Haplogroups in ethnic definition are a myth. Haplogroups: description of ancient genera and famous representatives of haplogroups

The scale created by mankind material culture truly huge. And the pace of its development is constantly increasing. Nowadays, the so-called technomass (everything created by man in a year) is already an order of magnitude higher than biomass (the weight of wild living organisms). This is an alarming signal; it requires a thoughtful attitude to the balance of the components of the nature-biosphere-human system.

The level of human impact on the environment depends primarily on the technical level of society. It was extremely small at the initial stages of human development. However, with the development of society and the growth of its productive forces, the situation has changed dramatically. XX century - century scientific and technological progress. Associated with a qualitatively new relationship between science, technology and technology, it has enormously increased the scale of society’s impact on nature and confronted people with whole line new, extremely acute problems.

The study of the influence of technology on the biosphere and nature as a whole requires not only applied, but also deep theoretical understanding. Technology remains less and less interconnected, which ultimately

balances living systems at various levels. As a result, dynamic harmony is achieved throughout the supersystem of life - the biosphere.

Modern natural science, in the course of studying biocenoses, introduces a new concept - “coevolution”, meaning the mutual incorporation of species. It is coevolution that provides the conditions for coexistence and increasing the stability of the biocenosis as a system. Coevolution is a new promising idea in natural and social sciences. Indeed, in adaptation (both in nature and in society) decisive role What plays a role is not the struggle for existence, but mutual assistance, consistency and “cooperation” of different species, including those not related to each other by genetic ties.

The development of the biosphere occurs through deepening the interaction of living organisms and the environment. In the course of evolution, the process of planetary integration gradually occurs, i.e. strengthening and developing interdependence and interaction between living and nonliving things. Integration process V.I. Vernadsky believed essential characteristic biosphere. Despite all its inconsistencies, the development of the biosphere is a factor on a planetary scale and means the progressive mastery of the life of the entire planet. The existence of life on Earth has radically changed the appearance of our planet and its components - landscape, climate, temperature of the Earth, etc.

The emergence of man as “homo sapiens” (reasonable man), in turn, qualitatively changed not only the biosphere, but also the results of its planetary influence. Gradually, a transition began to occur from simple biological adaptation of living organisms to intelligent behavior and purposeful changes in the natural environment by intelligent beings.

The geosphere itself generally reacts passively to human intervention, while living matter actively adapts to new conditions of existence and the presence of humans in nature. Thus, the resistance and immunity of many insects and rodents to poisons used by people has increased many times over. Mutational or modified species and populations appear, adapted to the technogenic and polluted environment. Many species of animals change the forms of their existence and adapt to life in the vicinity of humans.

Man like special shape life and a being with intelligence introduces fundamentally new elements into relationships with nature. It acts as an autonomous integrity within the biosphere. Living matter, transforming the inert and interacting with it, creates the biosphere. Similarly, man, transforming the biosphere, creates the technosphere. But if, during the formation of the biosphere, all biocenoses only maintain system integrity through the exchange of matter and energy, then man, in addition to these functions, first of all reifies nature, creating new artificial objects.

However, not all human creations are in harmony with the surrounding reality. And if living organisms created by man, for the most part, fit into the general system of nature, then this cannot be said about other objects created by him: buildings, structures... In addition, what is made by man, as a rule, does not contribute to the creation of new energy reserves . The endless destruction of minerals and living matter brings the very existence of not only intelligent life, but also life as such, to the brink of disaster.

Awareness of the current situation was expressed in numerous scientific forecasts and projects for solving environmental problems, as well as in a number of new philosophical concepts. Thus, V.I. Vernadsky, an outstanding geochemist, reflecting on the interaction of society with nature, introduced the concept of “noosphere”. Humanity is part of the Earth's biosphere. The biosphere (Greek bios - life and sphaira - ball, sphere, region) is the sphere of all life on Earth, including the upper part of the earth's crust inhabited by organisms, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. In the course of history, humanity has become the main geological-forming force, powerfully and extensively influencing the planetary state. In this regard, Vernadsky concludes that the transition of the existing biosphere to a new state - the noosphere is inevitable.

The noosphere (Greek noos - mind, mind and sphaira - sphere, area) is a state of the biosphere when its development occurs purposefully in connection with the activities of people in the interests of the joint evolution of man and nature. In contrast to the religious-idealistic interpretation of the noosphere as an abstract kingdom of the mind, a “thinking layer” outside the biosphere and above it (by Teilhard de Chardin), Vernadsky considered the noosphere as an objective state of the “society - nature” system, taking shape at the present time. Its creation is associated with the growing role of science in social development, increasing integration public life and reasonable cooperation between states, democratization of the social structure and the formation of environmental consciousness in society.

Vernadsky's ideas about the noosphere received further development, in particular, in the ideas of the Russian academician N. N. Moiseev about “coevolution” - the joint, harmonious development of nature and society. The central thesis of this and other concepts is the position of humanity’s responsibility for its actions in the natural world and the need to form a new type of relationship in the “society-nature” system in connection with changes in society itself.

Habitat- this is part of nature with which society directly interacts in the process of its existence and development. At the beginning of the emergence of humanity, its natural habitat covered only a small part of the earth's surface. Now it includes not only the entire surface of the planet, but also its interior, the world ocean, near-Earth airspace, and also part of our solar system.

Built environment- this is such a part of the environment that was created by man in the process of historical development of social production and does not exist on its own as nature. It includes the entire set of man-made dwellings, settlements, roads, Vehicle, tools, technical devices and means, enterprises and agricultural production, artificial materials created by man, etc. In different historical eras, the role and relationship of these environmental elements were different and had different influences on people’s livelihoods. Society in its historical development also had an impact on the environment, modifying it. Currently, a significant part of people’s life activities takes place in an artificial environment (it is no coincidence that the desire for natural, natural properties in the composition of an artificial habitat occurs as it develops and becomes increasingly “severed” from nature).

Los V.A. “Man and Nature”, Moscow 1973

Barazenko V.G. “The principle of determinism and modern biology”, Moscow 1980

Magazine "Man Science Nature", Moscow 1986

At all stages of its development, humanity continuously influenced the environment, as a result of which it slowly changed its appearance. Since the middle of the 19th century. The transformative role of man in the development of the environment began to increase significantly. This was facilitated by high rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization, increased consumption of energy resources, intensive development of industrial and agricultural production, mass use of means of transport, increased costs for military purposes, technological progress and scientific -technical revolution.

These processes led to the fact that by the middle of the 20th century. Zones of partial, and in some cases complete, regional degradation of the biosphere have emerged on Earth. Thus, as a result active work human life in many regions of our planet, the biosphere was destroyed and a new, artificial habitat was created - the technosphere. Technosphere- a set of regions of the biosphere in which the natural environment has been completely or partially rebuilt by humans using direct or indirect technical influence in order to best suit their material and spiritual needs

In the 20th century at a fast pace there was a process of expanding the techno-sphere and increasing its power. In table Table 1 shows the parameters characterizing the development of the technosphere.

Urbanization (from lat. Urbos - city) - the process of increasing the share of the urban population.

Table 1

Dynamics of growth of the technosphere in the 20th century _

Since no other source of growth is known to date economic activity person, except for consumption natural resources, the development of the technosphere was carried out through the destruction of the natural environment and the displacement of natural ecosystems of the biosphere. The exponential growth of economic activity has led to the fact that the biosphere in many regions of our planet began to be actively replaced by the technosphere. Table data 2 show that there are few areas left on the planet with undisturbed natural ecosystems.

table 2

Territory of the Earth disturbed by economic activity _

Ecosystems are most destroyed in developed countries - Europe, North America, Japan. Here, natural ecosystems have been preserved mainly in small areas; they represent small patches of the biosphere, surrounded on all sides by areas disturbed by human activity and therefore subject to strong technogenic pressure. The technosphere, the brainchild of human civilization, is gradually replacing the biosphere.

The new, technospheric conditions include the living conditions of humans in major cities and industrial centers. An increasing number of people are experiencing these conditions of existence due to the process of urbanization of the Earth's population. The process of urbanization is largely objective in nature. Urbanization helps to increase the efficiency of human activity and solves social, cultural and educational problems of society.

In table Table 3 shows UN data on the population living in cities around the world in different years.

Table 3

Rate of urbanization of the world's population

The term "technosphere", on the one hand, goes back to the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the shells of the Earth and research in the field of geochemistry, geography, and on the other hand, it indicates that the totality of material means of practical transformative activity of mankind - technology - has acquired systemic characteristics and formed an environment that was out of control and beyond the control of the humanity that created it.

All elements of technology in the technosphere are connected by connections of one origin or another. The formation of these connections occurs during the change of generations of technology and the multiplication of technologies in historical process coevolution of man and nature.

The technosphere is a synthesis of the natural and artificial, created and supported by human activity to meet the needs of society.

Understanding the interdependence of humanity, technology and nature as the container of both in the concept of the technosphere is essential for the formation of a new ideology of scientific and technological progress and worldview, in which the utilitarian-consumer approach to both nature and man would be overcome.

Humanity implements a technological way of existence in nature by using its potential for targeted transformations and changes in it. Its practically transformative activity changes, structures natural matter, organizes in a special way, and alters the course of natural processes through the creation of special objective forms, formations that make up the material sphere of technology.

A new environment is being created in which, one way or another, to the extent necessary for a person, a “natural environment” must be present, already dependent and relative, in a different status. Technical activity gives rise to a “second nature”, quasi-nature, as it were, nature, stable only within the framework of social practice, under the supervision and with human participation in its processes.

Voluntarily and involuntarily, spontaneously, the symbiosis of technology and humanity is formed in nature as an objective reality.

Humanity does not break with nature, does not break out of it, but reorganizes it, experiencing the plasticity of natural systems and its own biological basis. This is how the French sociologist J. Ellul (1975) describes this situation: "Technology itself becomes a medium in the very in every sense this word. Technology surrounds us like a continuous cocoon without gaps, making nature (according to our first immediate assessment) completely useless, submissive, secondary, insignificant. Nature turned out to be dismantled and disintegrated by science and technology: technology constituted an integral habitat within which a person lives, feels, thinks, and gains experience. All the deep impressions he received came from technology. The decisive factor is the filling of our thoughts, as well as our sensuality, with mechanical processes."

Man technically creates a “second nature” as his immediate habitat. What is changing in nature? What does human objective-practical activity bring into nature? How do natural processes change?

Plowing billions of hectares of land, transforming the species composition of plants and animals, changing the water regime of the planet, developing the mining and chemical industries.

Energy from various industries emerged in the twentieth century as a planetary force, generating a number of effects that adversely affect natural processes and humans as a biological being. The scale of industrial production and its infrastructure has led to problems of environmental management and limits to the growth of technological civilization.

The current situation is reflected in the appeal to the study of the phenomenon of technology, including in a historical context, on new grounds, which is associated, in particular, with the emergence of the term “technosphere” and attempts to create the concept of the technosphere.

In the earth sciences - geography, geology, geochemistry - modified fragments of the earth's crust and geographic environment are usually referred to as the sphere of interaction between nature and society, and a kind of "earth shell" bearing traces of human activity is called by some researchers the technosphere - the transformed biosphere . There is a point of view that only the material component of the sociosphere - the “technosphere” - can interact with the material system - nature, the geographical environment. Thus, the object of study of geography cannot be entirely attributed to natural science.

According to the teachings of Vernadsky, although he did not introduce the term “technosphere”, limiting himself to the concept of the noosphere, the geochemical and biogenochemical functions of humanity are associated with its rational objective-practical activity as Homo sapiens faber.

This line is developed in the works of R.K. Balandin (1982), who formulates the concept of the technosphere as follows: "The technosphere is the area of ​​technical activity of mankind. Its creation is associated with the evolution of the biosphere and living beings, with the emergence of man and tools, with the social progress of society. Mankind in this area becomes a powerful geological force."

Those. The technosphere is a special shell of the Earth in which the practical activities of mankind are carried out. Through its “fault,” technogenesis occurs—the process of changing natural complexes under the influence of the production activities of society. In particular, technogenic ecosystems arise - ecosystems that arose or were significantly changed under the influence of technogenic factors - forest clearings, flooded lands, drained swamps. In geology, technogenesis (the term was introduced by A.E. Fersman in 1935) is the geochemical activity of human industry, leading to the concentration and rearrangement of chemical elements and their compounds in the earth's crust.

Thus, from the point of view of natural sciences, the technosphere is mainly of interest as a source, the cause of technogenesis in nature and a modified, artificially natural planetary shell. As L.N. Gumilyov notes, this shell, being artificial, torn out from the natural course of natural processes and supported by human objective and practical activity, is “dead” without the latter. In this sense, "from the Paleolithic there remained... flint flakes,... scrapers and axes; from the Neolithic - garbage heaps at settlement sites. Antiquity is represented by the ruins of cities, and the Middle Ages - by castles."

The most adequate picture explaining the mechanisms of interaction between nature and society, in our opinion, is that proposed by F.I. Girenko (1987), namely: in the “man-technosphere” connection, the technosphere represents and replaces nature, while in the “technosphere-biosphere” connection it represents and replaces society. In the first case, the technosphere acts as a natural element, in the second - as an artificial one. At the same time, in the “man - technosphere” system there are significant social connections, which is expressed in the interdependence of productive forces and production relations, while the “technosphere - biosphere” system is natural-artificial, determined by the potentialities of nature and the degree of their development in technology.

Historians of technology, unlike representatives of the natural sciences, take into account the connection “technosphere - biosphere” not as a given, like a natural one, but study the developing world of technology in the system “man (society) - technosphere”. From this point of view, the technosphere as an artificial material organization is integrated into natural processes. The process that precedes the conscious introduction of changes into the artificial environment surrounding humans is design. This approach was developed by N.G. Neuimin in his work “Noosphere: Myth and Reality” (1988).

He identifies one class of anthropogenic objects, technical ones, with those being designed, and considers three of them general properties: identical algorithms for their creation, “appearance”, “genesis” - from concept through design to implementation; limited spatiotemporal dimensions, structural and functional complexity; controllability and controllability of this class of man-made objects.

Another class of anthropogenic objects is non-designed anthropogenic objects (NAO). Ya.G. Neuymin identifies three main subclasses of such objects, of which natural-technical complexes directly influence the biosphere processes of the NAO. According to this picture, the technosphere includes designed anthropogenic objects, and the modern biosphere of the planet is essentially an undesigned natural-technical object of the highest level - the anthroposphere: “in natural-technical anthropogenic systems, natural and artificial, technogenic components are combined, and the latter change their state in qualitative and quantitative terms, increase in scale at a speed completely incommensurate with biological evolutionary processes” This is where the causes of the environmental crisis lie.

Technique and technology, the technosphere as a whole, appear as a genie out of the bottle, as an organization of material reality that is out of control and has ceased to be “projected,” with channels of influence on nature independent of human will.

Two examples. The destruction of the ozone layer, incompatible with life, is the effect of pollution (especially chlorofluorocarbons) emitted decades ago and concentrated over Antarctica (the effect of a cryoscopic trap, the migration of atmospheric pollution to the coldest parts of the atmosphere). During the period atomic explosions in the atmosphere (1950s), radioactive fallout spread throughout the world, falling in different parts light and accumulated (by natural reasons– in accordance with the nature of air flows in the atmosphere) in certain regions. There is a hypothesis that the emergence of the 20th century plague - AIDS - is associated with the replacement of some elements in the human body with radioactive isotopes and metabolic disorders at the level of RNA and DNA as a result of this contamination.

The worldview according to which the surrounding world appears as a world of reversible processes, processes that do not disturb a certain balance, and the belief that a person has the ability to establish strict control over all anomalies that could lead to irreversible undesirable consequences have been dispelled at present.

Processes in the technosphere are autocatalytic in nature: by making a small impact on the system, we can generate a chain reaction of consequences, the effect of which will be completely incommensurate with the initial impact. In addition, the overall result in the technosphere is not reduced to the sum of individual effects (the phenomenon of synergy).

In other words, the world of technology, built into the biosphere, purposefully created by humanity in direct practical-transformative activity, began to manifest itself as a phenomenon subordinate to the objective, i.e. laws independent of the will of people. People who set certain practical goals and achieve them by creating an artificial world of technology cannot foresee all the consequences: activity is broader than knowledge, and life (nature) is broader than activity.

What is what

The word "technique" goes back to the Greek Latin ars), which is translated as art, skill, dexterity and goes back to Indo-European root"tekhn", meaning "carpentry" or "construction".

In Russian, the terms “technique” and “technology” are not synonymous. When using the first, they primarily mean objective, material devices, a set of objective, material means created to meet the production needs of society. Those. these are tools, machines, devices, etc.

The term "technology" denotes the procedural side of production, i.e. the sequence of operations carried out during the production process indicates the type of processes - mechanical, chemical, laser technology, etc.

It is used to refer to a set of processing and manufacturing methods used in the production of products. In addition, technology refers to the science of producing a particular type of product.

Such duality in the understanding of the term “technology” stems from deep-seated problems of the relationship between cognitive and practical activities, the relationship between the “world of ideas” and the “world of things”.

When technology is understood as a body of knowledge about the methods, means and means of carrying out production processes, this is the plane of knowledge, applied science, the “world of ideas.” When technology refers to the specific real processes themselves during which qualitative change the state of the object of production (labor) is the material plane, the “world of things”. In this latter sense, technology appears as an arsenal (set) of methods for transforming objects of labor, accumulated over the course of history, materialized in certain equipment (tools, equipment, devices, machines, etc.), as well as in the qualifications of workers.

It is important to note that the implementation of a particular technology in the production process presupposes the availability of resources in the form of energy, light, heat, raw materials and conditions in the form of structures, buildings, communications. IN industrial society their availability is ensured by infrastructure sectors (energy, transport, communications, construction, etc.)

The identified two levels of the concept of “technology” are updated in the practical transformative activities of society, thereby forming a real integrity. Both real integrity and “ambiguity” in the interpretation of the concept of “technology” ultimately lie in human nature: in the conscious nature of his purposeful work, in the presence of language and social memory. In this regard, it is appropriate to cite a deep aphorism belonging to one of the founders of the ideology of experimental science, F. Bacon: “Man, the servant and interpreter of nature, does and understands as much as he has comprehended in its order by deed or reflection, and beyond this he does not know and cannot.”

IN English language There are terms techology, technique and techniks. They can be used interchangeably, but the last two are used relatively rarely. The word technology appears more often, including when we're talking about about general categories and is translated into Russian either by the word “technique” or by the word “technology”, depending on the meaning arising from the context of its use.

The word "technology" in the North American tradition is used to mean actually existing funds, providing a certain course of events, rather than the systematic study of these means, which would correspond to the literal meaning of the word "technology", which in its original Greek roots means "the systematic study of art" or "craft". This usage of words, according to J.P. Grant, more adequate to modern technical reality: “Modern technology is not simply an expansion of human capabilities through the power of advanced science, but a completely new idea of ​​​​what it is to “know” and what it is to “do” in conditions where both have changed in the course of interpenetration.” And further, “our activity of knowledge and our activity of creation have achieved a unity, making it impossible to distinguish between them, which was once so clear.”.

Definition and essence of the technosphere

TECHNOSPHERE(Greek techne - skills, skill, ability and sphaira - ball)

the field of real existence of technology and the totality of material means of human transformative activity; the global human environment, the synthesis of the natural and the artificial, leading to the symbiosis of technology and humanity in nature.

a special shell of the planet in which human practical activities are carried out.

as part of the biosphere, radically transformed by man into technical and man-made objects;

as part of the biosphere, transformed by people through the direct and indirect influence of technical means in order to best meet the socio-economic needs of man;

as a closed regional-global technological system of utilization and reutilization involved in the economic circulation of natural resources.

“second nature”, created by man in the process of materializing his goals, ideas, theories, is an inorganic mechanical system, which today also includes scientific concepts that are trying to transform the world.

2. Stages of development of the technosphere

The technosphere has passed three main stages of its development:

eotechnics(when the building material was wood and the source of energy was water);

paleotechnics(where iron and coal predominated);

neotechnicians(in the 20th century, when metal alloys and electricity began to be used).

forecast – biotechnology, i.e. a technique based on the laws of biology.

American sociologist L. Mumford back in the 40s. XX century predicted the onset of the stage of biotechnology. Development along this path in science began with the creation of computers based on the human brain model, as well as with the emergence of post-industrial society - the result of the globalization process.

forecast – noogenics, i.e. the stage of creating an intelligent principle that will unite the biosphere and the global technosphere into one organic whole.

In the 20th century technology has turned into a new, artificial human environment, displacing the old, natural one.

3. Main characteristics of the technosphere

Main characteristics of the technosphere:

autonomy (having autonomy, independence from something)

self-determination (unambiguous predetermination).

Like the natural one, the technoenvironment is a kind of self-contained system that can be determined without (independently) human intervention. The structural elements of this system are so closely interconnected that it is impossible to separate them from each other or solve any technical problem in isolation.

The ever-accelerating movement toward environmental disaster, disastrous for humanity, gives rise to a sense of fear among many of the technical phenomenon and engineering impact on nature. Indeed, along with the tools of creation, the human mind, since ancient times, has created more and more sophisticated tools of destruction and destruction, moving along this azimuth much faster and showing much more ingenuity and resourcefulness. In the last decades of the 20th century. It was discovered that the technology that was conceived and designed to make life easier, create abundance, and improve the world, itself contains the danger of global catastrophes.

In the technogenic era, natural systems are divided into their component elements; technology tears them out of their immediate natural connection, thereby qualitatively transforming the organic matter of the world in accordance with material purposes.

The global nature of modern environmental problems is mediated by the inorganic and pseudo-organic nature of the results of scientific and technological progress and the production associated with it.

In modern processes of globalization the technosphere plays a dual role:

firstly, it is an instrument of globalization, as well as a kind of cause of this phenomenon;

secondly, from the moment of its formation, the technosphere (as a set of technology and technological processes) itself globalizes, absorbing and rooting man himself.

In a technological society, technology has invaded not only between man and nature, but also into the sphere of interpersonal communication.

ABSTRACT

On the topic of:__________________

Checked by:_________________________

_________________________

Performed):_________________________

_________________________

Almaty, 2015.

Modern technosphere

The technosphere is an artificial shell of the Earth, embodying human labor organized by scientific and technical intelligence.

The technosphere is a projection of human civilization, not only directly on Earth, but also at the energy and information levels of planet Earth. The technosphere has become one with the Noosphere and is its integral part.

Technosphere, 1) part of the biosphere, transformed by people through the direct and indirect influence of technical means in order to best meet the socio-economic needs of humanity. With a significant limitation - global rationality of transformation, taking into account the task of preserving the type of biosphere that is necessary for the life and development of mankind - the technosphere potentially becomes part of the noosphere.

Technosphere, 2) An almost closed future regional-global technological system for the utilization and reutilization of natural resources involved in economic circulation, designed to isolate economic and production cycles from natural metabolism and energy flow, a possible component of the future noosphere.

The question is, how friendly is the Technosphere to the living natural world? Will the technosphere be able to develop in harmony with natural complexes, or will it be opposed to the nature of the Earth, with all the ensuing consequences and, as a consequence, the creation of an artificial environment for human life, and partly artificial natural complex, with the destruction of most of the Earth's nature.

The technosphere is a material, informational and energetic artificial shell, which is penetrated by flows of matter (food), energy (thermal and electrical appliances and networks) and information (radio, telephone, TV, computer, etc.).

In general, the technosphere is a life support system, transparent to useful flows of matter, energy and information. The technosphere can free a person from environmental pressure, from the need to thin out his organs in response to its challenge. Or vice versa, the technosphere can teach a person to live in harmony with nature.

Everyone who thought about the future of scientific humanity foresaw its space expansion. First, humanity will become planetary - tellurgical. Then solar - covering space on the scale of the Sun. And finally, breaking out of the limits solar system, it will become sidereal - stellar. Having reached the stars, he will spiritualize all the matter of the world.

What will a person bring with him? From a cosmic perspective, does man see himself as a titan, creating worlds or destroying worlds? Without learning to preserve the peace of the Earth, humanity is unlikely to be able to become a Creator, a Creator in a cosmic perspective.

Currently, three main concepts for the development of the Technosphere can be distinguished.

1. Noospheric laws, unknown to humanity, will not allow man to destroy the nature of the Earth. The Noosphere will strictly regulate both the population size on Earth and other actions of human civilization aimed at destroying the nature of the Earth.

2. Complete destruction of the Earth’s nature in the process of development of the Technosphere, and the creation of an artificial habitat intended primarily for humans.

Let's look at these theories.

1. Laws of development of the Noosphere

With the emergence of life, the biosphere arose - a self-developing biological system consisting of many different types of living organisms that lived on land, in water, in the air and even underground. For a billion years, the Earth's biosphere has managed to reach the highest peaks of self-organization.

In the terrestrial biosphere there are no populations that it does not need - if some species of animal or plant begins to evolve “in the wrong direction” - mutations have occurred, say, or natural selection has “lost” its course - the biosphere quickly enough (on a historical time scale) restores equilibrium.

Excess species die out, and nature has many ways to do this, which it uses as needed: from the extermination of some species by others to infections that can “mow out” many individuals in the shortest possible time. The balance of power in the biosphere has developed and reached perfection...

And then the development of humanity, one of the components of the biosphere, reached a level where people themselves began to determine what they needed, what they wanted to achieve. People have created an industry that is in no way connected with the planet’s biosphere. Science arose and began to make discovery after discovery. Man began to learn the secrets of the biosphere and use the acquired knowledge for his “personal” purposes. It was then that the sphere of reason arose - the noosphere, which Teilhard de Chardin and Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky wrote about in the last century.

The newborn noosphere was at first an integral part of the biosphere, but gradually acquired independence and began to develop according to its own laws. Biological science has somehow already figured out the laws of development of living, unreasonable nature - the biosphere, but the laws of development of the noosphere in many respects still remain a sealed secret. Are the concepts of good and evil defining for the noosphere?

In the animal world there are concepts of expediency and instinct. A person, however, cannot be guided only by instincts, he seems to have to strive for good, for light; in human society, concepts of morality, morality, what is good and what is bad have arisen.
And then science and technology added their own, previously non-existent features to the development of the biosphere. There are too many people on the planet. Within the biosphere, long-tested mechanisms would immediately begin to operate, and the number of people (like any other population) would be reduced to an optimal level. But developed medicine and an increase in life expectancy broke these regulatory mechanisms of nature - man began to establish the laws of his own development for himself. The noosphere has engaged in self-regulation on a different, previously unknown level.

The man-made danger created by the development of human civilization is systemic in nature - we cannot count on the mercy of nature or the self-regulation of the biosphere. Everything that is connected with the development of mankind no longer belongs to the biosphere, but to the noosphere, whose laws have not yet been learned.

Science and all the methods of futurology suggest that it is necessary to counteract the achievements of the same science and technology. Is it so? Otherwise, man will destroy nature. It's either us or her. Is the development of the noosphere in conflict with the evolution of the planet's biosphere?
This means that we need to limit the first in order to save the second. But will we save humanity if we save nature?

2. The unnatural technical world

G. Altshuller and M. Rubin argue that - whether we like it or not - humanity will have to live in a non-natural technical world (BTM). It follows that the design of a non-natural technical world (NTW) will make it possible to identify in advance the tasks that are vital for the existence and development of civilization, and to prepare in a timely manner for their solution. We already live in BTM. We hardly ever go to outdoors: home, metro, bus, workshop or other work space, shops, theaters, gyms...

This is the first one initial stage BTM, when the habitat is largely unnatural, but life support is still based on natural systems. The next phase is intermediate. Final phase: the ideal BTM is a world in which the degree of independence from nature (more precisely, from what will remain of nature by this time) is very high (about 90 percent) and continues to increase."

What follows is the most seditious thought, the acceptance as a fact of a circumstance that no one (with rare exceptions) wants to come to terms with today: “Technically (energetically), the creation of BTM is feasible already at modern level technology. This is a somewhat sad conclusion. For there is no strongest factor that would restrain extinction natural world. As sad as it may be, you can survive without nature by building an armored vehicle. And they will quickly finish off nature.”

Consequently, G. Altshuller and M. Rubin conclude, we need to start learning to live in the BTM - the unnatural technical world - today. In a world where uncontrollable nature simply does not exist. Moreover, if we are destined to live in such a world anyway, then it is wiser to build it according to plan than to leave it to trends that no one will ever break anyway. "Life cannot be turned back..."

And conclusions:

“To live in these worlds, you need a different way of thinking - effective, excluding major miscalculations, taking into account the dialectics of a rapidly developing world.”

In the BTM it will inevitably be necessary to abandon the material-consumer lifestyle, material consumption as the main life value. The main vector of BTM should be creativity aimed at deepening and expanding knowledge and enriching the beauty of the world."

The idea of ​​an unnatural technical world is an attempt to solve the general problem of human survival. If the BTM is created, then private problems will be solved.

Instead of protecting the environment, the task of creating a new artificial nature, more favorable to humans than the current one, will be solved. There is no need to regulate the birth rate and achieve population reduction - in the unnatural technical world on Earth there will be enough space, food and technology for ten, twenty or more billion people. You just have to change yourself first.

3. Harmonious development of the Technosphere in interaction with the nature of the Earth.

The problem of the harmonious development of the Technosphere with the nature of the Earth remains unresolved today.

Modern technologies are hostile and untenable in relation to the nature of the Earth; man himself, with rapidly growing cities and industry, is displacing living things from the planet. Population regulation is also an unresolved problem. Energy resources and the resources of the planet are not unlimited. The earth is unable to feed and provide everything necessary for the rapidly growing human civilization, which is destroying all life around itself. Current trend the development of civilization is aimed at destroying the nature of the Earth and the planet itself.

But since the Technosphere is component Noospheres, the laws of the Noosphere presuppose the reasonable development of the Technosphere in harmony with the biosphere mechanisms of the planet and the nature of man himself.

Man has to learn and understand these laws, the laws of intelligent life on planet Earth, through everything that is happening on Earth today: disasters, including man-made disasters, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, climate change, new types of viruses, the emergence of new incurable diseases, progression of the birth rate of sick and weakened children, progression cardiovascular diseases, allergies and much more.

Technosphere as an integral part of the Noosphere

As an integral part of the Noosphere, the Technosphere (if we consider the Technosphere as the information and energy part of the Noosphere) is to some extent similar to a global computer information network. It is quite possible that the modern Internet network is an image of the Technosphere of the Earth at the Noospheric level.

The information-energy level of the Technosphere occupies an intermediate position between noospheric guardian cells, and more high levels Teachers. The technosphere here is represented in general terms by a network of communications connecting all levels of the Noosphere and Isosphere into a single information system.

The technosphere is informationally connected to literally every living person, allowing the person himself to draw information from a single integral collective planetary repository. Every person here is at the same time a microcell of a giant collective intelligence, and at the same time, in the future, can learn to use the full potential of a single collective planetary mind.

As a materialized material environment, the technosphere of the earth is directly realized by modern civilization, and is inseparable from life modern society. The development trends of the Technosphere as a whole contradict the laws of nature, and at this stage the development of the Technosphere is the cause of the destruction of nature and life on Earth.

The technosphere is a part of the biosphere that has been radically transformed by man into technical and man-made objects (mechanisms, buildings, structures, mine workings, roads, etc.) through the direct or indirect influence of technical means in order to best meet the socio-economic needs of man.

A system is an object that is a collection of elements that interact in the process of performing a certain range of tasks and are interconnected functionally.

A system element is an object that represents the simplest part of the system, the individual parts of which are not of independent interest within the framework of a specific consideration.

Object - a technical product for a specific purpose, considered during the periods of design, production, testing and operation.

Objects can be various systems and their elements, in particular: structures, installations, technical products, devices, machines, apparatus, instruments and their parts, assemblies and individual parts.

Systems operate in space and time. The process of systems functioning represents a change in the state of the system, its transition from one state to another. In accordance with this, systems are divided into static and dynamic.

A static system is a system with one possible state.

Dynamic system- a system with many states in which a transition from one state to another occurs over time.

The modern technosphere is diverse: its representatives are cities, which include industrial and residential zones, transport hubs and highways, shopping and cultural areas and individual premises, thermal power plants and thermal power plants,
recreation areas, etc.

Technosphere - a set of regions of the biosphere in which the natural environment has been completely or partially rebuilt by humans using direct or indirect technical influence in order to best suit their material and spiritual needs

Figure 1 - Structure of the technosphere

With the advent of man and the development of human society, a qualitatively new and most complex type of process appears in the biosphere - technogenesis. Technogenesis refers to the impact of human economic activity in all its forms on the natural environment. Problems generated by technogenesis:

The problem of chemical pollution of natural environments;

The problem of thermal pollution of the biosphere;

The problem of the likely increase in the greenhouse effect;

The problem of atmospheric dust as a result of emissions from enterprises and other types of industrial activities;

The problem of reducing the total amount of biomass and biodiversity in the Earth's biosphere as a result of two main types of processes:

A. technogenic processes not characteristic of the biosphere: production of substances that do not exist in nature, movement of substances, creation of man-made objects that have no natural analogues, use of atomic energy, etc.

b. technogenically transformed biosphere processes: any processes of movement and transformation of matter and energy that continue to be carried out in general in the same forms and according to the same laws as in nature, but their course, one way or another, is changed as a result of technogenic influence.

The technosphere is characterized, compared to the biosphere, by a wider range of hazards and negative impacts, a high probability, the magnitude of the level and consequences (damage) of their implementation.
Technogenic negative factors in the technosphere are formed due to the presence of industrial and household waste, due to the use of technical means, due to the concentration of energy resources, etc. Negative factors of the technosphere are most concentrated in the sphere of production.
Work environment - this is a part of the technosphere with increased concentration negative factors. The main carriers of traumatic and harmful factors in the production environment are machines and other technical devices, chemically and biologically active objects of labor, energy sources, unregulated actions of workers, violations of regimes and organization of activities, as well as deviations from the permissible parameters of the microclimate of the working area.
Traumatic and harmful factors are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysical.

Physical factors– moving machines and mechanisms, increased levels of noise and vibration, electromagnetic and ionizing radiation, insufficient lighting, increased level of static electricity, increased voltage in the electrical circuit, etc.

Chemical factors– substances and compounds, different in state of aggregation and having toxic, irritating, sensitizing, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body and affecting its reproductive function.
Biological factors– pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.) and their metabolic products, as well as animals and plants.

Psychophysiological factors– physical (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

From a safety point of view, the tasks of studying technical systems are to see how the elements of the system function in the system in interaction with its other parts and for what reasons a failure that threatens to occur may occur. negative consequences for the environment.

Sources of man-made danger:

Activities;

Potentially dangerous objects;

Enterprises, organizations, institutions carrying out the relevant type of activity.

Environmental factors are any element of the environment that can have a direct impact on living organisms, at least during one of the stages of development.

Technogenic hazard factors:

Radiation;

Mechanical;

Thermal;

Pulse accelerations.

The structure of the technosphere is usually considered as an integral global system in two systemic links:

A. “man - technosphere”;

b. "technosphere - biosphere".

In the first connection, the technosphere is a natural system (a continuation of the structural complication of living nature), and in the second, it is artificial (separates humans from it)

The structural elements of the technosphere are:

A. Technical products that are the final link in the transformation of natural matter. Objects of the technosphere as technocenoses as spontaneously formed communities and technological species as units of these communities.

B. Territorial-industrial complexes (TPC). The determining factors are the external function of environmental pollution, as well as the common function of purpose and control on the part of human society for each of them.

Smaller structural elements of technotrophic chains are enterprises = organisms in the biosphere.

The elementary technological process of converting matter can be considered a single element of the structure of the technosphere

Technosphere processes:

Transformation of substances;

Creating things;

Operation of things;

Decomposition of used items.

Types of technosphere zones.

1. Industrial zone. Includes industrial enterprises serving their cultural and social institutions, streets, squares, and green spaces.

2. Urban zone is a conventional territorial unit of a city:

Reflect historical development and the internal organization of the city;

They differ in the intensity of use of the occupied area, population composition and other socio-economic characteristics.

3. Residential zone - part of the territory of a settlement intended to accommodate residential, public and recreational areas, as well as individual parts engineering and transport infrastructures, other objects, the location and activities of which do not have an impact requiring special sanitary protection zones. Occupies approximately 60% of the city's territory.

4. Transport zone - a system of surface, overground and underground highways intersecting at several levels. The planning structure depends on the location of the city on the terrain

Modern principles of formation of the technosphere:

1. Development of a development strategy modern civilization preliminary studies the strategy of development of the biosphere (billions of years), higher animals (many tens of millions of years), humans (hundreds of millennia), and former civilizations (many millennia).

3. It is advisable to have two types of concepts: ideal (utopias) and real (theories).

4. In addition to scientific and technical activities: the spiritual revival and renewal of man, a sharp increase in the value of his intellect, the priority of spiritual needs, the transition to a new level of knowledge of nature.

5. Architectural and planning zoning of the territory.

6. Information support for accounting and Information support legal relations.

7. The state of the territory is characterized by the composition, spatial distribution, and indicators of its components.

8. The use of the territory is characterized by the composition of functions, their spatial distribution, and indicators of their impact on the environment.

9. External conditions are characterized by spatial distribution and indicators of the influence of environmental factors on the territory.

Priority of safety and nature conservation issues in the formation of the technosphere:

1. The assessment of the technosphere moves from its complete approval to its complete condemnation.

2. The proposed programs are unfeasible or insufficient for changes.

3. The controllability of the built environment is in question.

4. Living in conditions of constant uncertainty is the price for personal freedoms and progress.

5. Long-term planning for the development of the technosphere.

The essence and composition of the technosphere:

The activities of human civilization have led to the emergence of a new global material system (sphere) of artificially created objects, which is called the technosphere. The technosphere can be considered as part of the noosphere, transformed under the influence of technogenic human activity. In the genetic scheme of the Earth's geosphere, the technosphere is its youngest component. Since the older lithosphere originated about 4-5 billion years ago, the age of the technosphere is only 180-200 years. The current stage of development of the technosphere covers the industrial and technological progress of human development (see § 4).

There are other names for this part of the geosphere, in particular the anthroposphere. The technosphere is defined as a planetary space influenced by the instrumental and technical production activities of people and occupied by the products of this activity. Since the technosphere and biosphere are interconnected, their totality is called the Ecosphere (L. Kohl, 1958). The Ecosphere refers to the totality of all life on Earth along with its environment and resources.

Elements of the technosphere can be traced over tens and hundreds of thousands of kilometers in near-Earth space due to the propagation of radio waves, the orbits of artificial Earth satellites and other planets, thousands of aircraft are constantly moving in the atmosphere, spaces of cultivated and artificially created landscapes, settlements, structures, and transport are widespread on the Earth’s surface. communications; Hundreds of billions of tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the earth, huge areas occupied by industrial and household waste are formed; Technogenic systems emit hundreds of billions of tons of gas, aerosol, and energy emissions, and tens of billions of tons of liquid waste are discharged. The natural hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere are saturated with thousands of artificially created objects.

Trends in environmental change.

Based on the development of environmental and socio-economic situations in the world, V. Danilov-Danilyan and other scientists predict the following trends in environmental changes under the influence of man-made activities for the next 30 years:

Increase in consumption of primary biological products by 80-85% on land;

Accelerated increase in the concentration of CO2 and CH4 as a result of the destruction of biota;

Significant increase in the amount of greenhouse gases;

Reducing the power of the ozone shield by 1-2% annually;

Reduction of forest areas at a rate of 177 to 180 thousand km2/rik (in the tropics to 9-11 million km2 with a simultaneous reduction in forest area in temperate latitudes);

Increase in desert area;

Increased erosion of agricultural land;

Increase in wastewater volumes and pollutants;

Depletion of land water reserves;

Degradation and extinction of biota species;

Deterioration of natural living conditions of people;

Increase in the number of genetic diseases;

Growing food shortages.

Arguments and Facts

In 1650, the world population was about 500 million people; over the next 200 years it doubled, doubled again over the next 80 years, reaching 4 billion people in 1975, exceeding 6 billion in 1999, and about 6.8 billion people in 2009. The population of the Earth is now such that if people were evenly distributed on the surface of the planet, the distance between them would be only 300 m. Every minute the population of our planet increases by 172 people. This means: 1.7 million people are added to the Earth's population every week - as many as now live in such Ukrainian cities as Vinnitsa, Zaporozhye and Zhytomyr taken.

Currently, about 30 thousand species of higher vascular plants and about 150 thousand species are threatened with extinction on Earth. Every day several species disappear on the planet, and at least one plant species disappears every week.

More than 6 million hectares of land are degraded and turned into desert every year.

The number of people who consume contaminated water has reached 1.5 billion people and continues to grow. The reasons for the scarcity and shortage of fresh water are excessive water consumption (an average European spends 500 liters of fresh water per day, and a Central African spends 8 liters); surface and groundwater; reduction in river water content and groundwater reserves. By 2100, fresh water supplies may be exhausted.

1. The technosphere is a young geosphere of the Earth, but its influence on natural processes and components of nature is the largest and most unpredictable.

2. As a result of technogenic impact on the Earth's biosphere, unfavorable trends in global changes in natural processes and components of nature can be traced, which are manifested in the disturbance of heat balance, changes in the links of the cycle of substances, pollution of nature, degradation of its components, and the formation of anthropogenic landscapes.

Man and the environment are constantly in interaction, forming a constantly operating system “man – environment”. In progress evolutionary development The world components of this system were constantly changing. Man improved, the Earth's population and its level of urbanization increased, the social structure and social basis of society changed. The habitat also changed: the territory of the Earth’s surface and its subsoil, developed by man, increased.; The natural environment experienced an ever-increasing influence of the human community, and artificially created household, urban and industrial environments appeared.

The natural environment is self-sufficient and can exist and develop without human participation, while all other habitats created by man cannot develop independently and, after their emergence, are doomed to aging and destruction.

At the initial stage of its development, man interacted with the natural environment, which consists mainly of the biosphere, and also includes the bowels of the Earth, the galaxy and the boundless Space.

In the process of evolution, man, striving to most effectively satisfy his food needs, material values, protection from climatic and weather influences, in increasing their communication skills, continuously influenced the natural environment and, above all, the biosphere. To achieve these goals, he transformed part of the biosphere into territories occupied by the technosphere.

Technosphere is a region of the biosphere in the past, transformed by people through the direct or indirect influence of technical means in order to best meet their material and socio-economic needs. The technosphere, created by man with the help of technical means, is the territory occupied by cities, towns, rural settlements, industrial zones and enterprises. Technospheric conditions include the conditions of people’s stay at economic facilities, in transport, at home, in the territories of cities and towns. The technosphere is not a self-developing environment; it is man-made and after creation can only degrade. In the process of life, a person continuously interacts not only with the natural environment, but also with people who form the so-called social environment. It is formed and used by a person for procreation, exchange of experiences and knowledge, to satisfy his spiritual needs and accumulate intellectual values.

1. Modern man continuously interacts with his environment, the components of which are the natural, technogenic (technosphere) and social environments.

2. Since the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century, the technosphere and social environment, as evidenced by the ever-increasing proportion of areas of the earth's surface transformed by humans, the demographic explosion and urbanization of the population.

A person and his surrounding environment form a constantly operating system “man – habitat”, in which a person continuously solves at least two main tasks: provides his needs for food, water and air; creates and uses protection from negative influences from the environment.

Sources of natural negative impacts include natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, etc. The constant struggle for one's existence forced man to find and improve means of protection against the natural negative influences of the environment. However, the emergence of housing, the use of fire and other means of defense, and the improvement of methods of obtaining food not only protected people from natural negative influences, but also influenced the living environment. Until the middle of the 19th century. The human environment slowly changed its appearance and the types and levels of negative impacts changed little. In the 20th century The active human impact on the environment has increased; zones of increased biosphere pollution have emerged on Earth, which has led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant significance and in regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere.

These changes were largely facilitated by: high rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization; growth in consumption and concentration of energy resources; intensive development of industrial and agricultural production; mass use of means of transport; rising costs for military purposes and a number of other processes. In the World around us, new conditions for the interaction of living and inanimate matter have arisen: the interaction of humans with the technosphere, the interaction of the technosphere with the biosphere (nature), etc.

Currently, a new field of knowledge has emerged - "Ecology of the technosphere", which includes (at a minimum): the fundamentals of technosphere engineering and regional studies, sociology and organization of life activity in the technosphere, service, safety of human activity in the technosphere and protection of the natural environment from negative influence technosphere, where the main “actors” are man and the technosphere created by him.

Life safety is the science of comfortable and safe human interaction with the technosphere. Its main goal is to protect people in the technosphere from the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and to achieve comfortable living conditions. The means to achieve this goal is the implementation by society of knowledge and skills aimed at reducing physical, chemical, biological and other negative impacts in the technosphere to acceptable values. This determines the body of knowledge included in the science of life safety, as well as the place of life safety in the general field of knowledge - the ecology of the technosphere.

The most important concepts in the scientific theory of life safety are: habitat, activity, danger, safety and risk.

Habitat is the environment currently surrounding a person, determined (conditioned) by a set of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have an impact on human activity, his health and offspring (direct or indirect, immediate or remote). Production environment (zone) - consists of elements: objects and means of labor, products of labor, etc.

Activity is the conscious (active) interaction of a person with the environment. The result of an activity should be its usefulness for human existence in this environment. The content of activity includes the goal, means, result and the process of activity itself. The forms of activity are varied. Life activity is daily activity and recreation, a way of human existence.

Danger (the central concept in life safety) is phenomena, processes, objects that have bad influence on human life and health (a negative property of living and inanimate matter that can cause damage to the matter itself: people, the natural environment, material values).

Safety is a state of activity in which, with a certain probability, potential hazards affecting human health are excluded.

Risk - quantitative characteristic the effects of hazards attributed to a certain number of workers (residents) over a specific period of time. It is understood here that these hazards are formed by specific human activities, i.e. the number of deaths, the number of cases of illness, the number of cases of temporary and permanent disability (disability) are caused by the effect on a person of a specific danger (electric current, harmful substance, moving object, criminal elements of society, etc.).

Human interaction with the environment can be positive or negative; the nature of the interaction is determined by the flow of substances, energies and information.