Dual images. Cube and two identical cups
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Even the most hardened skeptics believe what their senses tell them, but the senses are easily deceived.
Optical illusion - impression of visible object or a phenomenon that does not correspond to reality, i.e. optical illusion. Translated from Latin, the word “illusion” means “error, delusion.” This suggests that illusions have long been interpreted as some kind of malfunction in the visual system. Many researchers have been studying the causes of their occurrence.
Some visual illusions have long been scientific explanation, others still remain a mystery.
website continues to collect the coolest optical illusions. Be careful! Some illusions can cause tearing, headaches and disorientation in space.
Endless chocolate
If you cut a chocolate bar 5 by 5 and rearrange all the pieces in the order shown, then out of nowhere an extra piece of chocolate will appear. You can do the same with a regular chocolate bar and make sure that it doesn’t computer graphics, but a real-life mystery.
Illusion of bars
Take a look at these bars. Depending on which end you are looking at, the two pieces of wood will either be next to each other, or one of them will be lying on top of the other.
Cube and two identical cups
Optical illusion created by Chris Westall. There is a cup on the table, next to which there is a cube with a small cup. However, upon closer examination, we can see that in fact the cube is drawn, and the cups are exactly the same size. A similar effect is noticeable only at a certain angle.
Illusion "Cafe Wall"
Take a close look at the image. At first glance, all the lines seem to be curved, but in fact they are parallel. The illusion was discovered by R. Gregory at the Wall Cafe in Bristol. This is where its name came from.
Illusion of the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Above you see two pictures of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. At first glance, the tower on the right appears to lean more than the tower on the left, but in fact both of these pictures are the same. The reason is that the visual system views the two images as part of a single scene. Therefore, it seems to us that both photographs are not symmetrical.
Disappearing circles
This illusion is called "Vanishing Circles". It consists of 12 lilac pink spots arranged in a circle with a black cross in the middle. Each spot disappears in a circle for about 0.1 seconds, and if you focus on the central cross, you can get the following effect:
1) at first it will seem that there is a green spot running around
2) then the purple spots will start to disappear
Optical illusion - unreliable visual perception any picture: incorrect assessment of the length of segments, the color of the visible object, the size of the angles, etc.
The reasons for such errors lie in the peculiarities of the physiology of our vision, as well as in the psychology of perception. Sometimes illusions can lead to completely wrong quantitative estimates specific geometric quantities.
Even looking carefully at the “optical illusion” picture, in 25 percent or more of cases you can make a mistake if you do not check your visual assessments with a ruler.
Pictures of optical illusion: size
So, for example, let's look at the following figure.
Pictures of optical illusion: circle size
Which of the circles located in the middle is larger?
Correct answer: the circles are the same.
Pictures of optical illusion: proportions
Which of the two people is taller: the dwarf on foreground or the person walking behind everyone? 
Correct answer: they are the same height.
Pictures of optical illusion: length
The figure shows two segments. Which one is longer?
Correct answer: they are the same.
Pictures of optical illusion: pareidolia
One type of visual illusion is pareidolia. Pareidolia is an illusory perception of a specific object.
Unlike illusions of perception of length, depth, dual images, pictures with images that are specially created in order to provoke the occurrence of illusions, pareidolia can arise on their own when viewing the most ordinary objects. So, for example, sometimes when examining a pattern on wallpaper or a carpet, clouds, spots and cracks on the ceiling, you can see fantastic changing landscapes, unusual animals, people’s faces, etc.
The basis of various illusory images can be the details of a real-life drawing. The first to describe such a phenomenon were Jaspers and Kahlbaumi (Jaspers K., 1913, Kahlbaum K., 1866;). Many pareidolic illusions can arise when perceiving well-known images. In this case, similar illusions can occur simultaneously in several people.
For example, in the following picture, which shows the World Trade Center building on fire. Many people can see the scary face of the devil on it. 
The image of the devil can be seen in the next picture - the devil in the smoke 
In the following picture you can easily distinguish a face on Mars (NASA, 1976). The play of shadow and light has given rise to many theories about ancient Martian civilizations. Interestingly, late photographs of this area of Mars do not show a face.
And here you can see a dog.
Pictures of optical illusion: color perception
Looking at the drawing, you can observe the illusion of color perception. 
In fact, the circles on different squares are the same shade of gray.
Looking at the following picture, answer the question: are the chess squares on which points A and B are the same or different colors?
It's hard to believe, but yes! Don't believe me? Photoshop will prove it to you.
How many colors are you drawing in the following picture?
There are only 3 colors - white, green and pink. You might think there are 2 shades of pink, but that's actually not the case.
What do these waves look like to you?
Are the brown stripe waves colored? But no! It's just an illusion.
Look at the following picture and say the color of each word.
Why is this so difficult? The fact is that one part of the brain is trying to read the word, while the other perceives the color.
Pictures of optical illusion: elusive objects
Looking at the following image, look at black dot. After some time, the colored spots should go away. 
Do you see the gray diagonal stripes?
If you look at the center point for a while, the stripes will disappear.
Pictures of optical illusion: shapeshifter
Another type of visual illusion is shapeshifting. The fact is that the image of the object itself depends on the direction of your gaze. Yes, one of these optical illusions- “duck hare” This image can be interpreted as both an image of a hare and an image of a duck. 
Take a closer look, what do you see in the next picture? 
What do you see in this picture: a musician or a girl’s face?
Strange, it's actually a book.
A few more pictures: optical illusion
If you look at the black color of this lamp for a long time, and then look at a white sheet of paper, then this lamp will be visible there too.
Look at the dot, and then move away a little and move closer to the monitor. The circles will spin in different directions.
That. peculiarities optical perception complex. Sometimes you shouldn’t believe your own eyes...
Snakes crawl in different directions.
Aftereffect illusion
After looking at an image continuously for a long period of time, there will be some impact on vision for some time afterwards. For example, prolonged contemplation of a spiral leads to the fact that all objects around will rotate for 5-10 seconds.
Shadow figure illusion
This is a common type of erroneous perception when a person guesses a figure in the shadows with peripheral vision.
Irradiation
This is a visual illusion that leads to a distortion of the size of an object placed on a background of contrasting color.
Phosphene phenomenon
This is the occurrence of unclear points different shades in front of closed eyes.
Depth perception
This is an optical illusion, implying two options for perceiving the depth and volume of an object. Looking at the image, a person does not understand whether an object is concave or convex.
Optical illusions: video
The author of the picture opposite (Fig. 2) presented new type flywheel, combining mathematical imagination with a fair amount of technical ideas. Its individual components are shown in the drawing attached to the wall on the left, while frontal view The wheel axle in the drawing on the right reveals the whole concept of the square wheel. However, the viewer remains unconvinced - such a wheel cannot be built. It is not impossible to connect six beams to form a wheel rim, even if they lie in the same plane, but four spokes simply cannot be connected as shown. The inventor of this wheel forces us to look for at least one connection that would be clearly incorrect. But, as we will soon discover, they are all correct. And yet the object represented in this particular case cannot exist in the real world. This is an impossible object! Only by disconnecting the connections at several points will we arrive at an object that can be built. Rice. 3 shows one of the possible options. The result, however, is significantly different from what the inventor originally envisioned - it is now a bizarre three-dimensional design rendered possible and useless...
Sadro del Pret combined two impossible triangles into this "impossible wheel". The impossible triangle (or tribar) is the simplest and at the same time the most captivating object of all known impossible objects (Fig. 4). It looks very "real" but still cannot exist.
However, its impossibility is not as absolute as that of, for example, a square circle, which can neither be imagined nor drawn. The impossible objects that interest us can, oddly enough, be easily visualized, which underlies their appeal. They show us new world and thus reveal to us the incredibly complex process we call vision. Is tri-bar really impossible? Rice. Figure 5 shows how, by dividing the two arms of a triangle at certain points, we arrive at an object that can be created in the real world. Obviously we've transformed it into something completely different.
Sandro del Prete's "Three Candles" (Fig. 6) represents a completely different category of impossible objects. How many candles are shown: two or three? If we look down from the middle flame, we will see that the candle on which it burns mysteriously disappears. At the same time, if we look up from the square base of the right candle, we will see that the left side of the candle disappears into the background, leaving only the right side. A characteristic feature of such impossible objects is that they can only be depicted in black and white and cannot be colored. The following three images (Figure 7-9) were created by Oscar Reutersvärd. There is something irritating in such paintings, when a figure that initially seems monolithic suddenly eludes our gaze. Matter disappears into emptiness.
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| Figure 6. Sandro del Prete, "Three Candles", pencil drawing |
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| Figure 7. | Figure 8. | Figure 9. |
Ambiguous figures are another category. Unlike impossible objects, which cannot exist in the real world, ambiguous figures represent three-dimensional realities of more than one. Thus, we can interpret the figure in the center of Monica Bush's drawing (Fig. 10) as both a projection of the outer surface of the cube and as a concave cubic space. It is quite possible to create two different three-dimensional models of this painting, each of which will illustrate one of the interpretations of the painting. As we will see in Chapter 3, every image projected onto the retina is essentially ambiguous, whether we are looking at a painting or at objects. real world. Fortunately, this rarely creates problems in everyday life, since our consciousness accepts only the information received from the picture on the retina that corresponds to reality. We talk about figure ambiguity when two (or sometimes more) interpretations of the same figure are equally plausible.
The first scientists who began to study impossible objects and ambiguous figures defined both of these categories under the same name “optical illusions,” which is not entirely accurate, since this name does not reveal the unique characteristics of these objects. Optical illusions are objects that we see, but which either cannot exist in reality or whose true nature is different from what we see. We constantly encounter optical illusions in our lives without noticing them, simply because we constantly make allowances for them. For example, although it seems to us that the moon is moving after us when we move down the street at night, we know for sure that it is standing still. Likewise, the moon appears larger when it is just above the horizon than when it is high in the sky, but we do not think of the moon as expanding and contracting every night. When I look out the window at the buildings below, they don't seem more pot with a flower on my windowsill, but still I do not allow such a thought. Optical illusions are for the most part a component of our perception.
Some forms of optical illusions have very unusual characteristics, some of them even bear the name of their “inventor” or researcher. In the picture Prof. A.J.W.M. Thomassen (Fig. 11) we see among the figures the parallelogram of Sander (1926, Fig. 12). If you are seeing this optical illusion for the first time, then take a ruler and measure the difference in length between the long segment AB and the short segment BC. Fraser's illusion (1908, fig. 13) shows us the extent to which additional factors influence our conscious determination of the direction of lines: although the letters of the word LIFE appear to be curved, they are all vertical and parallel to each other. Estimation of the size of a circle depends on the objects surrounding it (Lipps, 1897, Fig. 14): the central circles in both cases have the same size.
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| Figure 14. |
These kinds of illusions have been the subject of study for more than 150 years, and they can teach us about how our vision functions. The ambiguity of figures was explored by Necker as early as 1832, while impossible objects only attracted attention in 1958 with the publication of a paper by the Penroses, whose impossible triangle is also depicted in Thomassen's painting.
In this book we will show, among other things, that ambiguous figures and impossible objects are important not only because they shed light on the features of our vision, but also because their discovery by artists opened up previously unexplored areas in the history of art.
Dual or polysemantic images, as the Big Psychological Dictionary tells us, are explained by the fact that when perceiving such pictures, a person experiences different views, identically corresponding to the one depicted.
How many women do you see?
At first glance, 90% of people see attractive girl 20-25 years old, the remaining 10% see an old woman over 70 with a huge nose. For those who see the picture for the first time, it is difficult to see the second image.
Clue: A girl's ear is an eye elderly woman, and the oval of a young face is the nose of an old woman.
The first impression, according to psychologists, usually depends on what part of the picture your gaze fell on at the first moment.
After a little training, you can learn to order yourself who you want to see.
Psychiatrist E. Boringou used the portrait in the 1930s as an illustration for his work. The author of such an image is sometimes called the American cartoonist W. Hill, who published the work in 1915 in the magazine “Pak” (translated into Russian as “elf”, “fairy-tale spirit”).
But back in the first years of the 20th century, a postcard was issued in Russia with the same picture and the inscription: “My wife and my mother-in-law.”
The picture with two ladies can be found in many psychology textbooks.
Hare or duck?
Which character did you see first on modern version"Ehrenstein illusions"? The very first "duck-hare" drawing was published in Jastrow's book in 1899. It is believed that if children are shown the picture on Easter Day, they will be more likely to see it as a rabbit, but if shown to them in October, they will tend to see a duck or similar bird
Clue: In the picture you can see a duck, which is directed to the left, or a hare, which is directed to the right.
Singing Mexicans or old men?
Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo is the author of quite unusual paintings with hidden meaning. If you look closely, you will see another, hidden image in each of his drawings. He made the scenery of more than 120 Mexican and American films. Created several portraits famous people the Western world in a surreal style (“Portrait of the singer Cher”, “Portrait of the actress Jane Fonda”, “Portrait of Jimmy Carter”, etc.).
Clue: The old man and the old blonde woman look at each other. Their eyebrows are the hats of Mexican musicians, and their eyes are the faces of musicians.
Just Rose?
At first glance, yes. An ordinary flower and nothing more. But it was not there. The author of this image, Sandro del Pre, formed a new direction in art, which he called “illusorism,” focusing on creating optical illusions when painting.
Clue: In the center of the rose you can see a couple kissing.
Old man or cowboy?
This painting by Ya. Botvinnik, first half of the twentieth century, USA, is called “My husband and my father-in-law.”
Who did you see first? Young man in a cowboy hat or an old man with a big nose?
Psychologists say that a person’s attitude towards himself influences the choice of image: with a positive attitude, people are more likely to perceive a young image in the first seconds.
Clue: The cowboy's neck is the old man's mouth, the ear is the eye, the chin is the nose.
What do you see in the sixth picture?
Leave your options in the comments to this article. The answer will appear at 13:00 on October 8, 2013.
Answer: Skull or young couple
