Where does estuary Frank Baum live? Lyman Frank Baum biography

Leaf currant gall midge Dasyneura tetensi

Order Diptera/Diptera, family Gall midges/Cecidomyiidae

Pest of black currant. It damages young apical leaves, causing shoot growth to stop.

Adult gall midge(mosquito) size 1.5-2 mm. Like all representatives of the gall midge family, the body is slender, the head is small, and the eyes are large and faceted. The color of the integument is brownish-yellow. The chest has a reddish tint, the abdomen has a yellowish tint, and there are short bandages on top. The antennae are dark brown. The wings are covered in hairs, the legs are long. Young insects fly out in the spring, when black currant leaves begin to bloom. The number of females is four to five times greater than that of males. The lifespan of females is no more than two days, males even less. The mating period is extremely short. Immediately after emergence, the females begin laying eggs on young, newly blossoming leaves. Eggs are laid several at a time between the tightly folded leaf blades of the apical leaves.

Egg spindle-shaped, glassy-transparent.

Larva length - 2 mm. The body shape is flattened. Newly hatched larvae are colorless, later turning whitish. Larvae of older instars are yellowish-orange in color. After hatching, the larva lives in the folded young leaves, feeding on juices and scraping off the outer skin. The grown larvae move to the upper layers of the soil to pupate.

Overwinter larvae in the ground.

doll develops in the soil. Pupation of the first generation takes place in the spring.

The second generation imago emerges towards the end of blackcurrant flowering. The development of three to four generations during the growing season may be observed. The number of generations depends on weather conditions.

Harm. Affects black currant foliage. The larvae are harmful. As a result of the pest's activity, the leaves stop growing and dry out before they have time to unfold. With slight damage, the leaves may bloom, but their shape is ugly and wrinkled, with tissue tears between the veins.

Damage to young apical leaves provokes the growth of lateral buds and branching of shoots, which are colonized by subsequent generations of the pest. This leads to freezing of immature shoots and bushes. In damaged bushes, bud differentiation is delayed, and the number of weak growth points increases. In addition, damage to the leaf currant gall midge favors the proliferation of bud mites and increases the appearance of currant terry.

Control measures:

1. timely moderate pruning of currant bushes. Excessively strong and delayed pruning of bushes leads to the formation of numerous root shoots and favors the proliferation of the pest;
2. timely spraying of currants with insecticides,
3. use of biological drugs.

Currant gall midges are small, mosquito-like dipterans. In places where gall midge larvae feed, plant tissues grow, forming swellings - galls.

Currant stem gall midge

Currant stem gall midge is a widespread pest of black currant stems in central Russia. Colonies of larvae feed under the bark on stem tissues, preferring 1-3 year old branches of the first and second order of branching. As a result, dark, depressed spots with cracks form on the damaged areas, the leaves fade and turn yellow. The stems easily break and dry out.

Adult females are brown-orange, with a brown head and back. The body length of females without ovipositor is 2-3.5 mm, males - 1.5 - 2.5 mm. The legs are thin and long. The eggs are 0.34×0.12 mm in size, oblong, glassy. Hatched larvae are up to 4 mm long, glassy-transparent, adults are red-orange. They overwinter in cobwebby cocoons in the top layer of soil at a depth of up to 4 cm, mainly near blackcurrant bushes.

The flight of adult gall midges of the wintered generation begins during the period of mass flowering of black currants and lasts 2.5-4.5 weeks. Females emerge sexually mature and lay eggs mainly in the cracks of young shoots in the lower third of the bush. The fertility of females is 22-140 eggs, life expectancy is 2-3 days. Adult gall midges prefer shaded, moist places. They fly mainly at the base of the bush. When pruning a plantation, wounds and abrasions on the bark of shoots should be avoided, as this contributes to infection of the plantation with stem gall midges. Having completed development, the larvae go to cocoon in the surface layer of soil. Some of them go into diapause, and adult gall midges emerge only in the spring of next year.

The flight of gall midges of the summer generation and the laying of eggs occurs in July - August. The flight lasts about two months. In August - October, the larvae go to cocoon in the soil, usually when there is precipitation.

Measures to combat currant stem gall midge

To establish plantations, you should use healthy planting material grown in special nurseries. It is recommended to disinfect cuttings by thermal heating in water at a temperature of 45-46° for 15 minutes. In this case, in addition to the larvae of the gall midge, coccids and bud mites die. In August, it is necessary to cut out and remove branches infested with larvae, systematically loosen the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm in the rows and around the bushes, especially in early spring and late autumn, mulching it with peat crumbs in a 6 cm layer, sow nectar-bearing plants (dill, buckwheat, phacelia) and plant the seeds of carrots, onions, parsley to attract beneficial insects. When pruning bushes, mechanical damage to the bark should be avoided. It is recommended to plant new currant plantations no closer than 1 km from old ones.

On plantations heavily infested with stem currant gall midge, special chemical treatments are required. They are possible only in the fight against the wintering generation, since the flight of the summer generation of gall midges coincides with the period of ripening and picking berries. Against the wintering generation, it is recommended to carry out two spring sprayings of the soil: the first - during the period of bud release, 4-5 days after detection of pest pupae, with karbofos (10% k.e. or 10% s.p.) -75 g or trichlorometaphos-3 (1.0% q.e.) - 50-100 g, the second - karbofos (10% q.e. or 10% s.p.) - 75 g ( per 10 liters of water) immediately after flowering.

Currant leaf gall midge

Currant leaf gall midge is widespread in central Russia everywhere. Damages young, unexpanded leaves, causing the growth of newly formed lateral buds. There is a general weakening of the bushes. Heavy pruning promotes the proliferation of gall midges, as this produces many basal shoots. Young plantings are damaged the most. In fruit-bearing plantings, varieties with a longer growing season and the formation of young upper leaves, which are chosen by gall midges for oviposition and larval development, are more damaged.

Female leaf gall midges are brownish-yellow with a dark gray head, brown chest and orange abdomen, covered with dark gray hairs. The body length of the female without ovipositor is 1.5-2 mm, of the male - 1~1.5 mm. The wings have three veins. The legs are long, 2-2.5 times longer than the body. The eggs are spindle-shaped and transparent. Soon after hatching, the larva is transparent glassy, ​​subsequently milky white, and shortly before pupation it acquires a yellowish tint. The length of the adult larva is 2-2.5 mm.

The larvae overwinter in the top layer of soil (1-3 cm) in cobwebby white cocoons (1.5-2 mm) under blackcurrant bushes. Adult mosquitoes fly out during the budding period of black currants, in early May. Females lay eggs mainly between the folds of unopened leaves. The laying period (two to three weeks) coincides with the budding and flowering of black currants. Adult gall midges live for two to three days.

The fertility of females is 33-97 eggs. The larvae hatch in 3-5 days, and after 7-14 days they go into the soil to cocoon. In the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of the USSR, the currant leaf gall midge produces four generations. The 2nd and 3rd generations are the most numerous, damaging during the period of currant flowering and the formation of its ovaries.

Measures to combat currant leaf gall midge

To establish plantations, you should use healthy planting material grown in special nurseries. A good agricultural practice that reduces the number of pests is to mulch the soil with peat crumbs in a layer of 6 cm. Damaged shoots with gall midge larvae should be cut out, the soil in the plantings should be systematically cultivated, carefully processed in late autumn and early spring, since this disrupts the conditions for cocooning of larvae and the emergence of adult insects . It is recommended to sow nectar-bearing plants in the areas.

On plantations heavily infested with leaf gall midge, chemical treatment (during the period when the buds are exposed) with karbofos (10% k.e. or 10% s.p.) is necessary - 75 g per 10 l of water. If the pest population is large, 7-10 days after the first sprayer treatment, a second one is carried out (before the currants begin to bloom).

Currant gall midges are small flying mosquito-like insects that can infect all parts of the plant. In the places where their larvae feed, peculiar swellings are formed, called galls in gardening. They mainly affect blackcurrant bushes. There are three types of gall midge on currants:

1 Leaf;
2 Floral;
3 Stem.

Mature mosquitoes have a yellow-brown color, and their body length reaches up to 5 mm. Komakh caterpillars first have White color, and as they develop they acquire a red-orange hue, becoming scarlet at the end. All varieties overwinter on surface layer soil in the larval stage. With the onset of warmth, they pupate, and at the first flowering of the bush, adult individuals begin to activate.
Leaf gall midge on currants

Taking a closer look at currant leaves in summer, you can sometimes see next picture: Just yesterday, the juicy green leaves of the bushes began to swell at the bottom, and red and brown spots appear. This is the currant gall midge. This is the name given to the gall aphid, a well-known garden pest that can destroy beautiful foliage in a short period of time. In summer, winged individuals appear in aphid colonies, which migrate to herbaceous plants from the Lamiaceae family, where they feed and reproduce until the end of summer. Wingless individuals feed on currants until September. The spread of currant gall midge is promoted by warm winter and dry summers.
Flower gall midge on currants

201. Safe and reliable remedy for aphids

Protection of currants and gooseberries from aphids and currant moth

And if gall midge appears on currants during the growing season, then the treatment should be carried out with one of the following infusions:

Potato tops;
infusion of marigolds;
calendula;
Luke;
soap suds.

Interesting fact! When processing blackcurrant bushes, you need to remember that in addition to chemical and traditional methods fight and gardeners have their own assistant for combating gall midges - beetles and larvae ladybugs, lacewings, larvae of hoverflies that feed on them and destroy them in large quantities. Many beneficial insects can be found in the garden in the second half of summer. Therefore, the fight against gall midges must begin in spring and continue until mid-summer. And in order to attract their helpers, gardeners recommend sowing nectar-bearing plants in the garden.

We are fighting shoot gall midge on currants http://vreditel-stoi.ru/sad/smorodina/smorodinnaya-gallitsa.html

Currant gall midge is found everywhere in central Russia. Affects blackcurrant stems. Clumps of larvae can be found under the bark of branches. There is a food source there - soft succulent tissues of green stems 1-3 years old. Injured parts of the plant darken and are susceptible to cracking. The leaves are drying up. Yellowness appears on them. The stems break.

Sexually mature adult females are brown with a noticeable orange tint. Only the back and head are different: they are completely brown. An unfertilized female reaches 2-3.5 mm in length. Males are smaller – 1.5 - 2.5 mm. Graceful long thin legs are noticeable. The eggs laid are oval shaped and translucent. Hatched caterpillars reach 4 mm in length. Characterized by a colorless appearance. The larvae remain to overwinter, weaving cocoons from cobwebs in the top layer of soil. They are buried 4 cm, directly next to the currant bushes themselves.

The mass appearance of flying individuals is observed during the opening of black currant flowers. Lasts from 2.5 to 4.5 weeks. If leaf gall midges begin it at the beginning of the flowering of the crop, then during the mass flowering of black currants shoot adult mosquitoes appear. Females are immediately ready to lay eggs. In the lower part of the bush, where they fly, looking for cracks in the shoots, they lay eggs. In a short period of existence (2-3 days), the gall midge manages to lay from 22 to 140 pieces on currants. Doesn't like open sunny places. Strives to hide in the shade, closer to moisture.

Having completed the entire development period, the larvae hide in the upper layer of soil to form cocoons. One part of them is in a state of diapause. The appearance of adults should only be expected in the spring of next year.

Summer insects begin to fly and lay eggs in late summer (July-August). They fly for 50-60 days. From August to October, with favorable rainy weather, the larvae begin to form cocoons in the soil. Thus, the leaf gall midge on currants (Perrisia tetenesi Rubs) reproduces two generations per year.

The damage caused by voracious gall midges can be judged by statistics. The yield on damaged one-year-old shoots is reduced by almost half, while two-year-old shoots lose it by up to 64%. At the same time, the population density of a harmful insect at which one or another type of insecticidal preparation should be used, from the point of view of economic benefit, is 20-25% of shoots infected with gall midge.

Methods for destroying gall midges

Black and red CURRANT: CARE, pest control WITHOUT CHEMICALS / APHIDS, ants

Agricultural technology

It is possible to reduce the number of adult insects flying out of the upper layers of the soil by placing pieces of roofing material, film, and cardboard under each bush. This bedding is sprinkled with earth and kept there all the time until the active period stops.

The root zone - the place where the pupae overwinter - is treated with the following composition: tobacco dust, lime-fluff (1:1). It is practiced to use wood ash mixed with sand (1 tsp of ash and 10 tsp of sand). Ash can be replaced with naphthalene. Apply 1 cup of the mixture under each bush.

During the summer, hang mosquito traps with creolin around the garden.

Plant only healthy cuttings for new plantings. To do this, take material from trusted dealers or nurseries.

Before planting, seedlings are disinfected by heat treatment. Water heated to +45°C is used. The planting material is kept in it for a quarter of an hour.

Plant a new berry patch no closer than 1 km from the affected currants.

In early spring and late autumn, dig up the soil and loosen it to prevent the caterpillars from pupating.

You can fight the shoot gall midge on currants by mulching the soil layer in the area of ​​the roots and crown, using peat chips (6 cm layer). This technique prevents adult adults from flying out of the soil.

Remove infected shoots by cutting them out along with the pest larvae. At the same time, make sure that the bark on the branches is not damaged.

Constantly loosening the soil and removing weeds under and between bushes.

Bush pruning. It is necessary to remove unnecessary shoots, preventing the appearance of additional root shoots on which the pest develops.

The fight against gall midges on currants begins when damage is detected on more than 10% of currant bushes during the period of bud formation. Kinmiks (2.5 ml/10 l of water) is used. Kemifos (0.24-0.48 l/ha), Fufanon (1-2.6 l/ha), Actellik (1.5 l/ha), Bitoxibacillin (80-100 g/10 l of water), Karate. After the first spraying, monitor the activity of the pest and its numbers. If necessary, repeat irrigation with one of the compounds, but only when the ovary forms on the bushes. Last time process after harvesting the entire crop. At the same time, instead of the listed chemicals, you can use a 0.7% suspension of 30% wettable DDT powder for spraying

Not only the bushes are irrigated, but also the soil under them. You need to use Karbofos emulsion (50% e.g.) with the addition of 0.2% Trichlorometaphos. If, when loosening, cocoons are discovered again, then the soil needs to be processed again, 1.5 weeks after the initial treatment.

Attention! Fufanon, an insecticide with contact-intestinal fumigant action, has proven itself well in the destruction of all types of gall midges. It is effective against the whole group plant pests, but not in combination with other insecticides. To prepare the emulsion, 5 ml of the drug is diluted in 2 liters of water. Stir well and then add water to the required concentration (5 l). Currants are sprayed immediately after cooking in dry weather. For 1 bush you will need 1.5 liters.

Infusions and decoctions

Before flowering, immediately after it, and also after harvesting, infusions of ash, garlic, yarrow, and walnut shells are applied to currant bushes.

An infusion of field chamomile and poisonous henbane (black) is practiced.

Before the buds bloom, sprinkle the bushes with a solution: 300 g of copper sulfate with 400 hydrated lime.

In the fight against a pest on currants, it is important to detect it in time. Identification work should begin with early spring and continue until late autumn. This will determine the nature of the activities and will allow you to select the necessary chemicals. With each subsequent treatment, it is better to alternate insecticides.

Currants are loved by all gardeners. It tastes great and has a lot of useful properties. You can often notice deformed areas in the form of swellings on the leaves. This indicates the appearance. The pest prefers to feed on black currants.

Description of the pest

The currant leaf gall midge is a small mosquito with two transparent wings. The female reaches 3.5 mm in length. The male is 1 mm smaller. The legs are long and thin. Massive years occur during the flowering period black currant. Females lay oval translucent eggs in the lower part of the bush in the cracks of the shoots.

Prefers shady areas and humidity. Appeared in summer period insects lay eggs at the end of summer. Then the larvae appear in the form of caterpillars measuring 4 mm in length. They are colorless.

To form cocoons, the larvae deepen 4 mm, being in the upper layer of the earth. Some of them remain in the diapause stage. Adult gall midges will appear only next season. The currant gall midge creates two generations of adult individuals per year.

How dangerous is the pest?

As a result, the yield of one-year shoots is significantly reduced - by 50%, and two-year shoots - by 64%. However, the use of special insecticidal preparations is recommended only for damage of 25% of total number planting black currants.

How to fight?

Only healthy plants should be used for planting. Before planting in the soil, you can soak the cuttings in warm water, the temperature of which is 45 degrees, for 15 minutes.

With the onset of spring and at the end of autumn, you need to carefully dig up the ground. In this case, the pupae overwintering in the soil will sink deeper and die. IN next year insects will no longer appear. Regular loosening of the soil and weeding will help prevent the appearance of gall midges this season.

It is necessary to carefully trim the damaged shoots along with the larvae. Additional root shoots should not be allowed, as pests may grow on them.

From folk remedies You can spray the bushes with infusions of ash, garlic or yarrow. Treatment must be carried out before flowering, after it and after harvesting.

If 10% of the plantings are affected, you need to start using special insecticidal preparations. Among them are “Fufanon”, “Kinmiks” and others. It is necessary to treat not only the plants, but also the soil under them.

In the fight for the currant harvest, the main thing is to promptly notice the appearance of the pest. Then you can select a specific set of measures and continue processing throughout the season.