Who is involved in the creation of the ballet? Encyclopedia of Dance: Ballet

Group 1. Study the structure of the human skull. Find and show on the model the sections of the skull skeleton. Find and show on the model the main bones of the sections of the skull skeleton. Why does the brain part of the skull skeleton predominate over the facial part? Group 2. Study the parts of the spine. Study the structure of the vertebrae. Show parts of a vertebra on the screen. Find out what features in the structure of the spine appeared in connection with upright posture.

Skeleton of the head (skull) Facial region Brain region Unpaired bones: lower jaw, vomer, hyoid. Unpaired bones: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid. Paired bones: upper jaw, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal. Paired bones: parietal, temporal.

The occipital bone has a depression through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. The bones of the skull have small openings through which nerves and blood vessels pass. The temporal bone houses the organ of hearing and balance. In the upper and lower jaws there are depressions - alveoli - places where the teeth are located. The lower jaw has a clearly defined chin protrusion, which is due to the development of speech. The skull protects the brain and sensory organs from external damage, provides support for the facial muscles and the initial parts of the digestive and respiratory systems.

The spinal column (spine) is the main rod, the bony axis of the body and its support. It protects the spinal cord, forms part of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and, finally, is involved in the movement of the torso and head. It is formed by 33–34 vertebrae and has 5 sections.

Each vertebra consists of a body and an arch. Seven processes extend from the vertebra: two transverse, an unpaired spinous process, and two superior and inferior articular processes. Between the body and the vertebral arch there is a vertebral foramen. The collection of vertebral foramina located one above the other forms the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord. The size of the vertebral bodies increases from the cervical to the lumbar due to the increasing load on the lower vertebrae. The vertebral bodies are connected to each other by cartilaginous intervertebral discs, ensuring its mobility and flexibility.

Name of department Number of vertebrae Structural features Features of the structure of vertebrae in different sections Cervical 7 Small in size, the spinous process is bifurcated, the presence of an opening in each transverse process (the vertebral artery passes through the openings) The first cervical vertebra, or atlas, lacks the spinous process, as well as articular processes ; does not have a body, but has two arcs. II cervical vertebra axial - has an odontoid process for connection with the first cervical vertebra. VII vertebra – protruding – spinous process is not bifurcated.

12 The transverse processes and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae have articular fossae for the attachment of ribs. The spinous processes are very massive and directed backward and downward. Thoracic Lumbar 5 Massive bodies, spinous processes are small and directed straight back. Sacral 5 The vertebrae fuse into a single bone - the sacrum. Coccygeal 4 – 5 Fuse into one bone – the coccyx.

Development of the skeleton in the human embryo 1 - skeleton of a 1-4 week old embryo, formed by soft (membranous) connective tissue (a - plate of the base of the skull, b - rudiment of the spine, c - rudiment of the arm, d - rudiment of the leg) 2 - cartilaginous skeleton 8-9 week-old embryo 3 - bone skeleton of a two-month embryo 4 - bone skeleton of a four-month embryo THIS IS INTERESTING

Structure of the chest 12 thoracic vertebrae Sternum 12 pairs of ribs Body; Lever; Xiphoid process. True (I – VII); False (VIII – X); Oscillating XI and XII. The true ribs are fused to the sternum; false ribs fuse with the cartilage of the overlying rib; the oscillating ribs are not connected to the sternum and lie loosely in the soft tissues. The chest protects the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and large blood vessels located in it, and takes part in respiratory movements. Due to human walking upright, its shape is flat and wide.

Features of the structure of the skeleton due to upright posture and labor activity: 1. The cerebral part of the skull predominates over the facial part. 2. The lower jaw is small and has a clearly defined chin protrusion. 3. The structural features of the skeleton and the interaction of bones provide a person with maintaining balance and upright posture. 4. The spine has curves that act as shock absorbers, soften the gait, make it smooth, and make it easier to maintain balance. 5. The human chest is expanded to the sides, which is associated with breathing patterns and upright posture.

Parts of the body Sections of the skeleton Skeletal bones Types of bones Character of the connection of bones Features of the human skeleton Human skeleton Head Facial part of the skull Paired bones: maxillary, zygomatic nasal, palatine, etc. Unpaired: mandibular, vomer, prelingual Flat Fixed, except for the lower jaw Development of the chin protrusion in connection with articulate speech Brain section of the skull Paired bones: parietal, temporal. Unpaired: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid. Fixed (sutures) Cerebral part of the skull predominates over the facial part Flat

Torso Spine 33 - 34 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae Mixed Semi-mobile S-shaped curvature of the spine (lordosis - cervical, lumbar; kyphosis - thoracic, sacral); enlargement of vertebral bodies in the lower parts of the spine Thorax 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs (true, false, fluctuating), sternum: body, manubrium, xiphoid process. Mixed; Flat; Spongy Semi-mobile The chest is compressed from front to back, the sternum is wide.

Lesson objectives: create conditions

for the formation of information competence in the field of independent cognitive activity;
for self-realization of students in working with text sources of information, diagrams, tables, drawings;
for the formation of communicative and cooperative competence

.Tasks:

to create conditions for students to master the parts of the skeleton, its structure and features unique to humans.
teach to recognize the types of bones and how they are connected.
continue to develop UUD;

Combined lesson. Work in small groups.

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Biology teacher

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1 st. Olginskaya

Sushchenkova I.A.

Methodical guide for the lesson

Item Biology, 8th grade

Lesson topic: Musculoskeletal system. Overview of the head and torso skeleton.

Lesson objectives: create conditions

for the formation of information competence in the field of independent cognitive activity;
for self-realization of students in working with text sources of information, diagrams, tables, drawings;
for the formation of communicative and cooperative competence

Tasks:

to create conditions for students to master the parts of the skeleton, its structure and features unique to humans.
teach to recognize the types of bones and how they are connected.
continue to develop UUD;

Form of organization educational activities . Combined lesson. Work in small groups.

During the classes

Organizing time.

The class is divided into 4 groups of students sitting at separate round tables.

Stage I. Updating knowledge about the structure, composition and connection of bones.

Working technology: group work students for 3-4 minutes and subsequent group discussion

1 group.

Create a system of concepts that reflects the structure and significance of the musculoskeletal system (task with excess information)

Musculoskeletal system Cartilage Movement Support Protection

Fighting infectious diseases Skeleton Muscles Glands

Spinal cord Bones Brain Ligaments Transport of substances

Regulation of vital processes

Accumulation of substances Hematopoietic function Airway cartilage

The tasks contribute to the formation of skills: analyze the proposed objects and establish their spatial relationships, creating a system of concepts, expand and collapse information

2nd group

Read the text and find sentences in it that contain biological errors. Correct the mistakes by crossing them out and writing the correct options above them.

The tasks contribute to the formation of the ability to work with information presented in the form of text with biological errors, analyze it, and make corrections based on previously acquired knowledge.

3 group

Fill in the missing words

Bone grows in thickness due to _______. Spongy bone fills _______. The cells of the spongy substance contain the __________brain, in which _________ are formed. In the central part of the bone there is ________, which is filled by ____________. It contains a large supply of __________. Bone is strong because it contains hard ______________ and elastic _______________________ substance. When burned, the bone becomes brittle because _________ burns out. Soaking in acid makes the bone flexible because the ______________ is removed from it.

The assignments help develop the ability to work with information presented in the form of incomplete text, analyze it, supplement it, and highlight the main thing.

4 group

1. Eliminate unnecessary things and explain:

B) Humerus, femur, scapula, tibia.

………bone has strength………….

……… the bone can heal when fractured………………

……….children’s bones are flexible and elastic……………

……….the bones of the shoulder and forearm are movably connected…………

Assignments contribute to the formation of skills to analyze and compare (aboutdefine the aspect of comparison and conduct an incomplete single-linear comparison), prove a point of view,establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Stage II. Individual check homework(written on control sheets) (Appendix 1)

Stage III. Learning a new topic

Read the text “Skeleton of the head and torso” offered to you, break it into semantic fragments, and title each fragment (Appendix 2).

Three groups work with individual fragments of text, analyze the information and fill out a table in the following form:

The fourth group, analyzing text fragments, makes up questions for them.

Group performances, filling out tables in workbooks

III. Consolidation of knowledge

Individual work(may be offered as homework)

When using the words therefore, because, therefore, since, add the beginning or end of each sentence.Independent work of students.Then – a collective discussion of the results.Students should pay attention to the fact that there are no clearly correct answers here, since almost all of these sentences may have different variants start or end.

………… in the human skull is better developed brain section ……
…………the human spine has four anatomical curves………

…………dangerous displacement of the vertebrae…………..

This task helps develop the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

My mental activity during the lesson was……….
Most of all I liked ……………………….
I haven’t quite succeeded yet…………………….
Today's lesson showed me………………………

The task is aimed at developing students’ reflective skills and contributes to the formation of adequate self-esteem.

Homework

This is a task with freedom of choice and freedom of action. Each student has the right to choose from a number of proposed tasks:

make a drawing for the topic;
create a diagram reference summary;
write a cheat sheet for the lesson;
make a crossword;
create questions for the text;

Such work will allow you to apply, transform, supplement, find new connections, and integrate knowledge.

Annex 1

Skeleton. Structure, composition and connection of bones

Functions of the musculoskeletal system:

1. Protective 2. Motor 3. Excretory 4. Regulatory

The musculoskeletal system includes:

1. Skin 2. Muscles 3. Ligaments 4. Bones

The articular head and articular cavity are covered with _________________ cartilage, the joint itself is located in the articular _____________ and is strengthened
________________________
The periosteum provides:

1. Bone healing during fracture 2. Hematopoiesis

3. Growth of bone thickness 4. Supply of nutrients

Bones are capable of performing a hematopoietic function because:

1. Have periosteum

3. Made from organic and inorganic substances

4. Penetrated with blood vessels

Thanks to the bone plates surrounding the cavity of the tubule:

1. The bone is flexible 2. It grows in length

3. Is quite strong 4. Heals fractures

Joint mobility is ensured by:

1. Shape of the articular surface 2. Articular fluid

3. Articular ligaments 4. Articular capsule

Appendix 2

Skeleton of the head and torso.

Under the skin and muscles of the head is its skeleton -scull. The skull protects the brain and sensory organs from various injuries. The bones of the skull are flat, strong, and are connected to each other by sutures. A suture is a strong, immovable connection between bones. Only one bone - the lower jaw - with the rest of the bonesmovably connected. This allows us not only to grasp and chew food, but also to speak. There are two sections in the human head skeleton: cerebral and facial . In humans, unlike mammals, it is betterthe brain is developed, which is associated with an increase in brain volume.Brain departmentThe skull consists of a frontal, occipital, two parietal and two temporal bones. The facial section includes various large and small bones, including paired zygomatic and nasal bones, unpaired maxillary and mandibular bones. On the jaws there are cells for teeth. INlower part of the skullthere are several small holes and one large one - the foramen magnum. Through the foramen magnum, the brain connects to the spinal cord, and through small openings blood vessels pass into the head. The spine is located on the dorsal side of the body. It is formed by 33 or 34 short bones -vertebrae, each of which consists of a massive part - bodies and arches with several processes. The vertebrae are locatedabove each other so that their holes coincide, and aspinal canal, in which it is located spinal cord. The spine protects the delicate spinal cord from damage. Between the vertebrae there areintervertebral cartilaginous discs. Thanks to them, it is formedsemi-movable joint. Cartilage tissue is elastic and can stretch and thicken. When we sleep, its thickness increases, and when we walk, it decreases. As a result, a person is taller in the morning than in the evening. The more stress the vertebrae experience, the more massive they are. Therefore, the lumbar vertebrae are much larger than the cervical ones, and the 5 sacral vertebrae merge into a single bone -sacrum. 1-5 coccygeal vertebrae (in different people their number varies within these limits) are also fused, but the reason is different. These vertebrae are immobile, and therefore their cartilaginous layers ossify, merging into solid bone - coccyx . A mouse and a giraffe, a human and a cow, and all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae, unlike the sacral vertebrae, have great mobility, and therefore our head can not only move left and right, forward and backward, but also turn around.Body of the 1st cervical vertebrafused with the body of the 2nd cervical vertebra, forming a tooth - the axis of horizontal rotation of the head. Only a tendon ligament separates the tooth from the spinal cord. That is why it is dangerous to sharply tilt your head back, and even more so to lift a person by the head. The lumbar vertebrae also have relatively high mobility. In the spine there arefive departments: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12), lumbar (5-6), sacral (5) and coccygeal (1-5) . The human spine, unlike the spine of animals, forms 4 bending : cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral. Their appearance is associated with upright walking. Bends spine soften shocks when walking, running, jumping, protect internal organs, spinal cord and brain from concussions.Rib cagelocated in the upper part of the body. It is formed sternum (middle part anterior chest wall), 12 pairs ribs and thoracic spine. The chest protects the heart and lungs located in it from damage. Ten pairs of ribs are movably connected (by joints) to the vertebrae and semi-movably (by cartilage) to the sternum. The two lower pairs of ribs are not connected to the sternum (articulated only with the vertebrae). This allows all the ribs to rise and move apart when you inhale, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and ensures the flow of air into the lungs, and when you exhale, they lower and push air out of them. A well-developed chest improves the functioning of the heart and lungs. Its development is promoted by physical labor, physical education, and sports (swimming, rowing, running). In animals, the chest is flattened laterally, but in humans it is flat, wide and flattened in the dorso-abdominal direction, which is associated with the person moving vertically on two limbs.

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1. Eliminate the unnecessary and explain: a) Humerus, femur, ulna, radius b) Femur, temporal, sternum, scapula c) Humerus, femur, scapula, tibia

Match the example of bone connection Type of bone connection A) Coccyx vertebrae B) hip joint C) knee joint D) bones of the brain part of the skull E) vertebrae of the cervical spine E) elbow joint 1. Fixed 2. Mobile 3. Semi-movable

Complete the sentence….the bone is strong…………..the bone is able to heal when fractured……….. …..the bones of children are flexible and elastic…………..the bones of the shoulder and forearm are movably connected…………

………… in the human skull the cerebral part is better developed ………… … ………… the human spine has four anatomical curves ……… ……… dangerous displacement of the vertebrae ……

Homework: make a drawing for the topic; create a diagram of the supporting outline; write a cheat sheet for the lesson; make a crossword; create questions for the text;

Evaluate your work in class by completing the following sentences: My mental activity in class was ………. What I liked the most is……… I’m not quite good at it yet…... Today’s lesson showed me………

Preview:

1. Bones consist of organic and inorganic substances. 2. The elasticity and elasticity of bones depend on the presence of inorganic substances, and hardness and strength depend on organic substances. 3. The heads of the tubular bones consist of a spongy substance, in the space between the plates of which there is yellow bone marrow, and the body is made of a compact substance, the cavity of which is filled with red bone marrow. 4. The bone is covered with a thin membrane rich in nerves and blood vessels - this is the periosteum. 5. Due to the division of periosteum cells, bone grows in length and thickness. 6. The heads of the tubular bones are covered with cartilage.

Read the text and find sentences in it that contain biological errors. Correct the mistakes by crossing them out and writing the correct options above them.

Fill in the missing words

Bone grows in thickness due to ______________________. Spongy bone fills ________________________. In the cells of the spongy substance there is _________________________ the brain, in which __________________ are formed. In the central part of the bone there is _______________________, which is filled by ____________. It contains a large supply of __________________. Bone is strong because it contains hard ______________________ and elastic _______________________ substance. When burned, the bone becomes brittle because it burns out ____________________________. Soaking in acid makes the bone flexible because the ______________________________ is removed from it.

Fill in the missing words

The bone grows in thickness due to ________________________. Spongy bone fills _____________________________. In the cells of the spongy substance there is _________________________ the brain, in which __________________ are formed. In the central part of the bone there is __________________________, which is filled by _____________________. It contains a large supply of _______________________. Bone is strong because it contains hard ______________________ and elastic __________________________ substance. When burned, the bone becomes brittle because it burns out ____________________________. Soaking in acid makes the bone flexible because the ______________________________ is removed from it.

Create a system of concepts that reflects the structure and significance of the musculoskeletal system (excess information)

Musculoskeletal system

Skeleton

Muscles

Bones

Ligaments

Cartilage

Support

Protection

Movement

Transport of substances

Regulation of vital processes

Removing harmful substances from the body

Accumulation of substances

Fighting infectious diseases

Hematopoietic function

Glands

Spinal cord

Brain

Airway cartilages

Musculoskeletal system

Skeleton Muscles Bones

Ligaments Cartilage Support

Protection Traffic Transport

Process regulation

Removing harmful substances from the body

Accumulation of substances

Fighting diseases Hematopoietic function Glands Spinal cord Brain

Airway cartilages

Eliminate unnecessary things and explain:

A) Humerus, femur, ulna, radius

B) Femur, temporal, sternum, scapula.

Match the types of bone connections with examples

The "unfinished sentence" method

When using the words therefore, because, therefore, since, add the beginning or end of each sentence.

Eliminate unnecessary things and explain:

A) Humerus, femur, ulna, radius

B) Femur, temporal, sternum, scapula.

B) Humerus, femur, scapula, tibia.

Match the types of bone connections with examples

The "unfinished sentence" method

When using the words therefore, because, therefore, since, add the beginning or end of each sentence.

…………bone has strength………….

…………bone is able to heal when fractured………………

…………children’s bones are flexible and elastic……………

…………the bones of the shoulder and forearm are movably connected…………

§ 1 Human skeleton

“Movement is life,” noted the outstanding French educator Voltaire. Indeed, man is adapted, and perhaps condemned by nature, to movement. People cannot help but move and begin to do this consciously already in the fourth month after birth - reaching, grabbing various objects.

Since ancient times, many scientists Ancient Greece and Rome studied the bones. Claudius Galen, an ancient Roman physician and naturalist, sent his students to collect the bones of fallen enemies. He himself traveled to Alexandria to study the only fully assembled human skeleton there. IN early XVIII century, Peter I purchased collections on anatomy at a high price abroad. Science has tirelessly strived for knowledge of the truth. Over time, many interesting and important things became known about the skeleton of humans and animals.

Skeleton is a collection of hard tissues in the body that support the body and protect it from mechanical damage.

The human skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and the accessory skeleton. The accessory is formed by the bones of the limb girdles and the skeleton free limbs. In this lesson we will look in detail at the structure of the axial skeleton. It includes the skeleton of the head (skull) and the skeleton of the body.

§ 2 Structure of the human skull skeleton

The skull is divided into the brain and facial sections. Due to the development of the brain in homosapiens, the size of the brain region prevails over the facial region.

The upper part of the brain is formed by unpaired frontal and occipital bones and paired parietal and temporal bones. The connection of the bones of the brain part of the skull is motionless, using sutures. The frontal bone, equipped with tubercles, rises upward from the eye sockets, connecting in the area of the roof of the skull with two parietal bones. At the back is the occipital bone, and on the sides are very thin temporal bones. Since their strength is low, a blow to the temple is dangerous. The bones of the brain section of the skull are flat and serve to protect the brain.

In newborns, the number of skull bones is greater than in an adult, and they are connected to each other by connective tissue. There are spaces between individual bones that are covered with connective tissue, the so-called fontanelles. The skull of a newborn is very elastic, which is an adaptation to the passage of a woman through the birth canal during childbirth.

The facial section of the skull is formed by sixteen bones, which are associated with the digestive, respiratory and sensory organs. On the front part of the skull there are large eye sockets, under which there are paired cheek bones. Just below the eye sockets lie the unpaired maxillary and mandibular bones. They contain special cells for teeth - jaw alveoli. The lower jaw is the only movable bone of the skull. In connection with the development of articulate speech, a person developed a chin protuberance. The external opening of the nasal cavity is covered from above by the nasal bones fused with each other, due to which a person’s nose protrudes slightly forward.

In the lower part of the skull there are several small holes and one large one - the foramen magnum. Through it, the brain connects to the spinal cord, and blood vessels pass through small holes into the head.

§ 3 Structure of the human skeleton

The basis of the skeleton is the spine, it is a strong and flexible support for the body. This is due to its structure:

1. The spine consists of 33-34 vertebrae. If it were a solid bone rod, then our movements would be constrained and lack flexibility.

2.cartilaginous layers between the vertebrae and hundreds of elastic intervertebral ligaments allow complex movements and at the same time create reliable protection for the spinal cord.

3. the bends of the spine, which appeared in connection with upright walking, correspond to the load on the skeletal axis.

In addition, the spine connects parts of the body, performs a protective function for the spinal cord and supports the head, arms and torso.

Each vertebra consists of a body and an arch with several processes. The vertebral body and arch form a ring. Overlapping each other, the vertebral foramina form the spinal canal, which contains the spinal cord. And the back muscles are attached to the processes of the vertebra.

The following sections are distinguished in the adult human spine:

cervical (7 vertebrae),

thoracic (12 vertebrae),

lumbar (5 vertebrae),

sacral (5 fused vertebrae),

coccygeal (4-5 fused vertebrae).

In the cervical region, the first two vertebrae differ from the others in structure. The body of the first cervical vertebra - the atlas - has fused with the body of the second cervical vertebra - the epistrophea, forming a tooth - the axis of horizontal rotation of the head. The thoracic vertebrae have articular surfaces for articulation with the ribs. The vertebrae of the lumbar region are the most massive, as they have to withstand the main weight of the body.

The human spine has two forward bends - lordosis (cervical and lumbar) and two backward bends - kyphosis (thoracic and sacral). They play the role of a shock absorber: thanks to the bends, shocks when walking, running, jumping are softened, which is very important for protecting internal organs and especially the brain from concussions.

The rib cage forms the bony base of the thoracic cavity. It protects the heart, lungs, large vessels and other organs from damage, serves as an attachment point for the respiratory muscles and some muscles of the upper extremities. It consists of the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs, movably connected to the thoracic spine. The first seven pairs of ribs are true ribs; they are attached to the sternum with the help of cartilage. The next three pairs are false ribs, which are attached to the last true rib with the help of cartilage. And two more pairs - oscillating ribs, their front ends freely ending in the thickness of the muscles of the abdominal walls. This structure of the chest allows it to change shape and volume when inhaling and exhaling.

List of used literature:

A.G. Dragomilov, R.D. Mash. Biology. 8th grade person. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2003. – 272 p.
D.V. Kolesov, R.D. Mash, I.N. Belyaev. Biology. 9th grade person. - M.: Bustard, 1997. – 304 p.
E.A. Rezanova, I.P. Antonova, A.A. Rezanov. Human biology. In tables, figures and diagrams. – M.: “Publishing school 2000”, 1999. – 208 p.
M.Z. Zalessky. Interesting anatomy. – M.: Rosmen, 1998. – 145s.
E.P. Sidorov. Anatomy for university applicants. – M.: Eurasian region, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University “Unicum Center”, 1998. – 224 p.

Images used:

Skeleton of a person consists of 3 de-lovs: skeleton of a head, skeleton of a body, skeleton of a person but-stay and their po-ya-owls.

2. Head skeleton

Skeleton's head is called a skull. The main function of the skull is to protect the brain and sense organs from damage. It consists of flat bones, connected by immovable ones with none. The skull is made up of a face and a brain.

Brain department consists of the frontal, behind-the-loch, 2 te-men, 2 temporal bones.

Li-tse-voy department consists of 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, nasal bones, wedge-shaped bone, reticulum, upper-no-che- the maxillary bone (all of them are connected immovably) and the mandibular bone (forms a movable connection) tion).

Also, to the bones there are rumored bones (mo-lo-to-check, na-ko-val-nya, stir-sword) , located in the cavity of the middle ear in the temporal bone (see Fig. 1).

In the call of the night, you are 5 from business. So, you have 7 cervical bells, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 -5 kopecks.

The first cervical call is called At-lant, the second is Axis, or Epi-stro-fey.

Rice. 3. From-de-ly and from-gi-by-by-the-night-no-ka (Is-toch-nik)

The spine has 4 parts: cervical ENT, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar ENT, sacral kyphosis.

Lor-doz is a bend in the bell-night forward.

Kyphosis is a backward bend.

The appearance from the bends is connected with the straight-mo-walking, they are shock-absorbing when walking, protecting internal organs from the shaking.

3.2. Rib cage

The chest is shaped on the chest and 12 pairs of ribs, which are connected to the chest -ka-mi.

You have 3 types of ribs:

1. True ribs - connected to the chest with the help of cartilage (7 pairs).

2. False ribs - connected with the next true rib (3 pairs).

3. The last 2 ribs are free, very short (the last 2 pairs).

This structure of the chest allows its volume to increase when inhaling and decrease when exhaling. This is why a well-developed chest helps the heart and lungs work well. The chest is developed by physical loads and sports (swimming, rowing).

source of abstract - http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/biology/8-klass/bopornodvigatelnaya-sistemab/skelet-golovy-i-tulovischa

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQadVx4Fvpc

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCnOunkue4I

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cqm1lxS9AK4

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlEuBuUbrJg

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKHEEfH3ZF0

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rk7JJm9E_2g

video source - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNTLxAeixX4

presentation source - http://www.myshared.ru/slide/download/

presentation source -http://ppt4web.ru/biologija/skelet-cheloveka.html

test source - http://testedu.ru/test/biologiya/8-klass/skelet.html

Lesson Plan No. 1 4

Group

date

BS-22

31.10

Item: Anatomy, physiology and school hygiene

Lesson topic: Skeletonhead, torso, upper and lower limbs.

Goals:

Educational : To acquaint students with the structure of the human skeleton, highlight its significance in the body’s adaptation to environment, generalize and consolidate knowledge about the structure and significance of the musculoskeletal system, about the structural features of bones.

Developmental : contribute further development the ability to form and express one’s thoughts, to construct correctly monologue speech;· promote the development of attention, observation, memory, logical thinking through the use of tasks and exercises that develop intellectual abilities; create conditions for the development of the ability to communicate, work in a group, plan your activities and work in time;

Educational : upbringing creative approach to resolve situations, activity, attentive attitude to others and yourself, encourage participation in physical education and sports.

Equipment: test tasks, human skeleton, skull, dummies of the upper and lower limbs, presentation, slides, multimedia projector.

Lesson type - a lesson in learning new knowledge.

Lesson forms : frontal (general class); group; individual

Interdisciplinary connections: biology, chemistry, medicine, ecology, valeology

During the classes

1. Organizational mome nt (welcome and random seating in groups) 3 min

2. Testing and updating knowledge (frontal survey). 20 minutes

In the last lesson we began to get acquainted with the human musculoskeletal system.

What parts does the musculoskeletal system consist of? - What is the importance of the musculoskeletal system?

What tissue is the skeleton made of? - Which two? large groups Are all bones subdivided? - Give examples.

3. Updating basic knowledge Teacher: What do you think people value most? /They say that people value three things: wealth, fame, power.../. Yes, many strive for this, but, oddly enough, having acquired wealth, they do not become happy. Famous people become heroes, travelers, scientists, artists. But for this, first of all, you need intelligence, will, diligence and hard work. How do you feel about the proverb “A healthy beggar is happier than a sick king?” Your opinion?

Conclusion: We are interested in people who are interested in good craftsmen of your business. To become such people, you need to know a lot and be able to do a lot. What else is needed for happiness? /children's answers/4. Entering a new topic. Have you ever been sick? How does a sick person differ from a healthy person? You and I all know it well. When saying hello, people wish each other health / we got acquainted with the words hello, health in the Russian language lesson, and found commonality in the meaning and spelling /. Health - necessary condition For a person’s complete happiness, his main wealth.5. Stage of learning new material. Teacher: Look at your comrades. What parts does the human body consist of? /head, torso, arms, legs./Experience No. 1 . Task: feel parts of your body: head, chest, legs, knees, arms and elbows, back. What are you feeling? Do all parts have bones? What are you feeling? Are they the same size and shape?

Presentation demonstration.

In the last lesson, we found out that the musculoskeletal system consists of skeletal bones and muscles.

Slide No. 1

Musculoskeletal system. The human musculoskeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and muscles.

So, the topic of our lesson today is “The Human Skeleton”.

The term "skeleton" comes from the Greek word "skeletos", meaning dried, as it was applied to mummies in ancient Greece. In a newborn, the skeleton consists partly of cartilage tissue. Ossification of the skeleton ends by the age of 25, so now, before it’s too late, take care of your posture and proper seating at your desk. Do not forget to control your gait, play sports to the best of your ability, swimming. There are more than 200 bones in the adult human body. In a person weighing 70 kg, the average skeletal mass is 8–9 kg.

Slide number 2

Human skeleton.

The skeleton is the collection of all the bones of a person.

The human skeleton consists of:

1. Skeleton of the head / skull / 2. Skeleton of the torso / spine and chest / 3. Skeleton of the belt of the upper and lower extremities and skeleton of the free extremities. The basis of the skeleton of the body is the spine.

Experience No. 2. Task: Stand up, bend and straighten your arms and legs; lean forward, backward, right, left.

What can be said about the mobility of the body and its bones? /children's answers/Conclusion : the individual bones of the skeleton are movably connected to each other, so a person can perform various movements with all parts of the body; we can stand, sit, hang on our hands and feet, jump and run freely and steadily.

Types of bone connections. Students look at the slide and figure out what bone connections exist. Connection of bones:motionless /suture/ - the bones of the skull and pelvic bones are connected to each other motionlessly.Semi-movable - the bones of the spine are connected to each other in a semi-movable manner.

The structure of the joint.Movable connection of bones is calledjoint . The structure of the joint is two bones, an articular fossa, an articular head. They are covered with cartilage and connected by ligaments. The top of the joint is covered with an articular capsule, which is filled with synovial fluid. - Why do you think joint fluid is needed?

/children's answers/

The structure of the skeleton of the head or skull.

The skull consists of 29 bones and forms a single whole, in which all the bones, with the exception of the lower jaw, are firmly connected to each other by sutures. Despite the general similarity, the structure of the skull in different people has its own individual characteristics. The head skeleton consists of two sections: the brain and the facial.

Brain section of the skull. In humans, unlike monkeys, the brain part of the skull is more developed than the facial part; it consists of 6 bones: frontal, two parietal, two temporal and one occipital.

The facial section consists of 15 bones that are motionless fused with each other, one movable bone is the lower jaw.

What role do you think the skull plays? /children's answers: protects the brain/

Skeleton of the body. The skeleton of the body is formed by the spine and rib cage.

The spine consists of 33–34 vertebrae, which are connected to each other in a semi-movable manner. The skeleton of the body consists of several sections: the cervical section, which includes 7 vertebrae.Exercise : Bend your head and feel the protruding bone on the spine - this is the 7th cervical vertebra.

The thoracic region includes 12-13 thoracic vertebrae.

There are 5 lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae and the coccyx.

Between the vertebrae there are intervertebral cartilages. It turns out that early in the morning a person has one height, and in the evening his height decreases. With old age, the length of the spine decreases by 5–7 cm.

Guess why?/cartilage wears off/

The structure of the chest.

The rib cage consists of 12–13 ribs, which are motionlessly fused with the sternum and semi-mobile with the spine. What role do you think the rib cage plays? /protects the heart and lungs from strokes/

Physical education.

Once again we have a physical education session,

Let's bend over, come on!

Straightened up, stretched,

And now they’ve bent over backwards,

We stretch our arms, shoulders,

To make it easier for us to sit,

To write without getting tired.

My head is tired too

So let's help her!

Right - left, one and two.

Think, think, head.

Even though the exercise was short, we had a little rest.

The structure of the skeleton of the upper limbs /arms/.

The upper limb girdle plays a large role in attaching the arm to the skeleton of the body. It is formed by two clavicles and two shoulder blades.

The free upper limb is formed:

a) humerus bone

b) two bones of the forearm - ulna and radius and c) bones of the hand

The structure of the skeleton of the lower limb girdle /legs/ and the free lower limb.

The lower limb girdle plays a large role in attaching the leg to the skeleton of the body. It is formed by two pairs of pelvic bones, which are motionlessly fused with the sacrum of the spine and with each other.

The free lower limb is formed by: a) the femur

b) two bones of the lower leg - the tibia and the tibia

c) bones of the foot

6. Stage of consolidation of the studied material 1. Mini-blitz in the form of answers and questions. - Name the main parts of the skeleton. - What is the significance of the skeleton? - In which parts of the skeleton are the longest bones located?

What is the basis of the skeleton?

2. Modeling the “Significance of the Skeleton” diagram The skeleton - serves as a support for the human body - gives our body a certain form, horizontal position- protects internal organs from damage / chest - heart and lungs; skull bones - brain/

7. Control stage . Test tasks. 1 . Select correct definition concept of "skeleton" a) an important human organ b) the outer covering of the human body c) the support of the human body 2. What functions does the skeleton perform? a) protects against overheating b) protects organs from damage c) supports soft parts of the body3. What does the human skeleton consist of?

a) the skeleton consists of muscles b) the skeleton consists of blood vessels c) the skeleton consists of bones8. Homework :