Bogdan Khmelnitsky finds his half-dead son. Hetman Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnytsky, leader of the liberation war for the reunification of Little Russia with Great Russia, died

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Russian statesman

Khmelnitsky Bogdan (Zinovy) (c. 1595-08/06/1657), Russian statesman, commander, hetman of Little Russia. During the so-called During the Moldavian campaign of 1620 he was captured by the Turks. Upon his return, he joined the registered Cossack army. Participated in the popular uprising of 1637 - 38; held the position of military clerk; after the uprising - the Chigirin centurion. All R. In the 1640s he began preparing an uprising against Polish rule in Little Russia. Entered into secret negotiations with King Vladislav IV; outwardly agreeing with his plan to send Cossacks against the Crimean Khan, a vassal of Turkey, Khmelnitsky, under the cover of this plan, began to form a Cossack army to fight against Poland. In 1647 Khmelnitsky was arrested, but was soon released and fled to Zaporizhzhya Sich. In January 1648, an uprising broke out in the Sich under the leadership of Khmelnitsky, marking the beginning of the liberation war in Little Russia. In Zaporozhye, Khmelnytsky was elected hetman. On May 6, 1648, Khmelnitsky defeated the Polish vanguard near Zheltye Vody, and on May 16, near Korsun, the main Polish forces. These victories served as a signal for a nationwide uprising in Little Russia. After a series of heavy defeats, Khmelnitsky managed to organize the defeat of the Polish occupiers and the return of Little Russian lands to Russia.

Belotserkov Treaty between the Ukrainian Hetman B. Khmelnytsky and the commissioners of the Polish government.

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia (from the decision of the Zemsky Sobor).

A letter from Alexei Mikhailovich to Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the entire Zaporozhye army on the preservation of their rights and liberties.

Russia in the 17th century (chronological table).

Personalities:

Khmelnitsky Mikhail - centurion of Chigirin, father of Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

Khmelnitsky Yuri Zinovievich (Bogdanovich) (1641-1685), son and successor of Bohdan Khmelnitsky.

Historical persons of Ukraine (index of names).

Literature:

Documents of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. (1648-1657), 1961;

Golobutsky V. A. Bogdan Khmelnitsky is the great son of the Ukrainian people. Per. from Ukrainian Kyiv, 1954.

Khmelnitsky Bogdan (Zinovy) Mikhailovich (about 1595-1657), Ukrainian statesman and military leader, hetman of the Zaporozhye Sich (1648), leader of the liberation war of the Ukrainian people against Poland.

Having received an education in Lviv from the Jesuits (while maintaining Orthodoxy), the son of the Chigirinsky sub-elder became a Cossack military clerk and centurion, fled from persecution in the Sich and rebelled against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

At the beginning of 1648, Khmelnytsky defeated the Polish garrison in Zaporozhye and was elected hetman. After the victories on the Yellow Waters River and near Korsun, the whole of Ukraine was in the power of the hetman, and uprisings engulfed Belarus. In many ways, Khmelnitsky’s victories were won thanks to an alliance with the Crimean Khan Islam-Girey, a vassal of Turkey: they paid him with slaves.

The Turks were strengthening themselves in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and were thoroughly preparing to enter the fight for Ukraine. Khmelnitsky hoped to create a powerful army in order to cope with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth himself. The 8 thousand Cossacks who marched with him were joined by Cossacks and peasants.

In September 1648, a huge army of the gentry was defeated in the battle of Pilyavtsy. The Cossacks took Lviv and besieged Zamosc, from where the road to Warsaw opened. In the summer of 1649, the Poles suffered terrible defeats in Western Ukraine, near Zbarazh and Zborov. They were forced to recognize Khmelnytsky’s authority over three Ukrainian voivodeships: Kyiv, Chernigov and Bratslav. In 1651 the war flared up with renewed vigor. The royal army invaded Ukraine and defeated Khmelnitsky’s army near Berestechko. The Polish army took Kyiv and exterminated many of its inhabitants.

The following year, with a brilliantly won battle on the Batogsky field, Khmelnitsky stopped the enemy, and after the victory at Zhvanets (1653) he achieved the expulsion of the Poles from the Right Bank. Since the summer of 1648, at the proposal of the hetman, the issue of admitting Ukraine to Russian citizenship was discussed. Moscow helped with weapons and ammunition and threatened the Poles with war if they did not stop the massacre of Orthodox subjects.

In January 1654, representatives of the Ukrainian estates at the Pereyaslav Rada decided: “We want an Eastern Orthodox king... so that everyone will be one forever.” Led by Khmelnitsky, the participants of the Rada, and behind them the entire population of the liberated territories, took the oath of eternal citizenship to the Russian Tsar.

In the spring of 1654, the Russian army, led by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, marched to the west and occupied Smolensk with many border fortresses. The following year, the gates of Minsk, Grodno, Vilno, Kovno (now Vilnius and Kaunas) were opened. The Polish king fled to Germany. However, the truce with Poland had disastrous consequences: for the promise to elect the Moscow Tsar to the Polish throne, Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus were returned to the Poles. Participants in the liberation war were shocked by this treachery.

In 1658, his successor, Hetman Vyhovsky, concluded an agreement with the Poles to return Ukraine to the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war on Ukrainian lands continued until 1667 and ended with their division.

Coat of arms "Abdank" Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Khmelnytsky was born on December 27, 1595 in Subotov. His father Mikhail Khmelnitsky served as a centurion in the Chigirin regiment and came from an ancient Moldavian family of Lublin Voivodeship with the Abdank coat of arms. Khmelnitsky began his studies at the Kiev fraternal school (as can be seen from his cursive writing), and after graduating, perhaps under the patronage of his father, he entered the Jesuit College in Yaroslav, and then, consequently, in Lvov. It is characteristic that having mastered the art of rhetoric and composition, as well as perfect Polish and Latin, Khmelnitsky did not convert to Catholicism, but remained faithful to his father’s faith (that is, Orthodoxy). Later, Khmelnitsky visited many European countries.

Service to the King

Returning to his homeland, Khmelnitsky takes part in the Polish-Turkish war of 1620-1621, during which, in the battle of Tsetsora, his father dies and he himself is captured. Two years of hard slavery (according to one version - on a Turkish galley, according to another - with the admiral himself) were not in vain for Khmelnitsky: having learned the Turkish and Tatar languages ​​perfectly, he decided to escape. Returning to Subotov, he signed up for the registered Cossacks.

From 1625, he began to actively conduct the naval campaigns of the Cossacks against Turkish cities (the culmination of this period was 1629, when the Cossacks managed to capture the outskirts of Constantinople). After a long stay in Zaporozhye, Khmelnitsky returned to Chigirin, married Anna Somkovna (Ganna Somko) and received the rank of centurion of Chigirin. In the history of the subsequent Cossack uprisings against Poland between 1638 and 1638, the name Khmelnytsky does not appear. His only mention in connection with the uprising is that the agreement on the surrender of the rebels was written by his hand (he was the general clerk of the rebel Cossacks) and signed by him and the Cossack foreman. After the defeat, he was again demoted to the rank of centurion.

When Vladislav IV ascended the Polish throne and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth war with Russia began, Khmelnytsky fought against Russian troops and in 1635 received a golden saber from the king for his bravery. In the war between France and Spain (1644-1646), for a good payment from the French government, with more than two thousand Cossacks, he took part in the siege of Dunkirk. Even then, Ambassador de Bregy wrote to Cardinal Mazarin that the Cossacks had a very capable commander - Khmelnitsky.

B. Khmelnitsky was respected at the court of the Polish king Vladislav IV. In 1638, he received the position of clerk of the Zaporozhian army, then became a centurion of the Chigirin Cossack regiment. When in 1645 the king decided to start a war with the Ottoman Empire without the consent of the Sejm, he entrusted his plan, among other things, to Bohdan Khmelnytsky. More than once he was part of deputations to present complaints to the Sejm and the king about the violence to which the Cossacks were subjected.

Khmelnytsky moved to Korsun, where the Polish army was stationed, under the command of the full and great crown hetmans Kalinovsky and Nikolai Pototsky. On May 15, Khmelnitsky approached Korsun almost at the same time when the Polish commanders received news of the defeat of the Poles at Zheltye Vody and did not yet know what to do. Khmelnitsky sent the Cossack Mikita Galagan to the Poles, who, having surrendered himself into captivity, offered himself to the Poles as a guide, led them into the forest thicket and gave Khmelnitsky the opportunity to easily destroy the Polish detachment. The entire crown (quartz) army of Poland in peacetime died - more than 20 thousand people. Pototsky and Kalinovsky were captured and given, as a reward, to Tugai Bey. According to legend, the captured Polish hetmans asked Khmelnytsky how he would pay off the “gentry knights,” meaning the Tatars and hinting that they would have to give up part of Ukraine for plunder, to which Khmelnytsky replied: “I’ll pay with you.” Immediately after these victories, the main forces of the Crimean Tatars, led by Khan Islam III Giray, arrived in Ukraine. Since there was no one left to fight (the khan had to help Khmelnitsky near Korsun), a joint parade was held in Bila Tserkva, and the horde returned to Crimea.

People's movement. Massacres of Jews and Poles

Khmelnitsky's victories at Zheltye Vody and Korsun caused a general uprising of the Cherkasy people against the Poles. Peasants and townspeople abandoned their homes, organized detachments and tried with all cruelty to take revenge on the Poles and Jews for the oppression that they had suffered from them in the previous time.

At a time when the entire army of Khmelnitsky stood at the White Church, the struggle did not cease on the periphery. After active actions against the rebels by Jeremiah Vishnevetsky, a 10 thousandth detachment was sent to them under the command of Maxim Krivonos, who helped the rebels and allegedly did not act on behalf of Khmelnytsky. This detachment was supposed to, after clearing Ukraine of the Poles, take the crossing of the Sluch at Starokonstantinov, which was done.

Taking revenge on the Poles and the Jews they hired to collect taxes, the Cossacks, at times, dealt with them extremely cruelly and mercilessly. Knowing about the pogroms of the Jewish population and the monstrous scale of bloodshed, Khmelnitsky tried to resist the destruction, while realizing that he was unable to stop the tragedy that was unfolding. A significant number of captive Jews and Poles were sold in slave markets in Istanbul shortly after the uprising. The exact number of victims is unknown and, most likely, will never be reliably established. However, almost all sources agree with the fact of the total disappearance of Jewish communities in the territory covered by the uprising. . It should also be noted that within twenty years after the uprising, the Polish kingdom was subjected to two more destructive wars, which led to a large number of Jewish casualties: the War with the Swedes (“Flood”) and the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667; The losses of the Jewish population during this period are estimated according to various sources from 16,000 to 100,000 people.

The Jewish chronicler Nathan Hanover testified: “The Cossacks skinned some alive and threw their bodies to dogs; others were seriously wounded, but not finished off, but thrown into the street to slowly die; many were buried alive. Infants were cut up in the arms of their mothers, and many were chopped into pieces like fish. Pregnant women had their bellies ripped open, the fetus taken out and lashed in the mother's face with it, while others had a live cat sewn into their ripped stomachs and the unfortunates' hands were cut off so that they could not pull the cat out. Some children were pierced with a lance, roasted over a fire and presented to their mothers so that they could taste their meat. Sometimes they dumped heaps of Jewish children and made them into river crossings...”Modern historians question some aspects of the Hanover chronicle, as with any chronicle of that era; however, the reality of these events does not raise any objections.

Jews said about Bogdan Khmelnitsky, “Hops are a villain, may his name be erased!”

Modern methods of demographic statistics are based on data from the treasury of the Polish kingdom. The total Jewish population in the Polish kingdom in -1717 ranged from 200,000 to 500,000 people. A significant proportion of Jews lived in areas not affected by the uprising, and the then Jewish population of Ukraine proper is estimated by some researchers to be approximately 50,000-60,000. .

Jewish and Polish chronicles from the era of the uprising tend to emphasize the large number of victims. In the historical literature of the late 20th century, both estimates of 100,000 dead Jews or more and higher, as well as figures in the range from 40 to 100 thousand, are common. Besides:

Negotiations with the Poles

Meanwhile, Khmelnitsky began negotiations with the Poles in order to distance himself from the emerging general popular uprising, which was increasingly getting out of control. When a letter from Adam Kisel arrived, promising his mediation to reconcile the Cossacks with the Polish state, Khmelnitsky assembled a council, which, they say, included about 70 thousand people, and received its consent to invite Kisel for negotiations; but the truce was not concluded due to the hostile mood of the Cossack masses towards the Poles. The Poles responded to the cruelty of the Cossack leaders, who acted completely independently of each other and of Khmelnitsky, with the same cruelty; in this regard, the Polish prince Jeremiah (Yarema) Korybut-Vishnevetsky (father of King Michael Vishnevetsky) was especially distinguished. Having sent ambassadors to Warsaw, Khmelnitsky slowly moved forward, passed the White Church and, although he was convinced that nothing would come of negotiations with the Poles, he still did not take an active part in the popular uprising. At this time, he celebrated his wedding with the 18-year-old beauty Chaplinskaya (the hetman’s wife, who was once stolen from him from Subotov, died immediately after the wedding with the under-elder Chaplinsky). Meanwhile, the Sejm decided to prepare for war with the Cossacks. True, commissioners were sent to the Cossacks for negotiations, but they had to present demands that the Cossacks would never agree to (the handing over of weapons taken from the Poles, the handing over of the leaders of the Cossack detachments, the removal of the Tatars). The Rada, at which these conditions were read, was very irritated against Bogdan Khmelnytsky for his slowness and for the negotiations. Yielding to the Rada, Khmelnitsky began to move forward to Volyn, reached Sluch, heading towards Starokonstantinov.

The leaders of the Polish militia - princes Zaslavsky, Konetspolsky and Ostrorog were neither talented nor energetic. Khmelnitsky nicknamed Zaslavsky for his pampering and love of luxury “featherbed”, Konetspolsky for his youth - “child”, and Ostrorog for his learning - “Latin”. They approached Pilyavtsy (near Starokonstantinov), where Khmelnytsky stood, but did not take any decisive measures, although the energetic Jeremiah Vishnevetsky insisted on this. According to estimates even by such pragmatic scientists as V. Smoliy and V. Stepankov, the number of Polish troops reached 80,000 people with 100 guns. The army also had a huge number (from 50,000 to 70,000) of carts with provisions, fodder and ammunition. Polish oligarchs and aristocracy went on a campaign as if they were going to a feast. Their decoration included a gold belt worth 100 thousand zlotys and a diamond fairy worth 70 thousand. There were also 5,000 women in the camp, generous with sexual pleasures, ready at any moment to satisfy the traveling desires of the pampered aristocracy. This gave Bohdan Khmelnitsky the opportunity to strengthen himself; The leaders of individual detachments began to converge on him. The Polish army did not interfere with them. Until September 20, Khmelnitsky did nothing, waiting for the arrival of the Tatar detachment. At this time, the Don Cossacks, on the orders of the tsar, attacked the Crimea and the horde was unable to come to the aid of the Cossack army. Khmelnitsky, having learned about this even before the start of the battle, sent messengers to the Budzhak Horde (in the territory of the modern Odessa region), which was not involved in the defense of Crimea and came to his aid. 4,000 people came. Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent an Orthodox priest to the Poles, who, when he was captured, told the Poles that 40 thousand Crimeans had come, and this brought panic to the Poles. Before this, the Poles were so confident of victory that they did not even build fortifications to defend their camp. The choice of the battle site revealed Khmelnitsky’s military talent: it was almost impossible to gain a foothold on the Poles’ side due to the rugged terrain. On September 21, the battle began, the Poles could not resist and fled. The next morning the Cossacks found an empty camp and took possession of rich booty. The enemy was not pursued. Khmelnitsky occupied Starokonstantinov, then Zbarazh.

Attack on Lviv and Zamosc

In October 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky besieged Lviv. As his actions show, he did not intend to occupy the city, limiting himself to taking strongholds on its outskirts: the fortified monasteries of St. Lazarus, St. Magdalene, and the Cathedral of St. George. However, Khmelnytsky allowed detachments of rebel peasants and Cossack golota, led by the seriously wounded Maxim Krivonos, to storm the High Castle. The rebels captured the previously impregnable Polish castle, and the townspeople agreed to pay Khmelnytsky a ransom for his retreat from the walls of Lviv.

Hetmanate

In early January 1649, Khmelnitsky left for Kyiv, where he was greeted solemnly. From Kyiv Khmelnitsky went to Pereyaslav. His fame spread far beyond the borders of Ukraine. Ambassadors came to him from the Crimean Khan, the Turkish Sultan, the Moldavian ruler, the Prince of Sedmigrad (English) and from the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with an offer of friendship. The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Paisius came to Khmelnitsky, who persuaded him to create a separate Orthodox Russian principality and abolish the union of the church. Ambassadors also came from the Poles, led by Adam Kisel, and brought Khmelnytsky a royal charter for hetmanship. Khmelnytsky convened a council in Pereyaslavl, accepted the hetman’s “dignity” and thanked the king. This caused great displeasure among the foreman, who was followed by ordinary Cossacks, who loudly expressed their hatred of Poland. In view of this mood, Khmelnitsky behaved rather evasively and indecisively in his negotiations with the commissars. The commissioners left without working out any terms of reconciliation. The war, however, did not stop after Khmelnitsky’s retreat from Zamosc, especially in Volyn, where individual Cossack detachments (corrals) continued the partisan struggle against the Poles. The Sejm, which met in Krakow in January 1649, even before the return of the commissars from Pereyaslav, decided to collect the militia.

Second trip to Volyn. Siege of Zbarazh and Battle of Zborov

In the spring, Polish troops began to gather in Volyn. Khmelnitsky sent station wagons across Ukraine, calling on everyone to defend their homeland. The chronicle of Samovidets, a contemporary of these events, quite picturesquely depicts how everyone, old and young, townspeople and villagers, abandoned their homes and occupations, armed themselves with whatever they could, shaved their beards and became Cossacks. 24 regiments were formed. The army was organized according to a new regimental system, developed by the Cossacks during campaigns in the Zaporozhye Sich. Khmelnitsky set out from Chigirin, but moved forward extremely slowly, waiting for the arrival of the Crimean Khan Islyam III Giray, with whom he united on the Black Way, behind Zhivotov. After this, Khmelnitsky and the Tatars approached Zbarazh, where they besieged the Polish army. The siege lasted more than a month (in July 1649). Famine and widespread disease began in the Polish camp. King John Casimir himself, at the head of a twenty-thousand-strong detachment, came to the aid of the besieged. The Pope sent the king a banner and a sword consecrated on the throne of St. Peter in Rome for the extermination of the schismatics, that is, the Orthodox. Near Zbrov, on August 5, a battle took place, which remained unresolved on the first day. The Poles retreated and dug themselves in a ditch. The next day a terrible massacre began. The Cossacks were already breaking into the camp. The king's capture seemed inevitable, but Khmelnitsky stopped the battle, and the king was thus saved. The witness explains this act of Khmelnitsky by the fact that he did not want the Christian king to be captured by the infidels.

Treaty of Zborov and the failed attempt at peace

When the battle subsided, the Cossacks and Tatars retreated; Khan Islam III Giray was the first to enter into negotiations with the king, and then Khmelnitsky followed his example, making a big mistake by allowing the khan to be the first to conclude an agreement with the Poles. Now the khan had ceased to be an ally of the Cossacks and, as an ally of Poland, demanded obedience from the Cossacks to the Polish government. By this, he seemed to take revenge on Khmelnitsky for not allowing him to capture Jan Casimir. Khmelnytsky was forced to make huge concessions, and the Zborov Treaty (XII, 352) was nothing more than a confirmation of the former, ancient rights of the Ukrainian Cossacks. It was actually extremely difficult to implement it. When Khmelnitsky began compiling the Cossack register in the fall of 1649, it turned out that the number of his troops exceeded the 40 thousand established by the treaty. The rest had to return to their original position, that is, become peasants again. This caused great discontent among the people. The unrest intensified when the Polish lords began to return to their estates and demand the same obligatory relations from the peasants. The peasants rebelled against the lords and expelled them. Khmelnitsky, who decided to firmly adhere to the Zborov treaty, sent out station wagons, demanding obedience from the peasants to the landowners, threatening those who disobeyed with execution. The lords with crowds of armed servants searched for and inhumanly punished the instigators of the rebellion. This provoked the peasants to commit new cruelties. Khmelnitsky hanged and impaled those responsible, based on complaints from landowners, and generally tried not to violate the main articles of the contract. Meanwhile, the Poles did not at all attach serious importance to the Zborov Treaty. When the Kiev Metropolitan Sylvester Kossov went to Warsaw to take part in the meetings of the Sejm, the Catholic clergy began to protest against this and the Metropolitan was forced to leave Warsaw. Polish military leaders did not hesitate to cross the line beyond which the Cossack land began. Potocki, for example, who had recently been freed from Tatar captivity, settled in Podolia and began exterminating peasant gangs (the so-called “Leventsy”), and was astonishing with all his cruelty. When Cossack ambassadors arrived in Warsaw in November 1650 and demanded the abolition of the union in all Russian regions and a ban on the lords from committing violence against the peasants, these demands caused a storm at the Sejm. Despite all the efforts of the king, the Treaty of Zborov was not approved; it was decided to resume the war with the Cossacks.

Third war. Defeat at Berestechko

Hostile actions began on both sides in February 1651 in Podolia. Metropolitan of Kiev Sylvester Kossov, who came from the gentry class, was against the war, but Metropolitan of Corinth Joasaph, who came from Greece, encouraged the hetman to war and girded him with a sword, consecrated at the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Constantinople also sent a letter, approving the war against the enemies of Orthodoxy. The Athonite monks who walked around Ukraine greatly contributed to the uprising of the Cossacks. Khmelnitsky's position was quite difficult. His popularity has dropped significantly. The people were dissatisfied with the hetman's alliance with the Tatars, since they did not trust the latter and suffered a lot from self-will. Meanwhile, Khmelnitsky did not consider it possible to do without the help of the Tatars. He sent Colonel Zhdanovich to Constantinople and won over the Sultan, who ordered the Crimean Khan to help Khmelnitsky with all his might as a vassal of the Turkish Empire. The Tatars obeyed, but this help, if not voluntary, could not be lasting. In the spring of 1651, Khmelnitsky moved to Zbarazh and stood there for a long time, waiting for the Crimean Khan and thereby giving the Poles the opportunity to gather their strength. Only on June 8 did the khan unite with the Cossacks. The Polish army at that time was camped on a vast field near Berestechko (a place in the present Dubensky district of the Volyn province). Khmelnitsky also went there, who at that very time had to endure a difficult family drama. His wife was convicted of adultery, and the hetman ordered her to be hanged along with her lover. Sources say that after this brutal massacre, the hetman fell into depression. On June 19, 1651, the Cossack army clashed with the Polish one near Berestechko. The next day the Poles began the battle. The days of fighting coincided with the Muslim holiday Kurban Bayram, so the Tatars experienced heavy losses (Khmelnitsky’s constant ally and brother-in-arms, Tugai Bey, died) were perceived by the Tatars as God’s punishment. On the third day of fighting, in the midst of the battle, the horde suddenly fled. Khmelnitsky rushed after the khan to convince him to return. The Khan not only did not return, but also detained Khmelnitsky - despite the opinions of historians about the betrayal of the Khan, there is information that he himself did not command the fleeing horde (the Tatars left the wounded and killed on the battlefield, which was not in the Muslim tradition). In Khmelnitsky's place, Colonel Dzhedzhaliy was appointed chief, who had long refused this title, knowing how much Bogdan Khmelnitsky did not like it when someone took over the leadership instead of him. Dzhejaliy fought off the Poles for some time, but, seeing the army in extreme difficulty, he decided to enter into negotiations on a truce. The king demanded the extradition of B. Khmelnitsky and I. Vygovsky and the issuance of artillery, to which the Cossacks, according to legend, replied: “We can see Khmelnitsky and Vigovsky today, but we can’t see Harmati and it’s worth it to face them to death.” The negotiations were unsuccessful. The dissatisfied army replaced Dzhedzhaliy and handed over the leadership to Vinnitsa Colonel Ivan Bogun. They began to suspect Khmelnitsky of treason; It was not easy for the Corinthian Metropolitan Joasaph to assure the Cossacks that Khmelnitsky had left for their own good and would soon return. The Cossack camp at this time was located near the Plyashovaya River; on three sides it was fortified with trenches, and on the fourth it was adjacent to an impassable swamp. The Cossacks withstood a siege here for ten days and courageously fought off the Poles. To get out of the encirclement, they began to build dams across the swamp. On the night of June 29, Bohun and his army began crossing the swamp, but first transferred the Cossack units and artillery through the swamp, leaving the mob and a covering detachment in the camp. When the next morning the mob learned that not a single colonel remained in the camp, terrible confusion arose. The mob, distraught with fear, despite all the calls of Metropolitan Joasaph to order, rushed to the dams in disarray; They could not stand it and many people died in the quagmire. Realizing what was happening, the Poles rushed to the Cossack camp and began to exterminate those who did not manage to escape and drown in the swamp. The Polish army moved towards Ukraine, devastating everything in its path and giving full rein to the feeling of revenge. By this time, at the end of July, Khmelnitsky, having spent about a month in captivity of the Crimean Khan, arrived in the town of Pavoloch. Colonels with the remnants of their detachments began to converge on him here. Everyone was despondent. The people treated Khmelnitsky with extreme distrust and blamed him for the Berestech defeat.

Continuation of the war

Khmelnitsky gathered a council on Maslovy Brod on the Rosava River (now the town of Maslovka) and managed to influence the Cossacks with his calmness and cheerful mood so much that distrust of him disappeared and the Cossacks again began to converge under his command. At this time, Khmelnitsky married Anna, the sister of Zolotarenok, who was later appointed a Korsun colonel. A brutal guerrilla war with the Poles began: residents burned their own houses, destroyed supplies, and damaged roads to make it impossible for the Poles to further move deeper into Ukraine. The Cossacks and peasants treated the captured Poles extremely cruelly. In addition to the main Polish army, the Lithuanian hetman Radzivil also moved to Ukraine. He defeated the Chernigov colonel Nebaba, took Lyubech, Chernigov and approached Kyiv. The residents themselves burned the city, as they thought to cause confusion in the Lithuanian army. This did not help: on August 6, Radziwill entered Kyiv, and then the Polish-Lithuanian leaders met near Bila Tserkva. Khmelnitsky decided to enter into peace negotiations, which proceeded slowly until they were accelerated by the pestilence. On September 17, 1651, the so-called Belaya Tserkov Treaty was concluded (V, 239), which was very unfavorable for the Cossacks. The people reproached Khmelnitsky for the fact that he only cares about his own benefits and the benefits of the foreman, but does not think about the people at all. Resettlements within the Russian state took on the character of a mass movement. Khmelnitsky tried to detain him, but to no avail. The Belotserkovsky Treaty was soon violated by the Poles. Khmelnitsky's son Timofey in the spring of 1652 went with an army to Moldavia to marry the daughter of the Moldavian ruler. The Polish Hetman Kalinovsky blocked his way. Near the town of Ladyzhina, at the Batoga tract, a major battle took place on May 22, in which a 20,000-strong Polish army died and Kalinovsky was killed. This served as a signal for the widespread expulsion of Polish zholners and landowners from Ukraine. However, the matter did not come to an open war, since the Sejm refused to the king to convene the destruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; nevertheless, the territory of Ukraine along the river. The case was cleared of Poles.

Negotiations with Russia. Pereyaslavskaya Rada

Khmelnytsky had long been convinced that the Hetmanate could not fight on its own. He established diplomatic relations with Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. As early as February 19, 1651, the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow discussed the question of what answer to give to Khmelnitsky, who then already asked the tsar to accept him under his authority; but the council apparently did not come to a definite decision. Only the opinion of the clergy has reached us, which left the final decision to the will of the king. The Tsar sent boyar Repnin-Obolensky to Poland, promising to forget some of the Poles’ violations of the peace treaty if Poland made peace with Bogdan Khmelnitsky on the basis of the Zboriv Treaty. The embassy was not successful. In the spring of 1653, a Polish detachment under the command of Czarnecki began to devastate Podolia. Khmelnitsky, in alliance with the Tatars, moved against him and met him near the town of Zhvanets, on the banks of the Dniester River. The situation of the Poles due to cold weather and lack of food was difficult; they were forced to conclude a rather humiliating peace with the Crimean Khan, just to break his alliance with Khmelnitsky. After this, the Tatars, with royal permission, began to devastate Ukraine. Under such circumstances, Khmelnitsky again turned to Moscow and began to persistently ask the Tsar to accept him as a citizen. On October 1, 1653, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which the issue of accepting Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the Zaporozhye army into Russian citizenship was resolved in the affirmative. On January 8, a council was assembled in Pereyaslavl, at which, after Khmelnitsky’s speech, which pointed out the need for Ukraine to choose one of the four sovereigns: the Turkish Sultan, the Crimean Khan, the Polish King or the Russian Tsar and surrender to his citizenship, the people shouted: “ we will (that is, we wish) for the Russian Tsar!

The collapse of Khmelnitsky's plans. Death of the Hetman

Following the annexation of the Hetmanate, the war between Russia and Poland began. In the spring, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich moved to Lithuania; the Swedish king opened military operations against Poland from the north

There is no place in Ukraine where the memory of Bohdan Khmelnytsky is not immortalized. Parks and streets are named after him, and hundreds of monuments have been erected. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky was given by God to the Ukrainian people, who were under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Historians have scant information about the early years of Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s life before 1647. The famous Ukrainian historian M. Grushevsky wrote: “Khmelnytsky’s personal biography is as poor in real and indisputable facts as it is rich in legends.”

It is believed that Bogdan was born in Chigirin in 1595. At baptism he received the name Bogdan-Zinovy, but did not use his second name. Bogdan's father was the headman in Chigirin and belonged to the gentry from the village. Khmilnik on Przemysl land or Belarus.

As a young man, Bogdan Khmelnytsky was educated at the Lvov Jesuit College. He joined the Cossacks and took part in the Polish-Turkish war in 1620-1621, where he was captured near Tsetsora. He stayed in prison for 2 years, studied Tatar and Turkish.

In 1622 he escaped and was again enrolled in the registered Cossacks. He took part in naval raids on Turkish cities, and in 1629 he took part in the capture of the outskirts of Constantinople. From 1633 he was in the service of the crown hetman Stanislav Konetspolsky. In 1639 he fell out of favor with the hetman.

The conflict continued until 1647. The subject of the dispute was the right of ownership of Subbotov. D. Chaplinsky and Andrey Konetspolsky spoke against Khmelnitsky. In 1647, an assassination attempt was made on Khmelnytsky. D. Chaplinsky attacked Subbotov and plundered it. An order was given for the arrest and execution of Khmelnytsky. At the end of December 1647, Khmelnitsky with a detachment of 500 sabers moved to Zaporozhye.

On January 20, 1648, B. Khmelnitsky approached the Sich, on January 24 he captured boats, and on January 25 he took possession of the fortress. Some of the registered Cossacks went over to his side. On January 30, Bohdan Zinovy ​​Khmelnytsky was elected hetman. Preparations for the uprising began.

The Cossack uprising resulted in a national liberation war thanks to the victories of the Cossacks at Zheltye Vody, Korsun and Pilyavtsy. The ceremonial entry of the Cossack army into Kyiv took place on Christmas Day 1648. He was met by the highest clergy and representatives of the city authorities.

To consolidate success, B. Khmelnitsky concluded three alliances:

– With the Crimean Khanate and Turkey in 1649
– With the Moscow kingdom in 1654.
– With Sweden, Brandenburg, Moldavia and Wallachia in 1657

After the betrayal of the Crimean Khan, the first treaty was terminated. The second agreement on the reunification of Ukraine with Moscow on the basis of a confederation. High Ukrainian society and the clergy did not support the treaty and refused to swear allegiance to the Moscow Tsar. After the signing of the peace between Moscow and Poland in 1656 without the participation of Ukrainian representatives, the Pereyaslavl agreements lost their meaning.

The third treaty was not directed against Poland, but at the creation of a “Grand Duchy of Russia” within the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian territories under the control of a hetman. The Moscow government opposed independence and made efforts to defeat the Cossacks. Moscow concluded an agreement with Poland and started a war with Sweden.

Military failures and numerous betrayals undermined the hetman's health and hastened his death. He died on July 27, 1657 in Chigirin and was buried in the Ilinskaya Church in Subbotov. Soon the embalmed body of B. Khmelnitsky disappeared from the family tomb and his whereabouts are unknown.

Zmist

Bohdan Khmelnitsky is a character who played a key role in the history of Ukraine. Criticals with sides of the near-groomed izstoriki through his calls of the Politika, vin to heal the nuding heroic national rush of the All-time, not the rhouses of the Ukrainian suspension.

Monuments to Bohdan Khmelnytsky, streets, squares, parks in every large populated area of ​​Ukraine do not reinforce his high status.

Pokhodzhennya

It has not been possible for a hundred hundred hundred kilometers to indicate where the future hetman was born. The father of the great man was the Chigirin centurion Mikhailo Khmelnitsky. Speaking about what a great man he was, we can definitely say - sanctified. From the Kiev fraternal school, he entered upon the apprenticeship to the Jesuites at Yaroslavl-Galitsky. Having studied it diligently: Ovolodiv has thoroughly studied Polish and Latin. I've been learning French and Turkish language for a long time now.

Characteristics reflect Khmelnytsky: fearlessness, innocence and dedication, cleverly turning sides. Once upon a time, before his birth and his biography, he recognized the mass of deep-seated spirits that fell into his share of that activity. Bogdan Khmelnytsky, like a politician, is respected by prominent people: he has achieved a great deal of intelligence not only in deeds, but also in words, but also in cunning, to speak of his inexhaustible intelligence.

Zvichaina Lyudina

Don’t be surprised by those who consider Khmelnytsky to be a national hero of Ukraine, as he is a great person. This portrait has both good and negative sides.

According to historians, the commander has a primary appearance: middle age and middle status. To a large extent, I have forgotten the character and memory of the keruvati with my ox rice. However, after the troubling stage of active activity comes a period of prolonged depression. Bogdan Khmelnitsky coolly stood before the sanctified people. It meant that after talking with them, he would regain his tension and be ready to rush into battle.

The historical portrait of Bohdan Khmelnytsky as a tyrant and cruel people was formed mainly by Polish historians. Thus, his armies wiped out the Polish and Jewish populations. Let us talk more about the desecration, and less about the blatant manifestation of the ruthless targeting of people of a different faith and nationality. No legal order was recorded, since the glorious son of Ukraine issued a order about the total guilt of the populated area. And it is impossible to put him on the same scale as the enemy’s military leaders: Charnetsky, Pototsky, Vishnevetsky, whose hands are up to their elbows in blood, and their orders are still crying out among the humane Europeans.

Family of the commander

His first love union was Bohdan Khmelnitsky Uklav ​​with Ganna Somko in 1623. After her death, she became friends with Olenya Chaplinsky, who later became the driving force for the beginning of the active activity of the commander and the advance against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The third squad, who stayed with him until his death, was Ganna Zolotarenko. The commander’s appearance was attractive, and his character was strong-willed, and his squad was practically skin-to-skin.

Over the course of three loves, Khmelnytsky gave birth to all sorts of children: some boys and some girls. Most of them have a tragic fate. The children of the human line, Timosh and Yuri, helped their fathers in free Russia.

First serious decisions

Having entered the Cossack army in 1621, Bogdan Khmelnytsky spent his father in the Polish-Turkish war, and he himself wasted two days to Constantinople. Turning after the raid, you take part in the naval raids on Turkish places. The campaign on the lands of Constantinople was particularly successful, which brought a lot of wealth. After returning from an overseas campaign, Bogdan Khmelnytsky settled on the Subotiv farm and took up a different life. It didn't last long.

The facts are about those who, in 1634, took part together with the Poles in the Smolensk region. Bogdan Khmelnytsky brought to his side the King of Poland Vladislav IV. People of today will witness that the main enemy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth has robbed his life to the king, for which he later wanted a golden sword. He was one of the first people involved in the plan to attack the Ottoman Empire. The biography of the commander is very clear due to the various misunderstandings of his actions by historians of various countries, which they forgot to include in the chronicle, but which they simply guessed.

The hetman's decision

Bogdan Khmelnytsky spent a troubling hour encouraging the Polish king. This could have happened in the future. As if not approachable in Chaplinsky's old age, the distant alliance with Poland would have looked different. Rustic forces to fight were formed after the attack on the village of Subotiv, where Otaman lived. Not only was there a lot of ruin and burning, but also his civilian squad, Olena, was forcibly married to Chaplinsky. In addition, the servants of old age succumbed to the hetman’s son so much that Ostap Khmelnytsky died of a strong fever.

The upcoming sovereign leader was trying to find out the truth in court. The meeting did not lead to the desired result. Bogdan Khmelnytsky went berserk to the Polish king. But here you don’t know the best support. Vladislav called on the future hetman to punish his criminal, but did not want to give encouragement.

The death of a son and old age became a catalyst. Volodya's unprecedented oratorical skill and great natural diplomatic gift, he has the mind to send the Cossacks to his side. Khmelnytsky is voted hetman and asked to carry out a reconciliation with the Tatar Khan, so that the rest will oppose the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the fight against the Zaporizian Sich. Having immediately realized that hetmanship had been confirmed, the commander was arrested.

Compliance with Pototsky’s order lasted for a long time, and on the 11th of April 1647 he arrived at Zaporizhzhya Sich. The decision to bring Krim out is not forfeited. The Cossack state sent it to Islam-Girey. Khan did not want to give an unambiguous confirmation: it was not in his plans to marry the Polish king. But Khmelnytsky had new comrades: Murza Tugai-Bey, who was familiar with the data of historians in the Turkish region, and his army.

Having arrived in Sich, Bohdan Khmelnytsky was appointed commander of the army. The title of hetman was assigned to him later. On April 22, 1648, the commander’s advance against Poland began. From this moment on, the national-free war actually began.

Khmelnytsky region

The beginning of the struggle has been over, since a revolt among the Ukrainian people is already brewing. A large part of the lands was included in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the rights of Ukrainians and Orthodox Christians were not respected. The national-free war was inevitable, and the Battle of Zhovti Vody became its beginning. The uprising under Khmelnytsky's conquest of Tugai Bey began with the complete defeat of the crown military.

On the 22nd quarter a battle took place, in which the army of Tatars and Ukrainians won. The diplomatic talents of Bogdan Khmelnytsky also helped. Having decided to settle with the registered Cossacks, they won the battle, securing a numerical advantage. A diplomat by nature, he is determined to convey to the registered Cossacks the reality of the founding of the Ukrainian state, which will ultimately unite all Ukrainians.

The hetman's foresight knew no bounds. The result of the battle of Korsun on May 15, 1648 was determined by fate. Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent to the Poles, who voluntarily surrendered. At the end of the day, the opponents were driven to the forest, where a large part of the Poles were killed.

The national-free war continued at Veresna with the Battle of Pilyavtsy. From the 11th to the 13th spring, the Poles fell into misery. The Cossack state became very rich, although a large part of the money went to the Tatars.

The obloga of Lvov led to a significant indemnity. 220 thousand zlotys became a nasty sum for the treasury of the national free war and help for the Cossacks. The vote of the King of Poland, John Casimir (the throne was empty after the death of Vladislav IV) became a natural idea. Bogdan Khmelnytsky did not want to seek more truth and refused to return to a peaceful life.

At the beginning of 1649, the commander entered the Golden Gate of Kiev. Bogdan Khmelnitsky rejects the blessing of the Patriarch of Jerusalem Paisius and the remission of all sins. Ale didn't help. The national free war brought unexpected results: people all over Ukraine organized persecutions, and the great hetman gradually began to listen to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth again.

However, further military failures and constant joy on the side of the Crimeans led to the commander deciding to come under the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar. The union with the Orthodox ruler brought praise to a large part of the population, both Cossacks and villagers. So, in 1654, the Ukrainian state was taken under the hand of the Moscow Tsar.

Moldavian campaigns

The hetman made his first campaign in alliance with the Crimean Khan in 1650. He tried to enlist the support of the Moldavian ruler Vasil Lupul, who was eager to marry his daughter Rozanda to Timosz Khmelnytsky, pay a large indemnity and appear in support of Poland. Moldova and Ukraine formed an alliance. This led to Wallachia, Transylvania, Vlasna, and Poland opposing the Moldavian ruler. Nezabar Vasil Lupul was relieved of power and Moldova joined the anti-Ukrainian coalition.

Khmelnytsky, trying to steal his reach from the foreign policy, he will send the army along with Timosh to the aid of Lupul. Three offensive campaigns in 1652 and 1653 were not far off. The battles were lost. The succession of Lupul to the throne led to his imprisonment at the fort of Suceavi. During the outbreak of Suceavi, Timosh was injured and died in early spring 1653. The battle lasted for almost 20 days and ended with a complete defeat of the Cossacks.

Death

The uninterrupted behind-the-scenes struggle between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to Bogdan Khmelnitsky simply becoming angry with the two great powers. Having stood on the side of the Swedish king Charles X and the Semi-City prince Yuri Rakotsi, he hoped to reason with the monarchs. Not feeling the strength for further struggle, Bogdan Khmelnytsky, already at the beginning of 1657, chose his attacker in the person of his son Yuri.

The Great Hetman died on June 27, 1657. They honored him with his son Timosh in the ancestral village of Subotov.

Bogdan Khmelnytsky has a superb biography. One thing is clear - having been a great son of his people, he has the vision to give all Ukrainians faith in their state and the strength to fight for it until the possible end. Donya’s memory of Bogdan Khmelnytsky is in the hearts of true patriots.

Tsikava facts

Considering the greatness of the most famous Ukrainian hetman, it is not easy to marvel at the number of facts that are directly and indirectly related to his specialness. The axis is only a small part:

• on the island of Iturup there is the Bogdan Khmelnytsky volcano;
• two places in Ukraine were renamed in his honor: Proskuriv and Pereyaslav;
• the graves of the commander and his son Tymosh were spit out, and the ashes of those thrown into the street at the order of Stefan Chernetsky, the Polish hetman, a national hero, who in Ukraine is best known as a cruel punisher;
• believe that the charter, which gave the Cossacks the right to defend their rights, was stolen from Barabash, Bogdan Khmelnytsky added the royal signature;
• Historians may have gone too far in the search for the truth about the adventures of the leader of the Weiska Zaporizhsky: they will continue to prove that Mikhailo Khmelnytsky, Bogdan’s father, was a Jew Berko, who accepted the Catholic faith;
• Mustafa Nayem confirms in his book that Bogdan adopted Islam from the Turks;
• When the people were born, the prominent son of the Ukrainian people took away the name of Zinovia.