Bashkir dwelling. Bashkir national housing - yurt
The Bashkirs, like many nomadic peoples of Eurasia, spent about half of their lives in temporary dwellings, the oldest and most universal type of which was the lattice yurt (tirme), warm in cold weather, cool in hot weather.
The yurt is, of course, an outstanding invention of ancient pastoralists - nomads. Because of its ease of transportation, stability in steppe winds and hurricanes, ability to retain heat in cold weather, coolness in hot weather, ability to quickly disassemble and assemble, etc. - it was an ideal home.
The traditional yurt as a dwelling among the Bashkirs has not survived today. She can be seen on spring holiday"Sabantuy", as well as in major museums Bashkortostan. However, she did not disappear without a trace. Admiring the famous Gothic cathedrals Western Europe with their pointed arches on the ribs (ribs), you can’t help but wonder whether the yurt is their prototype, since their design has a lot in common.
For steppe nomads, the yurt was the center of the universe. Their life began in it, and it ended in it. She was a microcosm in a macrocosm, a model of the world, which ancient people first imagined as flat, single-tiered, then two-tiered: below was the earth, above was the sky with the stars. The tribes moved across vast pastures, crossing vast steppe spaces and began to notice the roundness of the horizon, the convexity of the earth’s surface, which was reflected in their microcosm: they began to give the graves of their relatives the appearance of tent segments, pouring a mound as a model visible world, outlined by a ring of horizons. Not only graves, but also dwellings were built in the image and likeness of the visible world. The world as a circle was first embodied in a round yurt, and later in a permanent dwelling - a hut. The yurt, like the vertical space, had three levels: the floor (personified the earth), the internal space (air) and the dome (firmament). The floor of a yurt for a nomad was something more than an earthen or wooden floor for a sedentary farmer: on the floor of the yurt they slept, ate, rested, received guests, holidays, weddings, funerals, births and deaths took place here. Therefore, he was the subject of special care and special attention of the nomads, which cannot be said about those who lived in the hut. The floor of the yurt was covered with patterned felts, woolen rugs, and carpets, thereby creating an artistic interior of the yurt.
The internal walls of the yurt (air) were covered with large patterned fabrics, homespun rugs, hung unfolded on a lattice frame; against their background hung woven and embroidered towels, festive clothes, jewelry, hunting accessories, horse harness, weapons, which, together with the ornamented floor, created a unique ensemble.
The dome of the yurt represented the firmament; the hole in it, through which light penetrated, was associated with the sun. The round top of the yurt (sagyrak), forming a dome opening, was worn sacred meaning, was sacred, passed from father to son, from old home to new. passes through it center line, in relation to which the entire internal space of the yurt is organized.
By doing creative project our task was not only to study the life, everyday life of the Bashkirs, their homes. We tried to recreate the culture of the people, the national home in a model - a yurt.
1.2. Goals and objectives:
Continue to introduce children to the customs and traditions of the Bashkir family;
Give children an idea of the home of the Bashkirs - the yurt;
Show characteristics yurt decorations;
The yurt fully satisfies the needs of a nomad due to its convenience and practicality. It is quickly assembled and easily disassembled by one family within one hour. It is easily transported by camels, horses or cars; its felt covering does not allow rain, wind and cold to pass through. The hole at the top of the dome provides daylight and makes it easy to use the fireplace. The yurt is still used in many cases by livestock farmers in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia.
Most general meaning The common Turkic word "jurt" is "people", "homeland", and also - pasture, ancestral land. In Kyrgyz and Kazakh languages the word “Ata-Zhurt” means “Fatherland”, literally: “Father’s house”. In modern Mongolian, the word yurt (ger) is synonymous with “house”.
HISTORY OF YURTA
9th centuries Andronovo Huns of Katon-Karagai region
Acquiring practical skills in sewing national costumes;
Practical recreation Bashkir yurt and its interior decoration;
Introduce Bashkir words.
INTERIOR OF BASHKIR YURT
The entrance to the yurt was located on the south side. The side opposite the entrance was considered the main, honorable side and was intended for guests. There was a fireplace in the center of the dwelling. Above him, in the very top point dome, there was a smoke hole. If the hearth was taken outside, then in the center, on the felts, a tablecloth was spread, pillows, soft bedding, and saddle cloths were scattered around.
Interior decoration yurts are made up of objects and products created by home crafts in various regions of Bashkiria. The circular shape of the yurt, the lack of internal division into sections, and the limited area led to the placement household items along the kerege or on its heads, as well as on the ends. But, despite the absence of sections inside the yurt, each part of the interior has its own traditional purpose
Particular attention was paid to the floor, which had to be warm, soft and cozy (guests were offered additional rugs and pillows).
With the help of a curtain (sharshau), the yurt was divided into male (western) and female (eastern) halves. In the men's half, against the wall opposite the entrance, chests were placed on low wooden stands. On the chests were rugs, felts, quilts, mattresses, pillows, tied with a special elegantly embroidered ribbon (tushek tartma). Festive clothes were hung on the walls of the yurt. Carved saddles, inlaid harness, a bow in a leather case and arrows in a quiver, a saber and more were placed in a prominent place. military weapon. Various kitchen utensils were concentrated on the women's side.
In the center of the yurt, which according to Bashkir beliefs is considered the “umbilical cord” of the home, there is a hearth on which food was prepared, and in the cold season a fire was lit here, heating the yurt.
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