What is the role of the Pochvenniks in the development of Russian thought. Westerners and Slavophiles as ideological predecessors of pochvennichestvo

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19th century opens new stage in the history of Russian philosophy, characterizing it by its complication, the emergence of a number of philosophical directions associated with both idealism and materialism. The role of professional philosophical thought, primarily through the development of philosophical education within the walls of universities and theological academies. There is also a general growth of philosophical knowledge, especially in such areas as anthropology, ethics, philosophy of history, epistemology and ontology. Philosophical contacts with the West are expanding, latest achievements European intellect (Kant, Schelling, Hegel, Comte, Spencer, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Marx).

The first true awakening of Russian philosophical thought dates back to the early 20s of the 19th century. Besides historical conditions(the growing need for self-awareness after Patriotic War 1812), a powerful impetus here was German idealistic philosophy.

Central idea Russian philosophy was the search and justification of a special place and role of Russia in common life and the fate of humanity. And this is important for understanding Russian philosophy, which really has its own special features, precisely due to its originality historical development.

Thus, Russian philosophy appears before us as a history of the struggle of two opposite directions: the desire to organize life in a European way and the desire to protect traditional forms national life from foreign influence, as a result of which two philosophical and ideological directions arose: Slavophilism and Westernism.

But the first inspirer of Russian thought was Schelling, the philosopher of German idealism. The subsequent fascination with Hegel was more of a “marriage to logical necessity.” Mentally, Russian philosophers were more impressed by Schelling. The first preachers of Schelling in Russia were professors at Moscow University Vellansky and especially Pavlov. But they were more popularizers than independent thinkers, no matter how great their role was historically.

Russian Schellingians concentrated in the circle of “lyubomudrov” (founded in 1823, “self-closed” in 1825). It included: book. V.F. Odoevsky (chairman), D. Venevitinov (secretary), I. Kireevsky, S. Shevyrev, M. Pogodin and some others. The main speaker was usually the poet Venevitinov, who delighted everyone with his inspired speeches. Almost no philosophical passages from his pen have survived (he died at the age of 22). But it is known that he defended intuition and argued that “Russia will find its foundation, its guarantee of identity ... in philosophy.” The first Russian Schellingian who left a more than noticeable mark on Russian thought should be considered Prince V.F. Odoevsky (1803-1869). Odoevsky's thoughts, although they represent a rehash of the ideas of Schelling (partly of other monist philosophers), nevertheless bear the bright individual imprint of the author. They contain a protest against the dominance of reason - a theme that will animate Kireevsky, who expressed this desire to overcome rationalism much more maturely. But in Russian philosophy the initiative in this regard belongs to Odoevsky. It is also interesting that Odoevsky was the first philosophical predecessor of Slavophilism in Russia. The basic ideas of Slavophilism, expressed in the forties by Khomyakov and Kireevsky, were already contained in potential form in the writings of Odoevsky dating back to the twenties and thirties.

The founders of Slavophilism - A.S. Khomyakov (1804 - 1861) and I.V. Kireyevsky (1806 - 1856). They openly opposed their way of philosophizing, which presupposes the unity of mind, will and feelings, to the Western, one-sidedly rationalistic. The spiritual basis of Slavophilism was Orthodox Christianity, from the position of which they criticized the materialism and classical idealism of Kant and Hegel. The Slavophiles put forward an original doctrine of conciliarity, the unification of people on the basis of the highest spiritual and religious values ​​- love and freedom.

Slavophiles saw the incurable vice of the West in the class struggle, selfishness, and the pursuit of material assets. They associated the uniqueness of Russia with the absence of irreconcilable class contradictions in its history, in the organization folk life Slavs based on a peasant land community. These ideas found support and sympathy among subsequent generations of Russian religious philosophers (N.F. Fedorov, Vl. Solovyov, N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, etc.).

Another direction, opposite to the Slavophiles, was defended in disputes by Westerners, who believed that Russia should and could reach the same stage of development as the West. It is good for Russia to master Western values ​​and become a normal civilized country. The founder of Westernism should be recognized as the Russian thinker P. Ya. Chaadaev (1794 - 1856), the author of the famous “Philosophical Letters”, in which he expressed many bitter truths about the cultural and socio-historical backwardness of Russia.

Prominent representatives of Westerners were F.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, K.D. Kavelin, V.G. Belinsky.

The range of philosophical views of prominent representatives of Westernism was wide. Chaadaev was influenced by the late Schelling, his “philosophy of revelation.” The views of Belinsky and Herzen underwent a complex evolution - from idealism (Hegelianism) to anthropological materialism, when they recognized themselves as students and followers of Feuerbach.

The dispute between the Slavophiles and Westernism was resolved in the 19th century in favor of the latter. However, not only the Slavophiles lost (in the middle of the century), the populists also lost (by the end of the century): Russia then followed the Western path, i.e. capitalist path of development.

In Russia, the trend of populism grew out of the teachings of A.I. Herzen about “Russian”, i.e. peasant socialism. Capitalism was condemned by the populists and assessed as a reactionary, backward movement in socio-economic and cultural terms.

The main exponents of this worldview were M.K. Mikhailovsky, P.L. Lavrov, P.A. Tkachev, M.A. Bakunin.

Just like Herzen, N.G. was oriented towards “Russian socialism” and the revolutionary transformation of society. Chernyshevsky (1828-1889). He expressed the interests of the oppressed peasantry and considered masses as main driving force history and, being an optimist, he believed in the progress of mankind. Chernyshevsky consciously placed his philosophical concept at the service of revolutionary democracy. In the field of philosophy, he took the position of materialism, believing that nature exists outside consciousness, and emphasized the indestructibility of matter.

Chernyshevsky’s ideas were formed by him and formed the basis of an ideological movement such as populism. Chernyshevsky is considered the founder of this movement. Populism promoted and defended the “Russian” (non-capitalist) path of development towards socialism. The rural community was recognized as the economic and moral and spiritual basis of Russian, or peasant, socialism. The main feature of the ideology of populism was the desire to achieve socialism, bypassing capitalism.

The continuers of Slavophilism in the 60-70s. In the 19th century, soil scientists appeared. main idea their philosophical quest is the “national soil” as the basis for the development of Russia. United all soil workers religious character their worldview. Actually, the “national soil” for them was the ideals and values ​​of Orthodoxy. The main representatives of this direction are A.A. Grigoriev, N.N. Strakhov, F.N. Dostoevsky.

The most profound thinker and main exponent of the ideas of the Pochvenniks was F.M. Dostoevsky (1821-1881), although he is not a philosopher and did not create purely philosophical works his philosophy is a philosophy of experiencing actions, thoughts created by him literary heroes. Moreover, his works are so philosophical that they often do not fit into the framework of the literary and artistic genre.

In Russia, Dostoevsky had big influence on all subsequent developments of religious philosophy.

WESTERNS, SLAVOPHILES AND SOIL PEOPLE

I am a Westerner and therefore a nationalist. I am a Westerner and therefore a statist.
Peter Struve
The alien Western European mind was called upon by us to teach us to live with our own mind, but we tried to replace our mind with it.
Vasily Klyuchevsky
Slavophilism is the story of two or three living rooms in Moscow and two or three cases in the Moscow police.
Vasily Klyuchevsky
Even a sincerely believing Slavophile still remains internally alien and not involved in the people's faith. He believes in the people and their faith; but the people do not believe in themselves and not in their faith.
Vladimir Soloviev
The Slavophiles worshiped the Russian people not because they really were the embodiment of the Christian ideal, but on the contrary, they tried to present it to themselves and others in such an ideal light because they already worshiped it, no matter what it turned out to be: it was not good for them , but it’s good for a mile.
Vladimir Soloviev
They say about Russia that it belongs neither to Europe nor to Asia, that it is a special world. So be it. But it is still necessary to prove that humanity, in addition to its two sides, defined by the words - West and East, also has a third side.
Petr Chaadaev
Russians, thanks to the size of their country, are already cosmopolitan, or at least one-sixth cosmopolitan, since Russia occupies almost a sixth of the entire populated world.
Heinrich Heine
The West is at arm's length from Russia.
Akram Murtazaev
The populists reason so intelligently about the foundations of their lives that it seems that what they sit on is smarter than what they reason about.
Vasily Klyuchevsky
People are compared to a plant, they talk about the strength of the roots and the depth of the soil. They forget that a plant, in order to bear flowers and fruits, must not only be rooted in the soil, but also rise above the soil, must be open to external foreign influences, to dew and rain, to free wind and sunlight.
Vladimir Soloviev
Dubin: “And if you knew what my roots are!”
Karel Capek
(cm. PATRIOTISM), ( cm. RUSSIA AND RUSSIANS)

(Source: " Big Book aphorisms." Dushenko K.V. Ed. 5th, corrected. - M.: Publishing house EKSMO-Press, 2001.)

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"WESTERNS, SLAVOPHILES AND SOIL PEOPLE" in books

Westerners - Slavophiles