Place of birth of M Bulgakov. Studying at the gymnasium, passion for theater, literature, marriage
Born in the city of Kyiv on May 3, 1891 in the family of associate professor (since 1902 - professor) of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov(1859-1907) and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922) on Vozdvizhenskaya Street, 28. The family had seven children: Michael(1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolai (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena (1902-1954).
In 1909 Michael Bulgakov He graduated from the First Kyiv Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits assigned to this degree by the laws of the Russian Empire.”
In 1913 M. Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982). Their financial difficulties began on their wedding day. According to Tatyana’s memoirs, this is clearly felt: “Of course, I didn’t have any veil, nor a wedding dress - I had to do with all the money that my father sent. Mom came to the wedding and was horrified. I had a pleated linen skirt, my mother bought a blouse. We were married by Fr. Alexander. ...For some reason they laughed terribly at the altar. We rode home after church in a carriage. There were few guests at dinner. I remember there were a lot of flowers, most of all daffodils...” Tatyana's father sent her 50 rubles a month, a decent amount at that time. But the money in their wallet quickly dissolved, as Bulgakov He did not like to save money and was a man of impulse. If he wanted to take a taxi with his last money, he decided to take this step without hesitation. “Mother scolded me for my frivolity. We come to her for dinner, she sees - neither my rings nor my chain. “Well, that means everything is in the pawnshop!”
After the outbreak of the First World War Michael Bulgakov I worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.
Since 1917, he began using morphine, first to alleviate allergic reactions to the anti-diphtheria drug, which he took because he was afraid of diphtheria after an operation. Then the morphine intake became regular. In December 1917, he came to Moscow for the first time, staying with his uncle, the famous Moscow gynecologist N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “ dog's heart" In the spring of 1918 M. Bulgakov returns to Kyiv, where he begins private practice as a venereologist. At that time Michael Bulgakov stops using morphine.
During Civil War, in February 1919, Michael Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, during street battles, he went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
In the same year he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then - in Armed Forces South of Russia. As part of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment he fought in the North Caucasus. He was actively published in newspapers (article “Future Prospects”). During the retreat of the Volunteer Army at the beginning of 1920, he fell ill with typhus and because of this he could not leave for Georgia, remaining in Vladikavkaz.
At the end of September 1921 Michael Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers (Gudok, Rabochy) and magazines ( Medical worker", "Russia", "Renaissance", "Red Magazine for Everyone"). At the same time he published individual works in the newspaper "Nakanune", published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons were published in Gudok Mikhail Bulgakov.
In 1923 Michael Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.
Since October 1926 at the Moscow Art Theater with great success The play “Days of the Turbins” took place. Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times, since I. Stalin liked the play, who attended its performances several times. In his speeches Joseph Stalin then he agreed that “Days of the Turbins” was “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov not ours,” he argued that the impression from the “Days of the Turbins” was ultimately positive for the communists (letter to V. Bill-Belotserkovsky, published by himself Stalin in 1949). At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of creativity takes place in the Soviet press M. Bulgakova. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were: influential officials and writers like Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Averbakh, Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and many others.
At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov’s premiere of the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was a great success.
In 1928 Michael Bulgakov I traveled with my wife to the Caucasus, visited Tiflis, Batum, Cape Verde, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. This year the premiere of the play “Crimson Island” took place in Moscow. U M. Bulgakova the idea of a novel arose, later called “The Master and Margarita”. The writer also began work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Holy One”).
In 1929 Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.
By 1930 works Bulgakov They stopped publishing, plays were removed from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island” were banned from production; the play “Days of the Turbins” was removed from the repertoire. In 1930 Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. At the same time, he wrote a letter to the USSR Government, dated March 28, 1930, with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. April 18, 1930 Bulgakov called Joseph Stalin, who recommended the playwright to apply for admission to the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1930 he worked as a director in Central Theater working youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol was staged. Bulgakov. In 1935 Bulgakov performed on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater as an actor - in the role of a Judge in the play " Pickwick Club"According to Dickens. The experience of working at the Moscow Art Theater is reflected in the work Mikhail Bulgakov « Theatrical novel"("Notes of a Dead Man"), where many theater employees are listed under changed names.
In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally A. Enukidze) again allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and before the war it was no longer prohibited. However, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.
The play “The Cabal of the Holy One” was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and Pravda published a devastating article about this “false, reactionary and worthless” play. After the article in Pravda, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937 Michael Bulgakov working on librettos for “Minin and Pozharsky” and “Peter I”. He was friends with Isaac Dunaevsky.
In 1939 M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto of "Rachel", as well as on a play about I. Stalin("Batum") The play was already being prepared for production, and Bulgakov I went to Georgia with my wife and colleagues to work on the play, when a telegram arrived about the cancellation of the play: Stalin considered it inappropriate to stage a play about himself. From that moment (according to the memoirs of E. S. Bulgakova, V. Vilenkin, etc.) health M. Bulgakova began to deteriorate sharply, he began to lose his vision. Doctors diagnosed him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continued to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms. During the same period, the writer began to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel “The Master and Margarita.”
Since February 1940, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at the bedside M. Bulgakova. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service took place in the Union building Soviet writers. Before the memorial service, Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removed from his face Mikhail Bulgakov death mask.
Creation
Stories and novels
1922 - “The Adventures of Chichikov”
1922 - " White Guard"(1922-1924)
1923 - “Diaboliad”
1923 - “Notes on Cuffs”
1923 - “Crimson Island”
1924 - " Fatal eggs»
1925 - “Heart of a Dog” (published in the USSR in 1987)
1928 - “Great Chancellor. Prince of Darkness" (part of the draft version of the novel "The Master and Margarita", 1928-1929)
1928 - “The Engineer’s Hoof” (1928-1929)
1929 - “To a Secret Friend” (published in the USSR in 1987)
1929 - “The Master and Margarita” (1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966-1967, completely in 1973)
1933 - “The Life of Monsieur de Moliere” (published in the USSR in 1962)
1936 - “Theatrical Novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”) (unfinished novel (1936-1937), published in the USSR in 1965)
Plays, scripts
1925 - “Zoyka’s Apartment”
1925 - “Days of the Turbins”
1926 - “Running” (1926-1928)
1927 - “Crimson Island” (published in the USSR in 1968)
1929 - “Cabal of the Saint”
1931 - “Adam and Eve”
1932 - “Crazy Jourdain” (published in the USSR in 1965)
1934 - “Bliss (the dream of engineer Rhine)” (published in the USSR in 1966)
1934 - “The Inspector General”
1935 - " Last days(Alexander Pushkin)" (published in the USSR in 1955)
1935 - “An Unusual Incident, or The Inspector General”
1936 - “Ivan Vasilyevich”
1936 - “Minin and Pozharsky” (published in the USSR in 1980)
1936 - “The Black Sea” (published in the USSR in 1988)
1937 - “Rachel” (opera libretto based on the story “Mademoiselle Fifi” by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
1939 - “Batum” (a play about the youth of I.V. Stalin, original title“Shepherd”, 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
1939 - “Don Quixote”
Stories
1922 - “No. 13. - House of Elpit-Rabkommun"
1922 - “Arithmetic”
1922 - “On the night of the 3rd”
1922 - “At the Zimin Theater”
1922 - “How He Went Crazy”
1922 - “Kaenpe and Kape”
1922 - “The Red Crown”
1922 - “Raid. In the magic lantern"
1922 - " Extraordinary Adventures the doctors"
1922 - “November 7th Day”
1922 - “Beware of counterfeits!”
1922 - “Birds in the Attic”
1922 - “Workers’ Garden City”
1922 - “Soviet Inquisition”
1923 - " Chinese history. 6 paintings instead of a story"
1924 - “Memory...”
1924 - “Khan’s Fire”
1925 - “Towel with a Rooster”
1925 - “Baptism by turning”
1925 - “Steel Throat”
1925 - “Blizzard”
1925 - “Egyptian Darkness”
1925 - “The Missing Eye”
1925 - “Star Rash”
1925 - “La Boheme”
1925 - “Holiday with Syphilis”
1926 - “The Story of Diamonds”
1926 - “I Killed”
1926 - “Morphine”
1926 - “Treatise on Housing”
1926 - “Psalm”
1926 - “Four Portraits”
1926 - “Moonshine Lake”
Photo from 1926
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov born May 15, 1891. Kyiv is considered the birthplace of Mikhail Afanasievich, and the head of the family, Afanasy Ivanovich, worked all his life as a teacher at the same theological academy.
Mikhail Afanasievich received his primary education starting in 1901, studying at the very first gymnasium in Kyiv. Further, he continued his successful education at the University of Kyiv at the Faculty of Medicine. While in his 2nd year, Mikhail Bulgakov married Tatyana Lapp.
1916 marks the end medical institute. After receiving his diploma, Mikhail Bulgakov gets a job at a large hospital in Kyiv. At the same time, in the summer, he is sent to the village of Nikolskoye, which is located in the Smolensk Province. It is these lives, constantly working with patients and being on the brink nervous breakdown, Mikhail Bulgakov became addicted to morphine. However, his addiction was successfully overcome thanks to the many efforts of his wife.
During the civil war, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized into the army of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic), military doctor. After serving there, Mikhail Afanasievich was reassigned to the army from Southern Russia.
So, while serving in the army, in 1920 Bulgakov fell ill with typhus, and it was for this reason that he could not leave the country as part of the Volunteer Army.
A year later, Mikhail emigrates to Moscow. There, Mikhail Afanasyevich, is active literary activity, finds opportunities and ways of cooperation with many editorial offices in Moscow, and also participates in meetings of literary circles.
In 1923, Bulgakov became one of the members of the All-Russian Union of Writers, which already included Gimilev, Chukovsky, and others.
In 1924 he divorced his first wife, and a year later Bulgakov found his second love - Lyubov Belozerskaya.
From 1924 to 1928, Mikhail Bulgakov wrote and published his prose masterpieces, including “Heart of a Dog,” “The White Guard,” and “Days of the Turbins.” At the same time, by personal order of Joseph Stalin, the play “Days of the Turbins” is staged at the Moscow Art Theater.
Mikhail Bulgakov visited Leningrad in 1929, where he met Yevgeny Zamyatin, as well as Anna Akhmatova. Due to “harsh and unfounded criticism” revolutionary events in Bulgakov’s novels (including the novel “Days of the Turbins”), Mikhail Afanasievich was repeatedly summoned for questioning by the NKVD. The works of Mikhail Afanasyevich are stopped being printed and published, and a ban on production in theaters is imposed on his plays.
IN next year, unable to withstand the pressure of the authorities and society, Mikhail Bulgakov sends a personal letter to Stalin, in which he asks to be given the opportunity to leave Soviet Union or give permission to work in the USSR. After this appeal, Mikhail Afanasievich was hired as an assistant director.
The year 1931 marks a break for Mikhail Bulgakov with Lyubov Belozerskaya, and in 1932, Elena Shilovskaya becomes his wife.
In the last years of his life, Mikhail was very ill. The doctors' diagnosis was unequivocal - hypertensive nephrosclerosis (kidney disease).
On March 10, 1940, Mikhail’s heart could not stand it. The funeral took place in Moscow on Novodevichy Cemetery.
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov became one of the most read, discussed and remembered authors of the 20th century. His work, personal life and even death are complemented by secrets and legends, and the novel “The Master and Margarita” inscribed the name of its creator in golden letters in the annals of Russian and world literature. But secrets always shrouded his person, and the question: “Why did Bulgakov make himself a death mask?” was never fully revealed.
Hard way
Now Bulgakov’s name is well known, but there was a time when his works were not published, and he himself was under careful surveillance by the authorities and rabid party supporters. This both irritated and frustrated the writer, because he had to constantly be on alert so as not to give rise to idle conversations and complaints. Bulgakov's life was never simple - neither while working as a doctor, nor as an author theater plays, nor as a novelist. But the last imprint - death mask Bulgakov - says that high society, and first of all the authorities, appreciated his talent.
Personal life
Mikhail Afanasyevich was born on May 3, 1891 in Kyiv in the family of a teacher at the Kyiv Theological Academy. He was the oldest child. In addition to him, his parents had two brothers and four sisters. When the boy turned seven, his father fell ill with nephrosclerosis and soon died.
Mikhail received his secondary education at the best Kyiv gymnasium, but was not particularly diligent. This did not prevent the young man from entering the medical faculty of the Imperial University. Just at this moment the war of 1914-1918 began, and education took place in military field conditions. At the same time, he meets his future wife Tatyana Lappa, a fifteen-year-old girl with great promise. They did not put everything on hold, and when Bulgakov was in his second year, they got married.
World War I
This historical event did not cause a split in the measured life of the young couple. They did everything together. Tatyana followed her husband to front-line hospitals, organized triage and assistance centers for victims, and actively participated in work as a nurse and assistant. Bulgakov received his medical diploma while at the front. In March 1916 future writer was recalled to the rear and assigned to manage the medical center. There he began his formal medical practice. You can read about her in the stories “Notes of a Young Doctor” and “Morphine.”
Addiction
In the summer of 1917, while performing a tracheotomy on a child suffering from diphtheria, Mikhail Afanasyevich decided that he might have become infected, and as a preventive measure he prescribed morphine to relieve itching and pain. Knowing that the medicine was highly addictive, he continued to take it and over time became his permanent “patient”. His wife Tatyana Lappa did not accept this state of affairs and, together with I.P. Voskresensky, was able to rid the writer of this habit. But his medical career was over, since morphinism was considered an incurable disease. Later, having overcome the habit, he was able to start a private practice. This was useful, since there were battles in Kyiv and its suburbs, the government was constantly changing, and qualified medical care was required. This time is reflected in the novel “The White Guard”. Not only but also members of his family appear there: sisters, brother, brother-in-law.
North Caucasus
In the winter of 1919, Bulgakov was again mobilized as a person liable for military service and sent to Vladikavkaz. There he settles down, calls his wife by telegram and continues to treat. Participates in military operations, helps the local population, writes stories. Basically he describes his “adventures”, life in an unusual environment. In 1920, medicine was finished forever. And a new milestone in life began - journalism and the so-called small genres (stories, novellas), which were published in local North Caucasian newspapers. Bulgakov wanted fame, but his wife did not share his aspirations. Then they began a mutual breakup. But when a writer falls ill with typhus, his wife nurses him, day and night, sitting next to his bed. After recovery, I had to get used to the new order, since Soviet power came to Vladikavkaz.
Difficult period
The twenties of the last century were difficult for the Bulgakov family. It was necessary to earn a living through hard daily work. This greatly exhausted the writer and did not allow him to breathe easy. During this period, he began to write “commercial” literature, mainly plays, which he himself did not like and considered unworthy to be called art. Later he ordered to burn them all.
The power of the Soviets increasingly tightened the regime; not only works were criticized, but also random scattered phrases collected by ill-wishers. Naturally, it became difficult to live in such conditions, and the couple left first for Batum, and then for Moscow.
Moscow life
Many people associated the image of Bulgakov with the heroes of his own works, which was later proven by life itself. Having changed several apartments, the couple stopped in a house at the address: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya 10, apartment No. 50, immortalized in the very famous novel author of The Master and Margarita. Problems with work began again, in stores food was issued using cards, and it was extremely difficult to get these treasured pieces of paper.
On February 1, 1922, Bulgakov’s mother dies. This event becomes a terrible blow for him; it is especially offensive for the writer that he does not even have the opportunity to go to the funeral. Two years later there is a final break with Lappa. By the time of their divorce, Mikhail Afanasyevich already had whirlwind romance with Lyubov Belozerskaya, who became his second wife. She was a ballerina, a woman from high society. This is exactly how Bulgakov dreamed of the writer’s wife, but their marriage was short-lived.
Perechistenskoe time
The time of blossoming of Bulgakov's career as a writer and playwright is coming. His plays are staged, the audience greets them favorably, life gets better. But at the same time, the NKVD begins to take an interest in the writer and tries to accuse him of disrespect for the current government or something worse. How bans rained down: on performances, on printing in the press, on public performance. Then the lack of money came again. In 1926, the writer was even summoned for interrogation. On April 18 of the same year the famous phone conversation with Stalin, who again changed Bulgakov's life for the better. He was hired as a director at the Moscow Art Theater.
Nuremberg-Shilovskaya-Bulgakova
It was there, at the Moscow Art Theater, that the writer met his third wife, Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya. At first they were just friends, but then they realized that they couldn’t live without each other, and decided not to torture anyone. Shilovskaya’s breakup with her first husband was very long and unpleasant. She had two children, whom the couple divided among themselves, and immediately after Belozerskaya gave Bulgakov a divorce, the lovers got married. This woman became a real support and support for him in the most difficult years of his life. While working on the most famous novel and during illness.
"The Master and Margarita" and recent years
Work on central novel completely captured the writer, he devoted a lot of attention and effort to her. In 1928, only the idea for the book appeared; in 1930, a draft version was published, which went through significant transformations necessary for the text that everyone probably remembers by heart to be published. Some pages have been rewritten dozens of times, and last years Bulgakov’s life was busy editing already completed fragments and dictating the “finish” version to Elena Sergeevna.
But dramatic activity did not stand idle in the last years of Bulgakov’s life. He stages plays based on the works of his favorite authors - Gogol and Pushkin, and writes “on the table” himself. Alexander Sergeevich was the only poet whom the writer loved. And one of those figures from whom Bulgakov was removed visits the plan theatrical work about Stalin, but the Secretary General stopped these attempts.
On death's door
On September 10, 1939, the writer suddenly lost his sight. Bulgakov (the cause of his father's death was nephrosclerosis) recalls all the symptoms of this illness and comes to the conclusion that he has the same disease. Thanks to the efforts of his wife and sanatorium-resort treatment, the manifestations of sclerosis are receding. This even allows you to return to the job you left, but not for long.
The date of Bulgakov's death is March 10, 1940, twenty-five in the afternoon. He passed away into another world, stoically enduring all the suffering and pain. Leaving behind a rich creative heritage. The mystery of Mikhail Bulgakov’s death was not a secret at all: complications of nephrosclerosis destroyed him just like his father. He knew how it would end. Of course, no one could say exactly when this sad event would happen, when Bulgakov would die. The cause of death was obvious, but how much longer he could hold on to life was not.
The memorial service and funeral were very solemn. According to tradition, the death mask was removed from the writer’s face. It was decided to cremate Bulgakov, according to his will. Mikhail Afanasyevich's comrades in writing, colleagues from the Moscow Art Theater, and members of the Writers' Union came to the memorial service. Even Stalin’s secretary called, and after that there was a big epitaph in “ Literary newspaper" He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, not far from Chekhov’s grave.
If you are concerned about the question: “Where is Bulgakov’s death mask kept?”, then the answer is simple: it went to the same posthumous casts, to a museum. At that time, such sculptures were made only in exceptional cases, which speaks of respect and veneration for Bulgakov as a talented writer, despite all the difficulties of his life path. There is no, and could not have been, a clause in the writer’s will that included a death mask. Bulgakov was never interested in idle foppery, especially this kind. His colleagues decided to capture this very moment.
In August 1919, after the capture of Kyiv by General Denikin, Mikhail Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in White army and sent to North Caucasus. Here his first publication appeared - a newspaper article entitled "Future Prospects."
Soon he parted with the medical profession and devoted himself entirely to literary work. In 1919-1921, while working in the Vladikavkaz arts department, Bulgakov composed five plays, three of which were staged at the local theater. Their texts have not survived, with the exception of one - “Sons of the Mullah”.
In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Served as secretary of the Main Political and Educational Committee under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
In 1921-1926, Bulgakov collaborated with the Moscow editorial office of the Berlin newspaper Nakanune, publishing essays about the life of Moscow, with the newspapers Gudok and Rabochiy, and the magazines Medical Worker, Rossiya and Vozrozhdenie.
In the literary supplement to the newspaper "Nakanune" were published "Notes on Cuffs" (1922-1923), as well as the writer's stories "The Adventures of Chichikov", "The Red Crown", "The Cup of Life" (all - 1922). In 1925-1927, stories from the series “Notes of a Young Doctor” were published in the magazines “Medical Worker” and “Red Panorama”.
The general theme of Bulgakov's works is determined by the author's attitude towards Soviet power- the writer did not consider himself its enemy, but assessed reality very critically, believing that with his satirical denunciations he was benefiting the country and the people. Early examples include the stories "The Diaboliad. The Tale of How Twins Killed a Clerk" (1924) and "The Fatal Eggs" (1925), collected in the collection "The Diaboliad" (1925). The story “The Heart of a Dog,” written in 1925, is distinguished by greater skill and a sharper social orientation, which was in “samizdat” for more than 60 years.
The boundary separating the early Bulgakov from the mature one was the novel The White Guard (1925). Bulgakov's departure from the emphatically negative image of the White Guard environment brought upon the writer accusations of trying to justify the White movement.
Later, based on the novel and in collaboration with the Moscow Art Theater, Bulgakov wrote the play “Days of the Turbins” (1926). The famous Moscow Art Theater production of this play (the premiere took place on October 5, 1926) brought Bulgakov wide fame. "Days of the Turbins" enjoyed unprecedented success with the viewer, but not with critics, who launched a devastating campaign against the "apologetic" in relation to white movement performance and against the “anti-Soviet” author of the play.
During the same period, Bulgakov’s play “Zoyka’s Apartment” (1926) was staged at the Evgeni Vakhtangov Studio Theater, which was banned after the 200th performance. The play "Running" (1928) was banned after the first rehearsals at the Moscow Art Theater.
The play "Crimson Island" (1927), staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater, was banned after its 50th performance.
At the beginning of 1930, his play "The Cabal of the Saint" (1929) was banned and did not reach rehearsals in the theater.
Bulgakov's plays were removed from the theater repertoire; his works were not published. In this situation, the writer was forced to turn to higher authorities and wrote a “Letter to the Government,” asking either to provide him with work and, therefore, a means of subsistence, or to let him go abroad. The letter was followed by phone call Joseph Stalin to Bulgakov (April 18, 1930). Soon Bulgakov got a job as a director of the Moscow Art Theater and thereby solved the problem of physical survival. In March 1931 it was accepted into cast Moscow Art Theater.
While working at the Moscow Art Theater, he wrote a dramatization " Dead souls"According to Nikolai Gogol.
In February 1932, the “Turbin Days” at the Moscow Art Theater were resumed.
In the 1930s, one of the main themes in Bulgakov’s work was the theme of the relationship between the artist and the authorities, which he realized using the material of various historical eras: the play "Moliere", the biographical story "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere", the play "The Last Days", the novel "The Master and Margarita".
In 1936, due to disagreements with the management during the rehearsal preparation of Molière, Bulgakov was forced to break with the Moscow Art Theater and go to work at the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR as a librettist.
In recent years, Bulgakov continued to work actively, creating librettos for the operas “The Black Sea” (1937, composer Sergei Pototsky), “Minin and Pozharsky” (1937, composer Boris Asafiev), “Friendship” (1937-1938, composer Vasily Solovyov-Sedoy; remained unfinished), "Rachel" (1939, composer Isaac Dunaevsky), etc.
An attempt to renew cooperation with the Moscow Art Theater by staging the play "Batum" about the young Stalin (1939), created with the theater's active interest in the 60th anniversary of the leader, ended in failure. The play was banned from production and was interpreted by the political elite as the writer’s desire to improve relations with the authorities.
In 1929-1940, Bulgakov’s multifaceted philosophical and fantastic novel “The Master and Margarita” was created - last piece Bulgakov.
Doctors discovered the writer had hypertensive nephrosclerosis, incurable disease kidney he was seriously ill, almost blind, and his wife made changes to the manuscript under dictation. February 13, 1940 was the last day of work on the novel.
Mikhail Bulgakov died in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
During his lifetime, his plays “Adam and Eve”, “Bliss”, “Ivan Vasilyevich” were not released; the last of them was filmed by director Leonid Gaidai in the comedy “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession” (1973). Also, after the death of the writer, a “Theatrical Novel” was published, which was based on “Notes of a Dead Man”.
Before publication, the philosophical and fantastic novel “The Master and Margarita” was known only to a narrow circle of people close to the author; the uncopied manuscript was miraculously preserved. The novel was first published in abridged form in 1966 in the Moscow magazine. Full text V latest edition Bulgakov was published in Russian in 1989.
The novel became one of artistic achievements Russian and world literature of the 20th century and one of the most popular and books read in the writer’s homeland, it was repeatedly filmed and staged on the theater stage.
In the 1980s, Bulgakov became one of the most published authors in the USSR. His works were included in the Collected Works in five volumes (1989-1990).
On March 26, 2007 in Moscow, in an apartment on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, building 10, where the writer lived in 1921-1924, the government of the capital established the first M.A. Museum in Russia. Bulgakov.
Mikhail Bulgakov was married three times. The writer married his first wife Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982) in 1913. In 1925, he officially married Lyubov Belozerskaya (1895-1987), who had previously been married to journalist Ilya Vasilevsky. In 1932, the writer married Elena Shilovskaya (née Nuremberg, after Neelov’s first husband), the wife of Lieutenant General Yevgeny Shilovsky, whom he met in 1929. From September 1, 1933, Elena Bulgakova (1893-1970) kept a diary, which became one of the important sources of the biography of Mikhail Bulgakov. She preserved the writer’s extensive archive, which she transferred to the State Library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin (now Russian State Library), as well as the Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( Pushkin House). Bulgakova managed to achieve the publication of “The Theatrical Novel” and “The Master and Margarita”, the re-release of “The White Guard” in its entirety, and the publication of most of the plays.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov(May 3, 1891, Kyiv, Russian empire- March 10, 1940, Moscow, USSR) - Russian writer, playwright, theater director and actor. Author of stories, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, film scripts and opera librettos.
Mikhail Bulgakov was born into the family of an associate professor (since 1902 - professor) of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov, in Kyiv. The family had seven children
In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the First Kyiv Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. In 1916 he received a diploma confirming “the degree of doctor with honors with all rights and advantages.”
In 1913, M. Bulgakov entered into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa. Their financial difficulties began on their wedding day. According to Tatyana’s memoirs, this is clearly felt: “I, of course, didn’t have any veil, nor a wedding dress - I had to do with all the money that my father sent. Mom came to the wedding and was horrified. I had a pleated linen skirt, my mother bought a blouse. We were married by Fr. Alexander. ...For some reason they laughed terribly at the altar. We rode home after church in a carriage. There were few guests at dinner. I remember there were a lot of flowers, most of all daffodils...” Tatyana's father sent her 50 rubles a month, a decent amount at that time. But the money in their wallet quickly dissolved, since Bulgakov did not like to save and was a man of impulse. If he wanted to take a taxi with his last money, he decided to take this step without hesitation. “Mother scolded me for my frivolity. We come to her for dinner, she sees - neither my rings nor my chain. “Well, that means everything is in the pawnshop!”
After the outbreak of World War I, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the front-line zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.
Since 1917, he began using morphine, first to alleviate allergic reactions to the anti-diphtheria drug, which he took because he was afraid of diphtheria after an operation. Then the morphine intake became regular. In December 1917, he came to Moscow for the first time, staying with his uncle, the famous Moscow gynecologist N. M. Pokrovsky, who became the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “The Heart of a Dog.” In the spring of 1918, M. Bulgakov returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist. At this time, M. Bulgakov stopped using morphine.
During the Civil War, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. In the same year he managed to work as a doctor for the Red Cross, and then in the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. As part of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment he fought in the North. Caucasus. He was actively published in newspapers. During the retreat of the Volunteer Army at the beginning of 1920, he fell ill with typhus and because of this he could not leave for Georgia, remaining in Vladikavkaz.
At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began collaborating as a feuilletonist with metropolitan newspapers and magazines.
In 1923, M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Writers Union. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya, who had recently returned from abroad, and who in 1925 became his new wife.
Since October 1926, the play “Days of the Turbins” was staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed for a year, but was later extended several times, since I. Stalin liked the play, who attended its performances several times. In his speeches, I. Stalin either agreed that “Days of the Turbins” was “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours,” or argued that the impression from “Days of the Turbins” was ultimately positive for the communists. At the same time, intense and extremely harsh criticism of M. Bulgakov’s work began in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, over 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones.
At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov’s premiere of the play “Zoyka’s Apartment” was a great success.
In 1928, M. Bulgakov conceived the idea of a novel about the devil, later called “The Master and Margarita.” The writer also began work on a play about Moliere (“The Cabal of the Holy One”).
In 1929, Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.
By 1930, Bulgakov's works ceased to be published, and plays were removed from the theater repertoire. The plays “Running”, “Zoyka’s Apartment”, “Crimson Island”, and the play “Days of the Turbins” were banned from production. In 1930, Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. At the same time, he wrote a letter to the USSR Government, dated March 28, 1930, with a request to determine his fate - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to provide him with the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. On April 18, 1930, Bulgakov received a call from I. Stalin, who recommended that the playwright apply to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1932, the play “Dead Souls” by Nikolai Gogol, staged by Bulgakov, was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The experience of working at the Moscow Art Theater was reflected in Bulgakov’s work “Theatrical Novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”), where many theater employees were removed under changed names.
In January 1932, I. Stalin again allowed the production of “The Days of the Turbins,” and before the war it was no longer prohibited. However, this permission did not apply to any theater except the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1936, Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working at the Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator.
In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto “Rachel”, as well as on a play about I. Stalin (“Batum”). The play was already being prepared for production, and Bulgakov with his wife and colleagues went to Georgia to work on the play, when a telegram arrived about the cancellation of the play: Stalin considered it inappropriate to stage a play about himself. From that moment (according to the memoirs of E. S. Bulgakova, V. Vilenkin and others), M. Bulgakov’s health began to deteriorate sharply, he began to lose his sight. Bulgakov continued to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, to relieve pain symptoms. During the same period, the writer began to dictate to his wife corrections for the latest version of the novel “The Master and Margarita.” The editing, however, was not completed by the author.
Since February 1940, friends and relatives were constantly on duty at M. Bulgakov’s bedside. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died.
M. Bulgakov is buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. At his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed “Golgotha,” which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.
The novel “The Master and Margarita” was first published in the “Moscow” magazine in 1966, twenty-six years after the author’s death, and brought Bulgakov world fame. The Theatrical Novel (Notes of a Dead Man) and other works by Bulgakov were also published posthumously.
based on an article from ru.wikipedia.org
