Spanish female names in the Middle Ages. Spanish female and male names

During the crisis, the introduction of part-time work in companies became very popular. AvtoVAZ, EvrAZ, KamAZ and a number of other enterprises have already taken this path. However, such a regime is not an unconditional right of the employer, and when implementing it, one should take into account the legal norms that establish both the rights of employees in similar cases, as well as the requirements for carrying out such a procedure.

The introduction of a part-time working day or week is permitted by Article 74 of the Labor Code. In accordance with it, the employer may not lay off people, but introduce part-time work for up to six months in connection with changes in organizational or technological working conditions (for example, changes in equipment and production technology) to prevent mass layoffs. “A temporary transfer to part-time work, after which workers are either laid off or return to normal, can only be introduced for the number of workers that meet the criteria for mass release,” notes Alexey Ivanov, head of the personnel consulting department of AKG Intercom -Audit".

To introduce part-time work, the employer will have to prove a change in organizational or technological working conditions. The crisis itself does not apply to such circumstances. But if in connection with it, for example, a structural reorganization of production occurs, then the operating mode can be revised. Then you need to check whether the situation of workers will worsen in comparison with the established collective bargaining agreement and agreements, take into account the opinion of the trade union and issue an order to introduce part-time work for up to 6 months.

The employer, with sufficient grounds, has the right, on his own initiative, to establish a part-time working week or part-time day for both all employees and some of them. Moreover, if some employees are transferred to a shortened day, then such a decision must be justified in notifications sent to employees in advance. Employees must be aware of upcoming changes in working conditions at least two months before the date of the proposed changes. This decision must also be made by the employer, taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization. In addition, from January 1, 2009, when a part-time working regime is introduced, the employer is obliged to notify the employment authorities about this within three days after the decision is made to carry out the relevant measures.

The introduction of a part-time working regime is possible both with and without the consent of the employee. In the first case, no problems arise; the parties must sign an additional agreement to the employment contract establishing the changed working hours. In the second case, the employee is fired through a layoff if he did not agree to work in another job available to the employer.

Contract without amendments

Since the working hours are established at the enterprise by a local act (for example, Internal Labor Regulations), to change it it is necessary to adopt new edition document taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization (Article 190 of the Labor Code). "The working hours are reflected in the employment contract only when the of this employee it differs from the general rules adopted by the employer. When the entire organization switches to part-time work, there is no need to make changes,” says Ivan Mikhailov, an expert at the GARANT Legal Consulting Service.

When the entire enterprise is transferred to part-time working hours, it is necessary to make changes to employment contracts with employees only if the provisions of the contract themselves duplicate the terms of the Internal Labor Regulations on the establishment of working hours. If the agreement contains only a reference to a local act, the agreement does not need to be rewritten. “When a separate division of the company (department, section) is transferred to part-time work, such changes can be recorded either by adopting a local act in relation to the corresponding division (for example, Regulations on establishing the working hours of accounting employees), or by amending employment contracts with employees,” says leading legal adviser at FBK-Pravo Andrey Shkadov.

The mode is not for everyone

It is obvious that a change in organizational or technological working conditions may not affect all structural divisions of an enterprise, especially if this enterprise is a diversified holding. “There are no obstacles to introducing a part-time regime only in relation to some structural divisions of the organization. In this case, the employer must check with industry or territorial agreements on the criteria for mass dismissal,” reminds Ivan Mikhailov.

If there is not a large number of employees in a structural unit, the short-term introduction of part-time work is impossible. In the absence of sectoral or territorial agreements covering of this employer, the criteria for mass layoffs can be found in the Regulations on the organization of work to promote employment in conditions of mass layoffs (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 5, 1993 N 99). But the introduction of part-time work only for some employees in different departments can be regarded as discrimination against them.

The establishment of a part-time working regime on an individual basis (in relation to individual employees) is allowed only by agreement of the parties (Article 93 of the Labor Code). "Based on our practice, we can say that in different situations Relations between employees and employers develop differently. If employees understand that the employer is ready to continue with them labor Relations, but under new conditions that suit them, they can meet him halfway, believes Andrei Shkadov. “If there is confrontation between employees and the employer and the parties cannot find a compromise, then unilaterally establishing a part-time regime for several specific employees is impossible.”

Vacation pay will remain the same

When working on a part-time basis, the employee’s remuneration is made in proportion to the time he worked or depending on the amount of work he performed. Taking into account the literal interpretation of this norm, the reduction in wages must be proportional to the reduction in working time. That is, if previously an employee worked 40 hours a week and received, for example, 40 thousand rubles, then if working hours are reduced to 36 hours a week, he will receive 36 thousand rubles. “If an employee has a piece-rate wage system, then he, as before, will receive wages depending on the amount of work performed,” points out Ivan Mikhailov. “It is clear that in less time the employee will be able to complete less work.”

Article 93 of the Labor Code establishes general rule that part-time work does not entail for employees any restrictions on the duration of the annual basic paid leave, calculation of length of service and other labor rights. This means that it does not entail any changes for employees regarding the mechanism for calculating payment for vacations and sick leave. In both cases, average earnings will be used.

Leave for part-time employees is provided according to general rules. Their duration does not change. When determining average earnings, the total amount of payments during the billing period is divided by the time actually worked (Article 139 of the Labor Code). Since both of these values will decrease, the amount of vacation pay will not change significantly.

When calculating benefits for temporary disability, calendar days and not working days of the billing period are taken into account (clause 15 of the Regulations on the specifics of the procedure for calculating benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth for citizens subject to compulsory social insurance). Therefore, the amount of sick leave will decrease. But this applies only to those who, before and after the introduction of part-time work, received less than 18,720 rubles. (maximum benefit in 2009). Workers who earn more will not notice changes in sick pay.

The part-time working regime is canceled after the expiration of the period for which it was introduced. There is no need to issue a special order for this. Cancellation of part-time work ahead of schedule is formalized by order of the employer, which is adopted taking into account the opinion of the trade union.

Every name, male or female, has its own story. It is almost impossible to determine exactly where and under what circumstances children first began to be called by one name or another. Each has a history, dating back to ancient myths and legends. Most likely, most names simply indicate a character trait that they want to instill in a child.

But why do new names appear? There are different reasons: wars, geographical or scientific discoveries, emigration and immigration of the population.

If you look at the document of a Spanish citizen, you can see no more than 2 names and 2 surnames, despite the fact that in most European countries their number is unlimited. This is due to the fact that the state takes this issue seriously enough to avoid numerous confusions. When baptizing babies, you can assign any names allowed (approved) by the church in unlimited quantities. Typically this is done like this:

The eldest son receives the first name of his father, the second - his grandfather on the male line;
The eldest daughter first takes the name of her mother, and then the name of her maternal grandmother.

In general, a Spanish name consists of three main elements: a personal name ( nombre) and two surnames ( apellido): father ( apellido paterno or primer apellido) and mother ( apellido maternoorsegundo apellido).

The Spaniards are Catholic believers, great importance They devote their lives to the church, and therefore most of the names have their roots in Catholic saints. Spaniards do not like unusual and extravagant names and do not accept them in their lives. There are cases when the state refused to receive foreigners due to the fact that their names were quite unusual (for example, it is impossible to determine the gender of the bearer).

Many people associate Latin American countries with Spain, since in these territories Spanish is the official language, and when studying Spanish, the teacher can emphasize the differences between cultures and pronunciations. When it comes to names, there are also very big differences, despite the fact that Latinos use Spanish names. The only difference is that they can name the child whatever they want. Children are called English, American or even Russian names if the parents like it, and this will not be punishable by the state.

We can take the terrorist from Venezuela as an example. His name was Ilyich, and his brothers were Lenin and Vladimir Ramirez Sanchez. The staunch communist father reflected his views on life through the names of his children.

But such exceptions are extremely rare, although modernity has no boundaries or stereotypes. In Spain, simple and classic names with complex meanings remain at the peak of popularity, for example, Juan, Juanita, Julio, Julia, Maria, Diego, etc.

Separately, I would like to highlight the names and their origin (female):

Biblical names: Anna, Mary, Martha, Magdalena, Isabel;
Latin and greek names: Barbora, Veronica, Elena, Paola;
Germanic: Erica, Motilda, Caroline, Louise, Frida.

Biblical names: Miguel, Jose, Thomas, David, Daniel, Adan, Juan;
Greek and latin names: Sergio, Andres, Alejandro, Hector, Pablo, Nicholas;
German: Alonso, Alfonso, Luis, Carlos, Raymond, Fernando, Enrique, Ernesto, Raul, Rodrigue, Roberto.

Spanish female names and their meanings

Agata – good
Adelita (Adelita), Alicia (Alicia) Adela, Adelia (Adela) – noble
Adora - adored
Alondra – protector of humanity
Alba – dawn, dawn
Alta - high
Angelina, Angel, Angelica - angel, angelic, messenger
Anita – diminutive of Ana – benefit
Ariadna – perfect, pure, immaculate
Arcelia (Arcelia) Araceli, Aracelis (Aracelis) – wanderer, traveler
Benita – blessed
Bernardita – bear
Blanca – clean, white
Benita – blessed
Valencia – domineering
Veronica – victorious
Gertrudis, Gertrudis – spear strength
Gracia – graceful, graceful
Jesusa - saved
Juana, Juanita – merciful
Dorotea – God's gift
Elena – moon, torch
Josefina - rewarder
Ibby, Isabel (Isabel) – oath to God
Inés – innocent, chaste
Candelaria – candle
Carla, Carolina – human
Carmela and Carmelita - name in honor of Our Lady of Carmel
Constancia – constant
Consuela – consoler, the name is given in honor of Our Lady of Consolation (Nuestra Señora del Consuelo)
Conchita - diminutive of Concepción - derived from the Latin concepto - “to become pregnant, to conceive.” The name is given in honor Immaculate Conception Virgin Mary (Inmaculada Concepción)
Cristina – Christian
Cruz - cross, pectoral cross
Camila - servant of the gods, priestess
Catalina – pure soul
Leticia – joyful, happy
Laura – laurel, (“crowned with laurel”)
Luisa, Luisita – warrior
Marita – diminutive of Maria – desired, beloved
Marta – mistress of the house
Mercedes - merciful, all-merciful (in honor of the Virgin Mary - María de las Mercedes)
Maribel – fierce
Nina – baby
Ophelia - assistant
Pepita – God will give another son
Perla, Perlita – pearl
Pilar, Pili – pillar, column
Paloma - dove
Ramona – wise protector
Rebeca – alluring on the net
Reina – queen, queen
Renata – reborn
Sarita (diminutive of Sara) - noble woman, mistress
Sofia - wise
Susana – water lily
Trinidad – Trinity
Francisca - free
Chiquita is a diminutive name meaning little girl.
Abigaíl – joy for father
Evita – diminutive of Eva – lively, lively
Elvira – friendly
Esmeralda - emerald
Estela, derived from Estrella - star

Spanish male names and their meanings

Agustin - great
Alberto, Alonso, Alfonso - noble
Alfredo – elf
Amado – favorite
Andrés – warrior
Antonio (Antonio) – flower
Armando – strong, brave
Aurelio – golden
Basilio – regal
Benito - blessed
Berenguer, Bernardino, Bernardo – the strength and courage of a bear
Valentin – healthy, strong
Victor, Victorino, Vincente – winner and conqueror,
Gaspar – teacher, master
Gustavo - staff, support
Horatio – excellent eyesight
Damian - to tame, to subdue
Desi - desired
Herman (German) – brother
Gilberto – light
Diego – doctrine, teaching
Jesus (Jesús) - named after Jesus, diminutives: Chucho, Chuy, Chuza, Chuchi, Chus, Chuso and others.
Ignacio – fire
Yousef - God will give another son
Carlos – man, husband
Christian (Cristian) – Christian
Leandro – lion man
Lucio - light
Mario (Mario) – man
Marcos, Marcelino, Marcelo, Marcial, Martin - names derived from the name of the Roman God of War - Mars, warlike
Mateo – gift from Yahweh
Mauricio – dark-skinned, Moor
Modesto - modest, moderate, sober
Maximino (Maximino), Maximo (Máximo) – great
Nicholas (Nicolás) – victory of the people
Osvaldo (Osvaldo) – owning, having power
Pablo – baby
Paco – free
Pasqual – child of Easter
Pastor – shepherd
Patricio – noble, of noble origin
Pio (Pío) – pious, virtuous
Rafael – divine healing
Ricardo, Rico – strong, persistent
Rodolfo, Raul – wolf
Rodrigo – ruler, leader
Rolando - famous land
Raynaldo - sage - ruler
Sal, diminutive of Salvador - savior
Sancho, Santos – saint
Severino, Severo – strict, stern
Sergio – servant
Silvestre, Silvio – forest
Salomón – peaceful
Tadeo – grateful
Teobaldo - a brave man
Thomas (Tomás) – twin
Tristan – rebel, rebel
Fabricio – artisan
Fausto – lucky guy
Felipe – horse lover
Fernando – brave, courageous
Fidel - the most devoted, faithful
Flavio – golden-haired
Francisco (Francisco) - free
Juan, Juanito – good God
Julian, Julio - curly
Edmundo – prosperous, protector
Emilio – rival
Enrique – powerful ruler
Ernesto – diligent, diligent
Esteban - name means crown
Yusbayo, Yusebio - devout

The most popular names among the adult population:

Jose (José)
Antonio
Juan
Manuel
Francisco

Among newborn babies:

Daniel
Alejandro
Pablo
David
Adrian

If we return to female names, the following names are now popular among women:

Maria
Carmen
Ana
Isabel (Isabel)
Dolores

And among girls, that is, recently born children:

Lucia
Maria
Paula
Sarah (Zara)
Carla

As you noticed, it is very important for Spaniards that their names are easily understood, abandoning rare and unusual options, which significantly affects the reduction of the language barrier with foreign citizens.

Sometimes the connection between complete and diminutive name it is almost impossible to determine: for example, the houses of little Francisco can be called Paco, Pancho and even Curro, Alfonso - Honcho, Eduardo - Lalo, Jesus - Chucho, Chuy or Chus, Anunciación - Chon or Chonita. In the same way, it is difficult for foreigners to understand why we call Alexander Shurik :)

Almost all Spanish names are simple but beautiful. We hope that getting to know them will make it easier for you to communicate with native Spanish speakers, because now you know a little more about the Spaniards!

Spanish law states that every citizen has the right to officially own no more than two given names and surnames. At baptism, they can give the child several names, it all depends on the wishes of the parents. Typically, the eldest daughter is named after her mother, and the second daughter is named after her maternal grandmother. The main and main source of names in Spain are the Catholic Saints. There are very few unusual names among these people, since Spanish registration legislation very strictly controls this process. Those with unusual names have zero chance of obtaining citizenship in Spain. In the hit parade of names, the first places are almost annually headed by such classic Spanish girl names as Carmen, Camila, Maria...

Simple name Maria

The name Maria is considered a fairly common name in Spain. It is given not only to girls, but also to boys, as a makeweight: Jose Maria, for example. At the same time, most Spanish and Latin American Marias are listed in documents in a completely different way, for example, as Maria de los Mercedes, Maria de los Dolores, but in everyday life girls are called Dolores, Mercedes. These Spanish baby girl names are derived from various titles of Our Lady, such as Maria de los Mercedes meaning "Mary of Mercies" and Maria de los Dolores "Mary of Sorrows".

A short list of names derived from the titles of the Mother of God:

Maria del Amparo - Mary the Patroness, Mary the Protector

Maria de la Anunciación - Mary of the Blessed

Maria de la Luz - Bright Maria

Maria de los Milagros - Mary the Miraculous

Maria de la Piedad - Mary the Honored

Maria del Socorro - Mary the Helper

Maria de la Cruz - Mary of the Cross

Maria del Consuelo - Mary the Comforter

Maria de la Salud - Maria of Health

Maria del Pilar - Pillar Maria

IN real life girls with such pious names are called Amparo, Luz, Anunciación, Milagros, Socorro, Piedad, Consuelo, Cruz, Salud and Pilar.

A short list of Spanish girl names:

Angela - angelic

Lucia - easy

Alondra - protector

Letitia - joy, happiness

Azucena - chaste

Leticia - joy, happiness

Angelica - angelic

Mercedes is merciful

Alba - dawn

Marita - beloved

Alva is a beauty

Manuela - God is with us

Almira - princess

Marceline - militant

Blanca - blonde

Milagros is a miracle

Benita - blessed one

Marcela - militant

Veronica - bringing victory

Nubia - golden

Valencia - power

Perlite - pearls

Guadeloupe is a saint

Petrona - stone

Gabriela - strong by God

Ramira - wise and famous

Jesus - saved by God

Rosita - rose

Dominga - belongs to the lord

Rosita - rose flower

Dolores - mourning, sad

Teresa the reaper

Dorothea - a gift from God

Theophila - friend of God

Yesenia - God sees

Fortunata - lucky

Isabella is a beauty

Philomena - strong with love

Inessa - sheep

Francisca is free

Consuelo - consolation

Jesuina - God is the savior

Carmelita - vineyard

Julia - sheaf, curly

Carmen - vineyard

Juanita - believer in God

Carmencita - vineyard

Eloisa - very healthy

Leonor - foreign, different

Esmeralda - emerald

In Spain, when baptizing, it is customary to give several names, although according to the law, it is allowed to enter no more than two names and two surnames into documents. When choosing, they are most often guided by the calendar of Catholic saints, which is strictly controlled even at the legislative level. Person with unusual name They may not be accepted into the state at all. But the classic ones, like Maria, Camilla and Carmen, are constantly leading in Spanish lists popular names.

Roots of Spanish names

Typically, a Spanish woman has one given name and two surnames (father and mother). In noble families, children are given several surnames, which is why many famous Spaniards have very long names. Eldest daughter named after mother and grandmother. Often girls are called by the names with which their godparents or priest christened them. In everyday life they use one or two names.

Since Spaniards often take names from the Bible, many of them have Hebrew and Aramaic roots. The names Eva (from Eve) and Maria (from the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ) are very popular. Popular biblical names: Ana, Magdalena, Isabel, Martha. Historians have found that Spanish names are also borrowed from Greek, Germanic, Roman and Arabic. From Greece and Rome the Spaniards took Helena, Catalina, Veronica, Paulina and Barbara. Spanish names with Germanic roots: Erika, Matilda, Luisa, Carolina and Frida.

Spanish names and their meaning in Catholicism

The Spaniards love epithets and the same surnames. For example, the name Mercedes means “mercy” and Dolores “angel”. Some surnames are derived from various titles. So Dona, Señorita and Señora mean “your grace.”

Both in Orthodox Christianity and in Catholic Christianity, it is customary to baptize children and give the name of the saint who is revered on this day. And since Spain is a Catholic country, this tradition is strictly adhered to. Often girls are named after icons and statues, but one of the most revered is the Mother of God. Also revered is the statue of the Virgin Mary of Montserrat, after whom the famous opera singer Montserrat Caballe was named.

Abbreviation of Spanish names

Since Spanish names are often very long, people have learned to skillfully shorten them. The most popular and easiest way to form an abbreviated form is to add or remove suffixes. Guadalupe will become Lupita, and the woman Teresa will be called Tere. There are also completely incomprehensible abbreviations: Jesus can be called Chucho, and Francis can be called Paquita, Kika or Curra. However, such confusion also occurs in other countries. For example, it is difficult to associate the names Robert and Bob or Alexander and Shurik.

Diminutive forms are also formed from suffixes. So Gabriel turns into Gabrielita, and Juana into Juanita. In Spain, another problem is that different names can have the same diminutive forms. Those with the names Acheles and Consuelo can be called Chelo. Also pet names are created from two: Maria and Luis form Marisa, and the combination of Lucia and Fernanda sounds like a wild Lucifer, which is known to be the name of the devil.

In Spain, it is very important that a person’s gender can be determined by their passport name, so permission to include abbreviated and diminutive forms in documents is a recent development.

Among Spanish names, as in other countries, there are genderless names. These are Amparo, Sol, Socorro, Consuelo, Pilar. But a big problem– sound and endings. For Russians, it is difficult to perceive a female name with a masculine ending. So, for example, Rosario, quite a feminine name with the diminutive Charito.

The most popular Spanish names:

Maria
Carmen
Isabel
Dolores
Pilar
Joseph
Teresa
Antonia
Lucia
Paula
Carla
Caludia
Laura
Martha
Alba
Valeria
Ximena
Maria Guadalupe
Daniela
Mariana
Andrey
Maria Josa
Sofia

Most Spanish names sound strange to us. AND main feature is that many names consist of two. In famous Spanish TV series you could hear about Maria Lourdes or Maria Magdalena. The tradition did not originate empty space. The first name corresponds to the patron, and the second is given to choose from in order to characterize the owner. It is the second name that a person is usually called in everyday life, but the official one remains on paper.

Names by character

good Agatha and Agotha;
consoling Consuela;
strong Adriana;
good Benigna;
noble Adeline and Adelaide;
graceful Aina;
militant Louise;
noble Alicia;
Princess Zerita;
pure Blanca and Ariadne;
regal Marcela;
devoted Fidelia;
beloved Adoración;
assistant Ophelia;
invaluable Antonia;
protector Aleyandra;
brave Bernardita;
victorious Veronica;
pleasant Grekila;
listening to Jimena;
light Luz;
famous Clarice;
blessed Macerena;
Lady Martha;
Martyr Martirayo;
merciful Piedad;
heavenly Melestina;
the admiring Mareia;
flawless Imaculeda;
chaste Ines;
free Paka;
guardian of Custodia;
friendly Novia;
stalwart Consuela;
wonderful Milegros;
cardiac Corazon;
prosperous Cressincia;
rich Odelis;
Esperanza, who embodies hope;
Mutual Cruzita
guardian Camila;
bright Leocadia;
advisor Monica;
true Elvira;
thin Erkilia;
desired Loida;
pleasant Nochema;
courteous Olalla and Eufemia;
constant Pippi;
stone Petrona;
struggling Ernesta;
devout Pia;
stalwart Pilar;
crowned Estefania;
old-fashioned Priscilla;
wise Raymunda;
treacherous Rebecca;
girl Nina;
Saint Sens;
homemade Enricueta;
lonely Soledad;
lucky Felicidad;
devoted Fedilia;
comforted Chelo;
live Evita;
cautious Prudencia.

Meaning from words:

Kamela (vineyard);
Alba (dawn);
Rosario (rosary);
Belen (house of bread);
Domina (belongs to the master);
Lolita (sadness);
Elvira (from a foreign country);
Renata (resurrection);
Almudena (city);
Idoya (reservoir);
Paloma (dove);
Rosita (rose);
Justina (hyacinth flower);
Areseli (altar of heaven);
Berengaria (bear spear);
Debord (bee);
Susana (lily);
Deiphilia (daughter of God);
Dulce (candy);
Angelita (little angel);
Pearl (pearl);
Candelaria (candle);
Niv (snow);
Reyna (queen);
Charo (rosary);
Esmeralda (emerald).

What they wish for the child:

high position Alte;
Beatrice's travels;
the authorities of Valencia;
Leticia's happiness;
love to Marita and Amédé;
faith Manuela;
Rebecca's attractiveness;
Blessings Benita;
sweet life of Adonsia;
Bibiene's cheerfulness;
royal life of Basilia;
Have a bright journey to Elena;
gold of Nubia;
salvation of Jesus;
health Salute.