Hatching of the capital. Study of proportions and characteristic movements of the human figure
Full-scale production: Capital. Top side lighting.
Target: mastering the skills of constructing and conveying shapes in chiaroscuro capitals
This is a long-term drawing - a study, which is performed in compliance with and using appropriate techniques.
How to draw with a pencil capital? Capital consists of three main parts. Top part, abacus, is a thick square slab, which is crowned with a heel and a shelf. Under it there is an echinus, then there is a part transitional to the column, consisting of three belts or a neck, which mates with the trunk of the column through a fillet. If you mentally imagine capital without small elements: echinus with belts, astragalus with a shelf and without fillet relief, it is not difficult to determine what geometric shapes its base consists of. Of course, the shaft of the column consists of a cylinder, and the abacus consists of a thick square plate located symmetrically in the center on the upper base of the cylinder. When considering it separately additional elements one can see that the profile of the echinus is close to the quarter shaft, and the astragalus is a body formed by the movement of a ball in a circle at some distance from the surface of the cylinder, with a shelf adjacent to it from below.
Main parts of a Doric capital
Forms capitals, regardless of their diversity and style, they are always based on the right geometric shapes, more often related to bodies of revolution. Combinations of different surfaces form complex shapes, making drawing capitals V educational process are considered to be the most difficult tasks.
Working on a drawing capitals you should start with the compositional placement of the image on a sheet of paper after a preliminary examination of nature from all sides in order to. To determine the most advantageous point of view for placing the image. The successful solution of the compositional problem largely depends on how expressively the point of view is chosen.
Perspective construction of the image of a capital of the Doric order (beginning)
The construction of the image begins with general form. Considering that its basis is made up of bodies of revolution, you should first determine the general vertical axis of the capital, and then proceed to perspective construction Images. At the same time, it is very important to strictly monitor the proportional relationships of all parts and the whole.
When depicting classical orders, it is extremely important from the very beginning to maintain the basic proportional values as accurately as possible. The correct ratio of the values of its remaining elements will depend on how correctly the main dimensions of the capital are determined. In addition to the importance of maintaining proportions, it is equally important to be able to correctly build a three-dimensional structure capitals.
Perspective construction of the image of a capital of the Doric order (continued)
Construction of the structure capitals you can start with the square base of the abacus or with the circle of the upper base of the quarter shaft. The main thing here is to correctly construct two connecting elements from a perspective perspective. But, as long-term practice shows, the vast majority of beginning artists encounter difficulties when inscribing a circle into a square (an ellipse into a rhombus). It should be noted that when constructing a square in perspective, in order to then inscribe a circle (ellipse) into it, one must remember that regardless of the position of the corners of the slab relative to the point of view and its angles, the ellipse circle must always be constructed strictly in horizontal position taking into account future reductions. Moreover, the middle of each side of the square of the slab should touch the circle (ellipse). It is unacceptable to try to fit an image of an ellipse to an incorrectly constructed square. This will lead to significant distortion of both the elements themselves and the entire image.
Perspective construction of the image of a capital of the Doric order (completion)
Beginning artists with such complications are recommended to start by constructing an ellipse, and then, from a visible angle, try to build an abacus based on it. The convincingness of the construction of two elements depends on the correct construction of the ellipse itself, which was discussed in detail in previous image tasks geometric bodies, in particular, when constructing bodies of revolution and their circles in perspective.
Having completed the construction of the upper structural elements capitals, begin to build the base of the column trunk. Taking into account the perspective positions of the full-scale model, one should rely on the laws of perspective. If the object is high above the horizon line or close to this position, then the ellipses located in the upper part will be wider than the ellipses located closer to the person drawing.
Main parts of the capital of the Ionic order
When correlating the proportions of parts and the whole, additionally clarify their location. Then use light lines to construct all the necessary circles (ellipses of parts capitals). When constructing them, it is very important to draw not only visible, but also invisible elements capitals as if through and through, transparently, which contributes to the correct image of the volumetric structure capitals.
When clarifying details capitals it is necessary to proceed from the logic of the structural structure of the elements and their parts. So, for example, the profile of a shelf with a fillet on the abacus, near the nearest vertical edge, as a rule, shifts either to the right or to the left, depending on its position relative to the one drawing, etc. While working on a drawing, you should periodically approach the model being depicted and study the shape of certain parts that interest you. This will help to a certain extent in making refinements in the drawing.
When depicting a half-shaped capital, novice artists often forget that this is part of the whole; it is necessary to complete the construction of the image, and not just its visible part. Only after this can we begin to determine half capitals in accordance with its position relative to the one drawing. To produce the necessary vertical section, taking into account the perspective, the ellipses of the bases should be divided in half, and then the base of the square of the abacus slab. After checking and additional clarification, the unnecessary half can be slightly weakened, but do not get rid of it immediately, since with further elaboration and clarification, some distortions may be made on the desired half.
Perspective construction of an image of a capital of the Ionic order (beginning)
Thus, an indispensable condition for completing the work on constructing the drawing is capitals is checking at a distance. Only from a certain distance can you see certain shortcomings. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to proportions, perspective, character, volumetric-spatial form and the general state of the drawing. After clarifying the construction and correcting the mistakes made, you should move on to identifying the volumetric form with chiaroscuro. First, you need to outline the boundaries of your own and falling shadows, and then apply a light tone in the shadow areas, followed by gradual development of light and shade throughout the entire image and around it, gradually bringing the drawing to a certain degree of completeness.
Ionic, more complex in shape capital differs from the Doric saturation of the surface by additional decorative elements - ionics And in volutes. This actually complicates the task of depicting this kind decorated capitals, as decorative elements distract attention and prevent one from seeing its basic constructive essence, which is no different from the Doric. It consists of three main elements - the column trunk (cylinder), the abacus (thickened square slab) and the adjacent echinus (quarter shaft).
For the correct image Ionic capital it is necessary to understand the structural principles of the structure of decorative parts in connection with the structural basis of the capitals– an abacus square with a column cylinder. If we mentally remove the details, we will see the column trunk and the abacus with the adjacent quarter shaft. This technique gives a clear understanding of the basics of capital design. Additional details will be specified later. When depicting capitals on the plane of the sheet, you first need to build an abacus with a column trunk, and then attach a volute structure to them.
Perspective construction of an image of an Ionic order capital (completion)
To begin with, it is useful to draw the ionic elements separately. At one time, similar ornaments were carved from a continuous longitudinal strip of marble, the profile of which was close to the quarter shaft. Ionica resembles an ovoid shape (ovoid) with a cut off top, framed by a stylized leaf and divided by arrows. At the base of the ornament there is a thin strip of beads, the profile of which is a roller. For the correct distribution of the ornament in the drawing, the entire visible part of the shaft should be evenly marked with transverse axes, taking into account the perspective and roundness of the shape, with some axes running along the arrows, others along the ionics. Then the contours of the details of the ornament are drawn, clarifying their proportions taking into account the perspective and bringing the drawing closer to the stage of black and white elaboration. At the same time, during drawing small parts ornament, significant distortions in the shape of the quarter shaft profile may be allowed, which should be noted.
When constructing half of the Ionic capitals(the same as when depicting half capitals Doric order) it is important to first draw the contours of the whole form, and then make a symmetrical vertical section, leaving the desired half for further work. And the auxiliary one - for subsequent clarification of the main one.
This lengthy task must be alternated with,.
Basics of academic drawing. Lesson No. 17. Ionic capital.
A characteristic feature of the Ionic capital (Fig. 42) is the peculiar plastic processing of its sides: two sides have one type of processing, the other two have a different character.
Essential elements Doric capital, such as abaca, echinus and astragalus, also form the basis of the Ionic capital, but the abacus shelf in it seems to be extended and wrapped in spirals - volutes. The echinus, in the form of a quarter shaft, processed with ionics (see the lesson “Doric Capital”) is partially covered with curls of volutes, and the junction of the echinus with the curls of the volute is covered with petals (palmettes). The volute's spiral consists of three turns and approaches the center, the so-called eye, in the form of a small concave circle (Fig. 43, 44). On the side facade, the volute looks like a scroll, tied in the middle with a belt (or without it), called a balustra.
The trunk of a column in the Ionic order is usually processed with flutes, deeper than that of a Doric column and separated from each other by strips of the surface of the trunk (fusta), the so-called paths. The abaca cornice has a shelf supported by a heel.
The abacus itself with volutes is raised above the echinus and lies, as it were, on a raised platform with beveled edges. The echinus thus extends beyond the edges of the abacus on the front side, and is not located directly below it, since it has a larger diameter than the length of the abacus flange. This is also a feature of the construction of the Ionic capital in comparison with the construction of the Tuscan and Doric and, therefore, greater difficulty in drawing it.
The sequence of drawing an Ionic capital is not fundamentally different from the sequence of drawing a Tuscan one. Also, first, the main masses of the capital are outlined in the sheet relative to the central axis: the cylinder of the barrel and the abacus with volutes. Moreover, volutes can be generally represented as inscribed in cuboid, a flat box with a height equal height volute and, as it were, dressed on the stem of the capital (Fig. 45). Then, on the front side (long side of the box), the size of the volutes in width is outlined (it smaller size in height) and the distance between them (it is approximately one and a half times the width of the volute). After this, you need to find the height position of the echinus with the bolster and shelf underneath it and mark the height of the abacus wall.
Next, the spirals of the volutes are drawn into the rectangles reserved for the volutes, taking into account the perspective reduction for a given turn of the capital (Fig. 46, 47). It is important to remember that the scrolls (balustrades) on the side façade of the capital have the shape of a tubular cylinder and the thickness of the volute’s rim must be drawn as part of this cylinder in order to correctly draw the connections between its outer and inner contour (outline). In addition, it is important to correctly correlate the perspective contractions of the two cylinders into which the volute balustrades are inscribed.
And one more important point.
In order to correctly draw in perspective the part of the echinus with ionics visible between the volutes, it is necessary to outline its full shape (as in a Tuscan or Doric capital) relative to the axis of symmetry of the trunk and only then begin to divide the axes of the ionics. At the same time, it is important not to forget the following point: the dimensions in perspective of certain parts of the form (at a normal angle and 3 times the distance from it) remain approximately in the same proportions as they have when positioned frontally. In other words, if a part is smaller than the whole, then in perspective contraction it will always be smaller than it (Fig. 45, 48, 49, 50).
Materials from the works of T. S. Vetlinskaya and N. F. Markov were used.
Drawing of Tuscan, Doric, Ionic Greek, Ionic Roman, Corinthian and Composite columns.
In order to choose the right columns that will decorate the facade of the house, many people look for pictures in which the columns emphasize the intended style or are even a style-forming element. Since the columns in European architecture- a product of ancient creativity, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the columns in the drawings from the albums compiled by architectural historians. If you want to create a structure reminiscent of an ancient one, you can look at the columns in the photos of ancient temples in Greece. For example, an illustration of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the construction of which was led by Libo and then Phidias between 472 and 456. Temple of Zeus - Doric peripterus. The temple's perimeter was decorated with a Doric colonnade: 13 columns were located along the side of the facade, 6 columns along the short sides under the pediment - the main facades. This rhythm and the relationship between the parameters of the sides demonstrates the basic proportions used by Greek architects.
Illustration of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia - presumably this is what this ancient structure looked like before its destruction.
IN Lately increasingly, when decorating facades, ready-made columns made of various materials, for example from polyurethane. Pictures of such columns are presented on the website, and from them you can choose the most suitable in style. This type of column is used if they do not carry a load. If there is a load, then load-bearing columns made of steel or reinforced concrete are used, which can be decorated. It is for such cases that polyurethane columns are produced in the form of two half-columns..jpg But columns belong not only to ancient Greek and Roman cultures. If you want to decorate the facade of your house with Egyptian motifs, you can use columns Egyptian style. To get acquainted with the Egyptian style, you can study pictures with columns Ancient Egypt, preserved to this day. Writings and ornaments were applied to Egyptian columns. The columns could have smooth trunks or resemble intertwining plants. Sometimes the capitals resembled a bud or an open papyrus flower.
Egyptian columns are very colorful and figurative.
A column with a Hathoric capital depicting the head of the goddess Hathor, like the columns in the photo below, will be very informative in terms of Egyptian style.
Egyptian columns with Hathoric capitals. Sanctuary of Hathor. Hypostyle hall. Lithograph 19th century.
The effect can be enhanced by sculptures that are installed in front of the columns and rest on them, which do not bear the load. An example of such a symbiosis is in the picture with columns below.
Columns and sculptures in Medinet Habu, Ramesseum ensemble of Djoser in Sakar, Temple of Ramses III. 1185 - 1153 BC e.
Of course, in modern houses The proportions of the columns change in accordance with the height of the building. In addition, literal quotations of historical prototypes may turn out to be pretentious, but ornamental motifs and elements of columns, as in the figure below, can be transferred.
Ornamental motifs of Egyptian columns and designs can be transferred to columns in modern buildings.
Columns are also characteristic of eastern architecture, for example, the architecture of India. India has often been the subject of dreams for Westerners. An Indian style house will become bright accent, attracting attention, and the main element will be columns, as in the photo below. It is not so easy to single out a single Indian style, since Indian architecture is represented by a large number of trends that have evolved from traditions large quantity peoples living in this country. But if they decide to include columns with Indian motifs, then they get desired effect. You can focus on pictures with columns, which, for example, date back to the Mauryan era (the beginning of the reign of King Ashoka Maurya, when the country reached its peak -262 BC). The Ashoka (Sarnath) column can serve as an example. The Ashoka Pillar was created in the early 3rd century. The foundation on which words from the Dharma Chakra - (Wheel of Law) - the code of the state are carved has been preserved to this day. The capital with four lions is now kept in Archaeological Museum Sarnath, it became the national emblem of India and a symbol on the country's coat of arms. The figures of lions seem to guard power, looking at all sides of the world. On their backs is a wheel, symbolizing the movement of the universe. Under the figures of lions there are reliefs with dynamic images of animals, as if running after each other, symbolizing a closed cycle human life. The support for the figures is a lotus with its petals facing down. You can also take as a basis the picture of Ashoka’s column in Rampurva, with the figure of a bull standing on a bell. Despite the fact that such columns marked the territory of rulers and were not decorations of Indian facades, the idea can be used in decoration modern building to give it an Indian style.
Capital with four lions of Ashoka's column. 3rd century AD kept in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum.
Another option for the Indian style could be a carved column with three-dimensional figures for subjects Indian mythology and writing, which can be made of either stone or artificial materials, imitating stone so that it resembles, for example, the column in the photo below.
Columns of the Krishna Temple in Naggar.
Or the columns resemble, for example, the columns in the photo from the Malikarjuna Temple
Interior of Malikarjuna Temple.
Having decided on the style of the building and the design of the facade, they choose pictures with columns that match the specific building and the idea that the architect wanted to convey.
