What does grotesque mean? What is grotesque? Realistic elements in the dreams of Larina and Raskolnikov

Actually possessive are

short adjectives with the suffixes -in, -yn, -nin,

Oe and -ev, indicating the ownership of the object

to any one person, and in some cases

animal, for example: grandmother’s scarf, sister’s

scarf, husband's passport, cat's house, father's order,

mechanic's file. Such forms in modern Russian

in the language are rarely used, they are formed mainly

nom from a few nouns denoting from-

bearing kinship and personal names.

The meaning of belonging in Russian is more often

expressed in the genitive case of a noun

go: student’s book, father’s order, etc., capable of

reflect not only individual, but also collective

item affiliation: fisherman's tackle - tackle

fishermen, etc.

Adjectives with suffixes -ov, -ev and partially with

In, -nin in the nominative- accusative cases inclined

are used as nouns (father's house, father's house,

father's house, fathers' house), in the instrumental and prepositional

nom cases have the endings of full adjectives

(father's house, about father's house). Feminine

endings of nouns are used in nouns -

nominal and accusative cases singular and plural

feminine number (fathers-and the hut, fathers-at the hut, from-

tsov-y izba), in the rest - endings of complete approximations

gates: fathers' huts, fathers' huts; fathers' hut;

fathers' huts, etc.

Adjectives with the suffix -/"- (-uj) like wolf,

wolfish, wolfish can indicate belonging not

only individual, but also general: wolf paw, wolf

whose lair. Such adjectives can be used freely

are expressed in the meaning of relative and qualitative. Wed,

for example: fox hole - possessive, fox joke -

ba - relative (from fox fur), fox habits -

quality (tricky). In indirect cases the possessive

adjectives with the suffix -/- have a final

soft type of declension of adjectives: fox,

fox, fox, etc.

§ 75. Transition of adjectives to other parts of speech

The transition of adjectives to other parts of speech is associated

with their loss of the meaning of the attribute of the object.

Acquiring subject meaning, adjective names

nouns move into the class of nouns - sub-

stantivated. Some adjectives end in

literally turned into nouns (universe, maid-

naya, living room, orderly, comma, pantry, forestry

chiy, embankment, pavement, tailor, dowry, po-

sylny). Others can be used as an adjective

nouns, then as nouns; cf., for example: Ma-

Sha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman (P.) -

Everyone looked at the young man. (Veres.)

Individual adjectives (whole, famous,

real, similar) take on the meaning of indicating

noun words and turn into pronouns. For example

Mer: And it’s not for nothing that our people sing songs about the birch tree, -

you will go around the whole world, but you will not find such beauty.

§ 76. Spelling of suffixes

have adjectives

1. The suffix -iv- is used under stress: right-

marvelous, playful (exception: merciful, yuro-

marvelous), suffix -ev- - in unstressed position: sire-

new, strong-willed.

2. In the suffixes -liv-, -chiv- and is always written: care-

lively, assiduous.

3. The suffixes -ovat-, -ovit- are used if

the producing base ends in a solid agreement

ny (except for hissing and ts): angular, gifted;

suffixes -evat; -evit- - after the basics on soft co-

vowel, hissing and c: acne, glossy, fish-

4. The suffix -insk- is written on adjectives, form-

called from nouns ending in -а(-я).-и(-ы): Yalta-

Yalta, Elnya - Elninsky, Khimki - Khimkin-

Sky, Tabory - Taborinsky. Exception: pen-

Zensky. Presnensky

5. The suffix -onk- is written after producing

bases on g, k. x: light, tall, quiet

("the forms bad, soft, le-

genky). In other cases it is written -enk-

(handsome, young).

6. In the suffixes -enn- and -onn- two n are written: art-

national straw, informational. Exclude-

meaning: windy (but: windless, lee-

7. The suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- are written with one -n-

(nightingale, sand, linen). Except-

tion: glass, tin, wood.

The adjective oil is formed from the noun

body oil and is used in the meaning

in oil" ( oil paints, oil stain, oil-

switch). The adjective oily image

derived from the verb oil and used in the meaning

"coated, impregnated, oiled" (ma-

salted pancakes, buttery porridge), as well as figuratively

meaning (oily smile).

The suffix -yan- is also written in adjectives with

root -wind- in phrases: windmill,

wind turbine, chicken pox.

8. Before the suffix -sk- the final consonants of the production are

the driving base d, t, h are preserved: Leningrad,

fraternal, French. After bases on k, ch, ts suffix

Sk- is simplified to -k; and the consonants k, ch alternate with c:

Cossack, weaver, valiant (but: Uzbek, Uglich-

skiy and some others).

9. For adjectives from producing stems to l

before the suffix -sk- is written soft sign(hoof-

skiy, Tula), and with the base on nъ, ръ it is lost

(Kazan, knightly). The soft sign is preserved

adjectives formed from the names of months with

based on н, ръ (June, October, but: January-

skiy) and in the expression day-day.

10. Adjectives from Russian geographical na-

titles with a stem in sk are formed without a suffix

(Minsk, Svetlogorsk), and those formed from a foreign language -

new names in Sk are losing the first k (Damascus,

Etruscan, exception: Basque).

Adjective spelling scheme

1. Initial form (I. p. unit).

2. Place by value.

3. Complete or brief, degree of comparison (for qualitative ones).

4. What noun does it go with?

5. Gender, number, case; syntactic role in a sentence.

Sample parsing

The blue wildflowers have faded. (Sofr.) The sky has become more spacious

and above, the evenings are quiet and bright. (Silver)

Blue - adjective, blue, qualitative, complete,

combines with the noun flowers, masculine, plural

number, nominative case; agreed definition.

Field - adjective, field, relative, combines-

xia with the noun flowers, masculine gender, plural,

Nominative case; agreed definition.

More spacious, higher - adjectives, spacious, higher

some, in the form of a simple comparative degree, are combined with the substantive

solid sky, do not change; the nominal part of the predicate.

Quiet, bright - adjectives, quiet, bright, quality

natural, in short form, combined with the noun evening,

masculine, plural, nominative case; personal

part of the predicate.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Name the main features of an adjective as a part

2. List the categories of adjectives by meaning, de-

Explain the characteristics of each category.

3. What is the difference between the full and short forms of qualitative names?

adjectives?

4. What do the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison express?

What are qualitative adjectives and how are they formed?

5. How are qualitative and relative names of adjectives declined?

adjectives and what are the features of the declension of possessive adjectives?

6. Give examples of the transition of adjectives into su-

nouns and pronouns and examples of the transition of participles into participles

adjectives.

7. Which adjective suffixes are written with -n- and which with -NN-7

8. Check how you have mastered the rules of spelling adjectives -

nykh with the suffixes -sk- and -k:

Numeral

From school curriculum we know that adjectives in Russian are divided into . Let's consider what it means that a word belongs to a possessive group, how to accurately determine this belonging and what rules to use for self-test.

What adjectives make up this group?

We can say that the category in question is represented by a relatively small number of words. The fact is that the main sign of a possessive adjective is only one - the word communicates that a certain object belongs to a certain person or animal. For example - wolf tail, lynx skin, crocodile skin.

In case we're talking about about belonging to a person, examples can be the following - grandmother’s glasses, grandfather’s jacket, Petya’s notebook, mother’s dress. Very rarely possessive adjectives can be found in popular expressions. There they denote physical or philosophical concepts. For example, the phrase “Tantalum's torment” - this phrase speaks not only about the torment of a specific character named Tantalus, but also about any similar suffering of other people.

Possessive adjectives are even less common in phrases that refer to inanimate objects. For example, there is a unique expression invented and used by Mayakovsky - “rib arches,” that is, arches of the ribs. But such examples from fiction you can literally count on your fingers.

What rules should you use to determine whether a word is possessive?

There are several simple signs:

First of all, the word must answer the question “whose” - or “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, in other words, determine ownership.
Such words cannot have antonyms or synonyms, since each of them tells us individual, unique information about the subject.
The same applies to degrees of comparison - possessive adjectives do not have them, are not considered in the superlative form, and are not combined with the adverbs “very” and “extremely”.

But when checking, any of the possessive adjectives can be replaced by a noun of the same root, indicating the same accessory. For example, the concepts “grandfather’s jacket” and “grandfather’s jacket” will be equivalent, since they mean the same thing that belongs to a specific person. Only in the first case does this indicate possessive adjective, and in the second - a noun.

Unusual styles in art attract the attention of the same unusual people. And also eccentric grotesquery attracts special people. But what is the essence of this genre and how is the grotesque reflected in literature? Let's figure it out. Grotesque is an ugly-comic image of something or someone based on contrast and exaggeration. In everyday life, many perceive the grotesque as something ugly and eccentric. Nowadays, it is widely used in carnival images at various holidays.

A little history

The grotesque has quite ancient origin . Its roots go to Ancient Rome the time of Nero. Once an emperor with incredible imagination and artistic taste, wished that the walls of his palace would be decorated with views and images that do not exist in nature.

But fate was not too favorable and the palace was subsequently destroyed by Emperor Troyan. Time passed and soon, ruins and underground structures were accidentally discovered during the Renaissance.

The underground ruins found were called grottoes, which translates from Italian as grotto or dungeon. The painting that decorated these ruins later came to be called grotesque.

Literature

In an effort to immerse the reader in a world full of fantasy and incredible phenomena, the author uses many techniques and styles. One of them is the grotesque. It combines seemingly incompatible things - the terrible and the funny, the sublime and the disgusting.

Grotesque in Wikipedia means a combination of reality and fantasy, as a combination of truth and caricature, as a plexus of hyperbole and alogism. Grotesque from French fancy. In contrast to the same irony, in that in this style funny and funny images are simultaneously terrible and frightening. These are like two sides of the same coin.

In literature, grotesque and satire go hand in hand.. But it's not the same thing. Under the mask of improbability and fantasticness lies the artist’s unique generalized view of the world and important events in him.

Plays, decor and costumes are created based on this whimsical style. He fights the ordinary and allows authors and artists to discover the unlimited possibilities of their talent. Style will help expand the internal boundaries of a person’s worldview.

Grotesque style examples

A striking example of its application is fairy tales. If you remember, the image of Koshchei the Immortal pops up. When created, this figure combined both human nature, and unknown forces, mystical capabilities, making him practically invincible. In fairy tales, reality and fantasy are often intertwined, but still the boundaries remain obvious. Grotesque images at first glance appear as absurd, devoid of any meaning. The intensifier of this image is a combination of everyday phenomena.
The story "The Nose" by Gogol is also considered a shining example use of style in the plot. The main character's nose acquires independent life and separates from the owner.

In painting

In the Middle Ages it was typical for folk culture, expressing an original way of thinking. The style reached the peak of its popularity during the Renaissance. He imbues the works of the great artists of the time with drama and contradiction.

Don't miss: artistic technique in literature and the Russian language.

Satire

This is a manifestation of the comic style in art in its sharpest sense. With the help of irony, grotesque, and a bit of hyperbole, she reveals humiliating and terrible phenomena, giving her own poetic form. Many poets use this artistic style to ridicule certain phenomena.

A characteristic feature of satire will be a negative attitude towards the subject of ridicule.

Hyperbola

An element used by many authors and poets for exaggeration. An artistic figure helps to enhance the eloquence of thoughts. This technique can be successfully combined with other stylistic expressions . Exaggeration is combined with and comparison , giving them an unusual color. Hyperbole can be found in different artistic styles, such as oratorical, romantic and many others to enhance sensory perception.

Irony

A technique that is used to contrast the hidden meaning with the explicit one. When using this artistic figure, one gets the feeling that the subject of irony is not what it really seems.

Forms of irony

Straight. Used to belittle and enhance negative traits subject of discussion;
Anti-irony. Used to show that an object is undervalued;
Self-irony. Ridiculed own person;
Ironic worldview. Rejection takes to heart public values and stereotypes;
Socratic irony. The subject of discussion itself must come to hidden meaning utterances, reflecting on all the information said by the subject.

The meaning of the word GROTESK in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

GROTESQUE

- (from Italian grottesco - bizarre) - a type of comic: an image of people, objects or phenomena in a fantastically exaggerated, ugly-comic form that violates the boundaries of plausibility. G. is based on the combination of the real and the unreal, the terrible and the funny, the tragic and the comic, the ugly and the beautiful. G. is close to farce. It differs from other types of comic (humor, irony, satire, etc. (see irony, satire)) in that the funny in it is not separated from the terrible, which allows the author in a specific picture to show the contradictions of life and create a sharply satirical image. Examples of works in which to create satirical image G. is widely used, can serve as "Nose" N.V. Gogol, “The History of a City”, “How One Man Fed Two Generals” by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, “The Seated”, “Bathhouse”, “Bedbug” by V. Mayakovsky.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012