"ready)

Our " balalaika" can be placed in music corner. Before that, introducing the children to her. Telling how brightly painted it is and why it is needed. the main task musical education children preschool age– develop emotional responsiveness to music, instill interest and love for it, and bring joy. And joy is an emotion that expresses a feeling of great spiritual pleasure. It arises only when a person satisfies your needs. Therefore, in the process musical activity The child should experience a feeling of satisfaction and pleasure from of their actions, to assert oneself, to become a person capable of creating and thinking creatively.

Publications on the topic:

"Rose". Master Class. DIY craft. Materials: Napkins of two colors, ribbons of two colors, scissors, pencil. Performance.

To work you will need: 1. A pair of crazy pens; 2. Cones; 3. Green gouache paints, brushes; 4. Tinsel; 5. Vata; 6. Plasticine; 7. Colored cardboard;.

DIY photo frameA photo frame is the simplest thing you can do with your own hands - minimum cost, minimum time and maximum.

1. I bring to your attention a massager made from Kinder Surprise containers. To make such a massager you don’t need much.

Master class “DIY New Year's ball” The most long-awaited and beloved holiday is ahead New Year. Take part in preparing for this.

When we moved to senior group, not everything matched my taste, and did not fit into the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard, but as always happens, a fairy tale is coming.

Drawing is a favorite activity of children attending kindergarten. preschool. Usage unconventional methods drawing.

The first poster thesis (now it would be called a slogan) was a phrase from Molotov’s speech on June 22, 1941: “Our cause is just, the enemy will be defeated, victory will be ours.” One of the main characters of the war poster was the image of a woman - mother, Motherland, friend, wife. She worked in the rear at the factory, harvested, waited and believed.

“We will mercilessly defeat and destroy the enemy,” Kukryniksy, 1941

The first military poster, pasted on the walls of houses on June 23, was a sheet of artists Kukryniksy, depicting Hitler, treacherously breaking the non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany. (“Kukryniksy” are three artists, the name of the group is made up of the initial letters of the surnames of Kupriyanov and Krylov, and the name and first letter of the surname of Nikolai Sokolov).

“The Motherland is Calling!”, Irakli Toidze, 1941

The idea of ​​creating the image of a mother calling her sons for help arose by chance. Hearing the first message from the Sovinformburo about the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR, Toidze’s wife ran into his workshop shouting “War!” Struck by the expression on her face, the artist ordered his wife to freeze and immediately began sketching the future masterpiece. The influence of this work and the song “Holy War” on people was much stronger than the conversations of political instructors.

“Be a hero!”, Victor Koretsky, 1941

The slogan of the poster became prophetic: millions of people stood up to defend the Fatherland and defended their freedom and independence. In June 1941, Koretsky created the composition “Be a Hero!” The poster, enlarged several times, was installed along the streets of Moscow, along which columns of mobilized city residents passed in the first weeks of the war. In August of this year, the “Be a Hero!” postage stamp was issued. Both on the stamp and on the poster the infantryman is depicted wearing a pre-war SSh-36 helmet. During the war, helmets were of a different shape.

“Warrior of the Red Army, save!”, Viktor Koretsky, 1942

The woman, holding her child close to her, is ready with her breasts and her life to protect her daughter from the bloody bayonet of a fascist rifle. One of the most emotionally powerful posters was published with a circulation of 14 million. The front-line soldiers saw in this angry, disobedient woman their mother, wife, sister, and in the frightened defenseless girl - a daughter, sister, a Motherland drenched in blood, its future.

“Don’t talk!”, Nina Vatolina, 1941

In June 1941, the artist Vatolina was asked to graphically design Marshak’s famous lines: “Be on the lookout! On days like these, the walls listen. It’s not far from chatter and gossip to betrayal,” and after a couple of days the image was found. The model for the work was a neighbor with whom the artist often stood in line at the bakery. The stern face of a woman unknown to anyone became for many years one of the main symbols of a fortress country located in a ring of fronts.

“All hope is for you, red warrior!”, Ivanov, Burova, 1942

The theme of revenge against the invaders became the leading one in the work of poster artists at the first stage of the war. Instead of collective heroic images In the first place come faces that resemble specific people - your girlfriend, your child, your mother. Take revenge, free, save. The Red Army was retreating, and women and children who remained in enemy-occupied territory silently cried out from the posters.

“Avenge the grief of the people!”, Viktor Ivanov, 1942

The poster is accompanied by Vera Inber’s poems “Beat the Enemy!”, after reading which, perhaps, no words are needed...

Beat the enemy so that he becomes weak

So that he chokes on blood,

So that your blow is equal in strength

All my motherly love!

“Fighter of the Red Army! You will not let your beloved be disgraced”, Fyodor Antonov, 1942

The enemy was approaching the Volga, a huge territory was occupied, where hundreds of thousands of civilians lived. The heroes of the artists were women and children. The posters showed misfortune and suffering, calling on the warrior to take revenge and help those who are unable to help themselves. Antonov addressed the soldiers on behalf of their wives and sisters with a poster: “...You will not give up your beloved to the shame and dishonor of Hitler’s soldiers.”

"My son! You see my share...", Antonov, 1942

This work has become a symbol of the people's suffering. Maybe, mother, maybe the exhausted, bloodless Motherland - elderly woman with a bundle in her hands, leaving the burnt village. She seemed to stop for a second, lamenting sadly, she asks her son for help.

“We drink the water of our native Dnieper...”, Viktor Ivanov, 1943

After winning Battle of Stalingrad it was obvious that the advantage was on the side of the Red Army. Artists were now required to create posters that would show the meeting of the liberators of Soviet cities and villages. The successful crossing of the Dnieper could not remain aloof from the artists.

“Glory to the liberators of Ukraine!”, Dementy Shmarinov, 1943

The crossing of the Dnieper and the liberation of Kyiv is one of the glorious pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War. Mass heroism was adequately appreciated, and 2438 people were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. For crossing the Dnieper and other rivers, and for the feats accomplished in subsequent years, 56 more people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

“You gave us back life”, Viktor Ivanov, 1944

This is how a Red Army soldier was greeted - as if he were family, as a liberator. The woman, unable to hold back her outburst of gratitude, hugs the unfamiliar soldier.

“Europe will be free!”, Victor Koretsky, 1944

By the summer of 1944 it became clear that the USSR could on our own not only to expel the enemy from their land, but also to liberate the peoples of Europe and complete the defeat of Hitler’s army. After the opening of the Second Front, the topic of the joint struggle of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States for the liberation of all of Europe from the “brown plague” became relevant.

“We have one target - Berlin!”, Viktor Koretsky, 1945

There is very little left. The goal is close. It is not for nothing that a woman appears next to the soldier on the poster - as a promise that they will soon be able to see each other.

“We reached Berlin”, Leonid Golovanov, 1945

Here is the long-awaited victory... The posters of the spring of 1945 breathe spring, peace, and the Great Victory! Behind the hero’s back is visible a poster by Leonid Golovanov “Let’s get to Berlin!”, published in 1944, with the same main character, but so far without an order.

Since 1886, the balalaika has appeared on stage: the young Russian nobleman Vasily Andreev was the first to perform it. Before Andreev, no one paid attention to the fact that such musical people, as a Russian, does not use folk musical instruments. Andreev creates a “Circle of Balalaika Lovers”. After a successful performance, in 1888 the creative activity this group, a little later transformed into a balalaika orchestra. In 1889, St. Andrew's balalaika players appeared at the World Exhibition in Paris. Their triumph was extraordinary. “The first performances had hardly ended, and new fashionable perfume “The Moon is Shining” and ladies’ toilet soap “Under the Apple Tree” appeared in fashionable stores in Paris. Even the pointed-toed St. Andrew's galoshes became an item of Parisian fashion...” After one of the concerts, A. Glazunov writes great work, dedicated to the orchestra of V.V. Andreev, thereby dispelling prejudices about disabilities his programs. Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin loved to perform songs accompanied by an orchestra. His first acquaintance with Vasily Vasilyevich, which took place in Nizhny Novgorod, grew over time into a close friendship. A tireless promoter of the wonderful Russian folk instrument, the balalaika, Vasily Andreev is constantly improving it. He meets the musical master S.I. Nalimov, and for many years they work together. In 1902, at the Paris Exhibition and at the St. Petersburg Exhibition " Music world» 1906-1907, instruments made by S.I. Nalimov according to Andreev’s drawings and sketches received large gold medals. With the formation of the Great Russian Orchestra, perceived as purely Russian phenomenon, connected with tours in 1892 to France, Germany, England, and America. The trips resulted in dozens of new orchestras created in these countries. In the USA, a “Joint Stock Company for the Exploitation of Balalaikas and Gusli” even appeared. On the day of the orchestra’s 25th anniversary, in his welcoming speech, F.I. Chaliapin, addressing Andreev, said: “You have warmed an orphan - a balalaika - to your kind, warm heart. From your care and love, she grew into a wonderful Russian beauty who conquered the whole world with her beauty...” The balalaika penetrated into the very depths masses. In addition to Andreev, many excellent balalaika performers appeared, orchestras were created folk instruments. In the fall of 1918, he undertook a long trip with his team, renamed the “First folk orchestra", along the Northern and Eastern fronts civil war. He also performed in front of the legendary Chzpaevites. But this trip was the last for Andreev: he caught a bad cold and died on the night of December 26, 1918. The cause started by Andreev was supported and acquired national significance. Many factories, special workshops, craftsmen produce musical folk instruments improved by Andreev and Nalimov, composers write works for the balalaika, domra, numerous ensembles and orchestras have been created...

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Build Before turning the balalaika into a concert instrument in late XIX century by Vasily Andreev, it did not have a permanent, widespread system. Each performer tuned the instrument in accordance with his manner of performance, the general mood of the pieces being played, and local traditions. The system introduced by Andreev (two strings in unison - the note "E", one - a quart higher - the note "A") became widespread among concert balalaika players and began to be called "academic". There is also a “folk” system - the first string is “A”, the second is “E”, the third is “C”. With this system, triads are easier to take; its disadvantage is that it is difficult to play open strings

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The fact that the balalaika in the form in which it is now familiar to everyone is a Russian folk instrument is not entirely true. And the version that in the 17th century the balalaika was brought to Russia from the east is completely implausible: similar instruments Asian peoples It never happened. The story, however, is complicated. In chronicles until the 17th century there is no word “balalaika”, there is “domra”. Buffoons played on domras. In 1648 and 1657, by decrees banning buffoonery, their “demonic, evil vessels” were ordered to be collected and burned throughout Moscow. And when rewriting the chronicles, even the word “domra” was erased and replaced by the “balalaika” that came from God knows where. The fact that the balalaika in the form in which it is now familiar to everyone is a Russian folk instrument is not entirely true. And the version that in the 17th century the balalaika was brought to Russia from the east is completely implausible: Asian peoples never had similar instruments. The story, however, is complicated. In chronicles until the 17th century there is no word “balalaika”, there is “domra”. Buffoons played on domras. In 1648 and 1657, by decrees banning buffoonery, their “demonic, evil vessels” were ordered to be collected and burned throughout Moscow. And when rewriting the chronicles, even the word “domra” was erased and replaced by the “balalaika” that came from God knows where.

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Why is it called that? The name “balalaika”, sometimes found in the form “balabaika”, is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, “balakan” of the strings during playing. “To babble”, “to joke” in the popular dialect means to chat, to make idle calls. Some attribute the word "balalaika" Tatar origin. The Tatars have a word "bala" meaning "child". It may have served as the source of the origin of the words “to babble”, “to babble”, etc. containing the concept of unreasonable, childish chatter.

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Balalaika. In the forest, knock-knock, in the hut, blunder-blunder, In the hands, ding-ding, clunk-clop on the floor. He is cut down from a tree and cries in his hands. She grew up in the forest, was taken out of the forest, cries in her arms, and jumps on the floor.

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The balalaika has been known in Rus' for hundreds of years. In the XVIII and 19th centuries It was perhaps the most widespread folk instrument. They danced to it during the holidays and sang songs. They told stories about her.

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Remember the fairy tale: “Three girls under the window...”? Of course, remember, and now you have the opportunity not only to draw images from this fairy tale in your imagination, but also to see them with your own eyes.

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Surprisingly masterfully, the artist depicted a cozy girlish light of beauties waiting to see which of them the king would choose as his wife. But the most amazing thing about this picture is that it was painted on a balalaika. A truly wonderful gift in such a magnificent design will appeal to everyone who has not lost the ability to believe in fairy tales.

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Balalaika is a plucked string instrument, a relative of the guitar, lute, and mandolin. It has a wooden triangular or hemispherical body and a long neck, on which three strings are stretched. The neck of the fingerboard has strings tied at such a distance from each other that by pressing the strings between them, the sounds of the scale can be extracted. These veins are called frets. The sound is produced by plucking or so-called rattling - a blow index finger on all strings at once. So what is a balalaika?

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Dal gives an extensive description of the balalaika in his dictionary: Balalaika, balabaika, southern. brunka (according to Dahl) - folk musical instrument, belonging to the group of string instruments. The balalaika consists of a body with a triangular soundboard, is made of pine wood and its dimensions differ from those samples of this instrument that are sold in our capitals. Balalaika by V. Dahl

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The very name of the instrument is curious, typically folk, the sound of syllable combinations conveying the nature of playing it. The root of the words “balalaika”, or, as it was also called, “balabaika”, has long attracted the attention of researchers due to its relationship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, balagurit, which means to chat, idle talk (go back to the common Slavic *bolbol of the same meaning ). All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - a light, funny, “strumming”, not very serious instrument. The word “balalaika” first appears in written monuments dating back to the reign of Peter I. Etymology

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The history of the origin of the balalaika goes back centuries. Everything is not so simple here, because there are quite a few a large number of documents and information about the origin of the instrument. Many believe that the balalaika was invented in Rus', others think that it originated from the Kyrgyz-Kaisak folk instrument - the dombra. There is another version: perhaps the balalaika was invented during Tatar rule, or at least borrowed from the Tatars. Consequently, it is difficult to name the year of origin of the instrument. Story

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Historians and musicologists argue about this too. Most adhere to 1715, but this date is arbitrary, as there are references to more early period– 1688. Probably, the balalaika was invented by serfs to brighten up their existence under the rule of a cruel landowner. When did she appear?...

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Gradually, the balalaika spread among peasants and buffoons traveling throughout our vast country. Buffoons performed at fairs, entertained people, earned money for food and a bottle of vodka, and did not even suspect what miracle instrument they were playing. So that's how things are

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The fun could not last long, and finally the king and Grand Duke of All Rus', Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree in which he ordered all instruments (domras, balalaikas, horns, harps, etc.) to be collected and burned, and those people who would not obey and give up the balalaikas to be flogged and sent into exile in Little Russia. But time passed, the king died and the repressions gradually ceased. How long will this last?

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So the balalaika was lost, but not completely. Some peasants still played music on three strings. The balalaika sounded again throughout the country, but again not for long. The time of popularity was again replaced by almost complete oblivion until mid-19th century. The return of the balalaika

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And one day, while traveling around his estate, the young nobleman Vasily Vasilyevich Andreev heard a balalaika from his servant Antipas. Andreev was struck by the peculiarity of the sound of this instrument, but he considered himself an expert in Russian folk instruments. And Vasily Vasilyevich decided to make the most popular instrument out of the balalaika. And then what happened

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To begin with, I slowly learned to play myself, then I noticed that the instrument was fraught with enormous potential, and decided to improve the balalaika. Andreev went to St. Petersburg to violin maker Ivanov, for advice and asked to think about how to improve the sound of the instrument. Andreev and the balalaika

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Ivanov objected and said that he would not do a balalaika, categorically. Andreev thought for a moment, then took out an old balalaika, which he had bought at a fair for thirty kopecks, and masterfully performed one of folk songs, of which in Russia great amount. Ivanov could not resist such an onslaught and agreed. The work was long and hard, but still a new balalaika was made.

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But Vasily Andreev was planning something more than creating an improved balalaika. Having taken it from the people, he wanted to return it to the people and spread it. Now all soldiers serving in the service were given a balalaika, and when leaving the army, the military took the instrument with them. What did Andreev have in mind?

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Balalaika Balalaika, balalaika! Come on, play a song! Stomp, stomp, stomp, The bunny is dancing at the gate, The ears are walking on the top of the head, The eyes are looking into the garden.

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Thus, the balalaika again spread throughout Russia and became one of the most popular instruments. Moreover, Andreev planned to create a family of balalaikas different sizes modeled after a string quartet. To do this, he gathered the masters: Paserbsky and Nalimov, and they, working together, made balalaikas: piccolo, treble, prima, second, viola, bass, double bass. From these instruments the basis of the Great Russian Orchestra was created.

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Great Russian Orchestra