Learn to play a keyboard instrument. What musical instrument is easiest to learn to play?
Red Guard units were created to fight opponents of Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Guard groups were legally considered autonomous and acted in accordance with their own understanding of Marxism; in reality they acted according to the general instructions of Mao and some other party leaders. The Red Guard groups were distinguished by their extreme disdain for traditional culture, extreme cruelty towards people and disrespect for individual rights.
They were used by the authorities for repression and suppression of freedoms. Subsequently, the activities of the Red Guards were sharply condemned not only by the world community, but also in China.
There were serious contradictions among the Red Guards. Some of the Red Guards were children of wealthy people and personnel workers, most of them were children of workers and peasants. In accordance with this, the Red Guard organizations were divided into “red” (conditionally “children of the rich”) and “black” (conditionally “children of the poor”). There was serious enmity between these groups.
The “Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” of August 8, 1966 reported:
| The brave skirmisher is a large detachment of hitherto unknown revolutionary boys, girls and teenagers. They are assertive and smart. By full utterance opinions, full exposure and exhaustive criticism with the help of “dazibao” (“newspapers written in large characters”) and wide discussions, they launched a decisive attack on open and hidden representatives bourgeoisie. In such a great revolutionary movement It is, of course, difficult for them to avoid certain shortcomings. However, their revolutionary main direction invariably remains correct. This is the main current of the great proletarian cultural revolution, this is the main direction along which it continues to move forward. |
The Red Guards were subjected to “criticism” (that is, humiliation and physical violence, usually public) so-called. “those in power and following the capitalist path”, “black revisionists”, “opponents of Chairman Mao”, professors and intellectuals; destroyed cultural values during the Crush the Four Remnants campaign. They carried out mass criticism with the help of dazibao (wall newspapers).
The “report” further states that the “revolutionary students” used a variety of methods of perverted physical torture to extract the confessions they needed from the victims. They dragged the man into a dark room and beat him, and then asked him if he was a “city committee agent.” If he denied, the bullying continued. The tortured person was dragged into the courtyard, placed on a stool under the scorching sun with his back bent and his arms extended forward, while saying: “The sun of Mao Zedong, the evil spirits have fallen.” Then the Red Guards knocked the stool out from under his feet, dragged him back into the room and beat him; Those who lost consciousness were stabbed with needles. Those arrested were not allowed to eat or drink.
June 1, 1966, after reading a dazibao on the radio, composed by Nie Yuanzi, a philosophy teacher Beijing University: “We will resolutely, radically, completely and completely eradicate the dominance and evil plans of the revisionists! Let’s destroy the monsters - the Khrushchev-type revisionists!” millions of schoolchildren and students organized themselves into groups and easily began to look for “monsters and demons” to be eradicated among their teachers, university management, and then among local and city authorities who tried to protect teachers. “Class enemies” were hung with dazibao, put on a jester’s cap, sometimes put on humiliating rags (usually on women), painted their faces with black ink, and forced to bark like a dog; they were ordered to walk bent over or crawl. The dissolution of students of all schools and universities on July 26, 1966 for a six-month vacation contributed to the revelry of youth and the replenishment of the ranks of the Red Guards with an additional 50 million underage students.
The new Minister of Public Security, Xie Fuzhi, told a meeting of Chinese police officers: “We cannot depend on routine legal proceedings and the criminal code. The one who arrests a person for beating another is mistaken... Is it worth arresting Red Guards for killing? I think like this: if he killed, he killed, it’s none of our business... I don’t like it when people kill, but if masses they hate someone so much that their anger cannot be restrained, we will not interfere with them... The people's militia must be on the side of the Red Guards, unite with them, sympathize with them, inform them..."
Lyrics dedicated to the Red Guard theme
- Song by Yuli Kim “Oh, don’t spit, Red Guards...” (1965)
- Song by Alexander Gorodnitsky "March of the Red Guards" (1966-1970)
- Song by V. Vysotsky "Red Guards" (1966):
The song is famous for its ironic chorus:Red Guards are walking and wandering near the city of Beijing
AND antique paintings Red Guards are searching and searching
And it’s not that the Red Guards love statues and paintings -
Instead of statues there will be urns of the cultural revolution.
And most importantly, I know perfectly well,
How are they pronounced?
But something very indecent
It asks me on the tongue:
Hongwei-bins...
- Song by V. Vysotsky "Goger-Moger" (1974)
- Song of the group "Lyapis Trubetskoy" "Red Torch" from the album "Cultural enlightenment" (2009):
The red torch has not gone out -
Red Guards are among us.
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- Alexander Tarasov.
- (about the book of the former Red Guard “The Scarlet Memorial”)
Notes
Excerpt characterizing the Red Guards
“I already told you, daddy,” said the son, “that if you don’t want to let me go, I’ll stay.” But I know that I'm no good for anything except military service; “I’m not a diplomat, not an official, I don’t know how to hide what I feel,” he said, still looking with the coquetry of beautiful youth at Sonya and the guest young lady.The cat, glaring at him with her eyes, seemed every second ready to play and show all her cat nature.
- Well, well, okay! - said the old count, - everything is getting hot. Bonaparte turned everyone's heads; everyone thinks how he got from lieutenant to emperor. Well, God willing,” he added, not noticing the guest’s mocking smile.
The big ones started talking about Bonaparte. Julie, Karagina’s daughter, turned to young Rostov:
– What a pity that you weren’t at the Arkharovs’ on Thursday. “I was bored without you,” she said, smiling tenderly at him.
The flattered young man with a flirtatious smile of youth moved closer to her and entered into a separate conversation with the smiling Julie, not noticing at all that this involuntary smile of his was cutting the heart of the blushing and feignedly smiling Sonya with a knife of jealousy. “In the middle of the conversation, he looked back at her. Sonya looked at him passionately and embitteredly and, barely holding back the tears in her eyes and a feigned smile on her lips, she stood up and left the room. All Nikolai's animation disappeared. He waited for the first break in the conversation and with an upset face left the room to look for Sonya.
– How the secrets of all these young people are sewn with white thread! - said Anna Mikhailovna, pointing to Nikolai coming out. “Cousinage dangereux voisinage,” she added.
“Yes,” said the countess, after the ray of sunshine that had penetrated into the living room with this young generation had disappeared, and as if answering a question that no one had asked her, but which constantly occupied her. - How much suffering, how much anxiety has been endured in order to now rejoice in them! And now, really, there is more fear than joy. You're still afraid, you're still afraid! This is precisely the age at which there are so many dangers for both girls and boys.
“Everything depends on upbringing,” said the guest.
“Yes, your truth,” continued the Countess. “Until now, thank God, I have been a friend of my children and enjoy their complete trust,” said the countess, repeating the misconception of many parents who believe that their children have no secrets from them. “I know that I will always be the first confidente [confidant] of my daughters, and that Nikolenka, due to her ardent character, if she plays naughty (a boy cannot live without this), then everything is not like these St. Petersburg gentlemen.
“Yes, nice, nice guys,” confirmed the count, who always resolved issues that confused him by finding everything nice. - Come on, I want to become a hussar! Yes, that's what you want, ma chere!
“What a sweet creature your little one is,” said the guest. - Gunpowder!
“Yes, gunpowder,” said the count. - It hit me! And what a voice: even though it’s my daughter, I’ll tell the truth, she will be a singer, Salomoni is different. We hired an Italian to teach her.
- Is not it too early? They say it is harmful for your voice to study at this time.
- Oh, no, it’s so early! - said the count. - How did our mothers get married at twelve thirteen?
- She’s already in love with Boris! What? - said the countess, smiling quietly, looking at Boris’s mother, and, apparently answering the thought that had always occupied her, she continued. - Well, you see, if I had kept her strictly, I would have forbidden her... God knows what they would have done on the sly (the countess meant: they would have kissed), and now I know every word she says. She will come running in the evening and tell me everything. Maybe I'm spoiling her; but, really, this seems to be better. I kept the eldest strictly.
“Yes, I was brought up completely differently,” said the eldest, beautiful Countess Vera, smiling.
But a smile did not grace Vera’s face, as usually happens; on the contrary, her face became unnatural and therefore unpleasant.
The eldest, Vera, was good, she was not stupid, she studied well, she was well brought up, her voice was pleasant, what she said was fair and appropriate; but, strangely, everyone, both the guest and the countess, looked back at her, as if they were surprised why she said this, and felt awkward.
“They always play tricks with older children, they want to do something unusual,” said the guest.
- To be honest, ma chere! The Countess was playing tricks with Vera,” said the Count. - Well, oh well! Still, she turned out nice,” he added, winking approvingly at Vera.
The guests got up and left, promising to come for dinner.
- What a manner! They were already sitting, sitting! - said the countess, ushering the guests out.
When Natasha left the living room and ran, she only reached the flower shop. She stopped in this room, listening to the conversation in the living room and waiting for Boris to come out. She was already beginning to get impatient and, stamping her foot, was about to cry because he was not walking now, when she heard the quiet, not fast, decent steps of a young man.
Natasha quickly rushed between the flower pots and hid.
Boris stopped in the middle of the room, looked around, brushed specks from his uniform sleeve with his hand and walked up to the mirror, looking at his Beautiful face. Natasha, having become quiet, looked out from her ambush, waiting for what he would do. He stood in front of the mirror for a while, smiled and went to the exit door. Natasha wanted to call out to him, but then changed her mind. “Let him search,” she told herself. Boris had just left when a flushed Sonya emerged from another door, whispering something angrily through her tears. Natasha restrained herself from her first move to run out to her and remained in her ambush, as if under an invisible cap, looking out for what was happening in the world. She experienced a special new pleasure. Sonya whispered something and looked back at the living room door. Nikolai came out of the door.
- Sonya! What happened to you? Is this possible? - Nikolai said, running up to her.
- Nothing, nothing, leave me! – Sonya began to sob.
- No, I know what.
- Well, you know, that’s great, and go to her.
- Sooo! One word! Is it possible to torture me and yourself like this because of a fantasy? - Nikolai said, taking her hand.
Sonya did not pull his hands away and stopped crying.
Natasha, without moving or breathing, looked out from her ambush with shining heads. "What will happen now"? she thought.
- Sonya! I don't need the whole world! “You alone are everything to me,” Nikolai said. - I'll prove it to you.
“I don’t like it when you talk like that.”
- Well, I won’t, I’m sorry, Sonya! “He pulled her towards him and kissed her.
“Oh, how good!” thought Natasha, and when Sonya and Nikolai left the room, she followed them and called Boris to her.
“Boris, come here,” she said with a significant and cunning look. – I need to tell you one thing. Here, here,” she said and led him into the flower shop to the place between the tubs where she was hidden. Boris, smiling, followed her.
– What is this one thing? - he asked.
She was embarrassed, looked around her and, seeing her doll abandoned on the tub, took it in her hands.
“Kiss the doll,” she said.
Boris looked into her lively face with an attentive, affectionate gaze and did not answer.
- You do not want? Well, come here,” she said and went deeper into the flowers and threw the doll. - Closer, closer! - she whispered. She caught the officer's cuffs with her hands, and solemnity and fear were visible in her reddened face.
- Do you want to kiss me? – she whispered barely audibly, looking at him from under her brows, smiling and almost crying with excitement.
Boris blushed.
- How funny you are! - he said, bending over to her, blushing even more, but doing nothing and waiting.
She suddenly jumped up on the tub so that she stood taller than him, hugged him with both arms so that her thin bare arms bent above his neck and, moving her hair back with a movement of her head, kissed him right on the lips.
She slipped between the pots to the other side of the flowers and, lowering her head, stopped.
“Natasha,” he said, “you know that I love you, but...
-Are you in love with me? – Natasha interrupted him.
- Yes, I’m in love, but please, let’s not do what we’re doing now... Four more years... Then I’ll ask for your hand.
Natasha thought.
“Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen...” she said, counting thin fingers. - Fine! So it's over?
And a smile of joy and peace lit up her lively face.
- It's over! - said Boris.
- Forever? - said the girl. - Until death?
And, taking him by the arm, she happy face I quietly went next to him to the sofa.
The countess was so tired of the visits that she did not order to receive anyone else, and the doorman was only ordered to invite everyone who would still come with congratulations to eat. The Countess wanted to talk privately with her childhood friend, Princess Anna Mikhailovna, whom she had not seen well since her arrival from St. Petersburg. Anna Mikhailovna, with her tear-stained and pleasant face, moved closer to the countess’s chair.
“I’ll be completely frank with you,” said Anna Mikhailovna. – There are very few of us left, old friends! This is why I value your friendship so much.
