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Fossil "Sea lily"

...that's what she is, it turns out...

In general, what is this?..

Fossilized remains of crinoids are among the most common fossils. Some limestone strata dating from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic are composed almost entirely of them. Fossil segments of crinoid stems that resemble gears are called trochites.

And for some reason they really “resemble” gear wheels... Of course, whoever thinks it is, that’s what it is will remind…

Here's another photo of the fossils:

And it is described: “Fossilized segments of sea lilies - trochites, stars and disks with a hole in the center, sometimes connected in columns - have long attracted the attention of people. The British called the star-shaped polygonal segments of crinoids “stone stars” and made various assumptions about their connection with heavenly bodies. The first written mention of them belongs to the English naturalist John Ray in 1673. In 1677, his compatriot, naturalist Robert Pleat (—), admitted that the rosary of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne, was made from the segments of these animals. On the Northumberland coast these fossils are called “St. Cuthbert’s rosary.” Sometimes trochites, resembling gears, are described in the press as “parts of alien machines” created by aliens hundreds of millions of years before the appearance of man”... - Well, this reminds someone of something...

I don’t know about anyone, but it clearly looks like working part vajras...

Let's compare:

And this Dzeus (Zeus) fights with the fossil (nowadays) mollusk...

Sea lily March 30th, 2018

Sea lilies are one of the most beautiful representatives oceanic fauna. These bright creatures They resemble animated coral clusters, although in fact they are predators and are not averse to snacking on plankton and small crustaceans.

Long ago, the seas abounded with relatives of starfish and sea urchins- sea lilies.

These creatures received their romantic name for their resemblance to flowers, but in fact, sea lilies have nothing to do with plants. Sea lilies (or Crinoidea) are a class of echinoderms related to sea urchins and starfish. Like all echinoderms, crinoids have a five-ray symmetry of the body, more characteristic of plants (usually animals are characterized by bilateral symmetry).

Sea lilies can be found in any ocean and at any depth. Species are known that live at a depth of 10,000 m. Most species (70%) live at shallow depths of up to 200 m. There are especially many lilies in warm latitudes on coral reefs.

The body of the lily consists of a so-called “cup”, which is fixed at the bottom. Rays extending upward from the calyx. The main task of these rays is to filter small crustaceans from the water and transfer them to the mouth, located in the center of the cup.

The ocean is full of strange creatures that could not exist anywhere but depths of the sea. Sea lilies (Crinoidea), better known as "feathered stars" or "crinoids", not only look like fancy living bushes, but also move through the water using the smooth, uniform movements of their rays.

Long flexible “arms” are needed by crinoids not only for movement: with their help, echinoderms can easily catch unwary prey. The length of the rays can reach 1 m. The animal has five of them in total, but each ray can branch strongly, forming many “false legs”. Equipped with numerous lateral branches (pinnules).

Lilies are passive filter feeders that filter out the nutrient suspension from the water. To transport prey into the mouth, the sea lily uses special rays on the inner, oral side: they are equipped with mucous-ciliated ambulacral grooves, through which water with captured plankton enters directly into the mouth.

There are 2 in total large groups sea lilies - stalked and stalkless. The most common are stemless species that live in shallow water (up to 200 m) in warm tropical seas. They can move by pushing off the bottom and hovering in the water column, keeping their body afloat by flapping their rays. The stalked species lead a sedentary lifestyle, but are found at all depths, up to 10 km. above sea level.

Sea lilies appeared on the planet about 488 million years ago. During the Paleozoic period, there were over 5,000 species of crinoids, most of which became extinct. That time was the golden age of all echinoderms, and crinoids in particular. The fossils of those times are replete with animal remains, and some limestone strata consist almost entirely of them. Only those lilies that appeared on Earth about 250 million years ago have “survived” to this day.

After this, crinoids suffered catastrophic losses along with other animals in a major extinction event. Only a small number of species survived in the subclass Articulata, which was characterized by more flexible arms. At the beginning of the Triassic, the revival of crinoids began - completely new species appeared that occupied their former evolutionary niches, as well as places vacated after the death of some closely related animals. However, the sea lilies were never returned past glory. Modern crinoids are rare and noticeably different from their ancestors.

Dioecious; gametes develop in pinnules. Development with a floating larva (doliolaria). The larvae, attaching to the substrate, turn into a miniature stem like an adult lily. In stemless lilies, the stem dies off as it grows into an adult form.

Sea lilies are the only echinoderms that have retained the body orientation characteristic of the ancestors of echinoderms: their mouth is turned upward, and their dorsal side is turned towards the surface of the ground.

Like all echinoderms, the body structure of crinoids is subject to five-ray radial symmetry. There are 5 arms, but they can be repeatedly divided, giving from 10 to 200 “false arms”, equipped with numerous side branches (pinnules). The loose corolla of the sea lily forms a net to trap plankton and detritus. The hands on their inner (oral) side have mucociliary ambulacral grooves leading to the mouth; along them, food particles captured from the water are transferred to the mouth. At the edge of the calyx, on a conical eminence (papilla), there is an anus.

There is an exoskeleton; the endoskeleton of the arms and stalk consists of calcareous segments. Branches of the nervous, ambulacral and reproductive systems enter the arms and stalk. In addition to the external shape and orientation of the dorsal-ventral axis of the body, crinoids differ from other echinoderms by a simplified ambulacral system - there are no ampullae that control the legs, and there is no madrepore plate.

Fossil crinoids are known from the Lower Ordovician. Presumably, they descended from primitive stalked echinoderms of the class Eocrinoidea. They reached their greatest prosperity in the Middle Paleozoic, when there were up to 11 subclasses and over 5000 species, but by the end Permian period most of them died out. The subclass Articulata, to which all modern crinoids belong, has been known since the Triassic.

Fossilized segments of sea lilies - trochites, stars and disks with a hole in the center, sometimes connected in columns - have long attracted the attention of people. The British called the star-shaped polygonal segments of crinoids “stone stars” and made various assumptions about their connection with celestial bodies. The first written mention of them belongs to the English naturalist John Ray in 1673.

In 1677, his compatriot, naturalist Robert Pleat (1640-1696), suggested that the rosary of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne, was made from the segments of these animals. On the Northumberland coast these fossils are called “St. Cuthbert’s rosary.” Sometimes trochites, which resemble gears, are described in the press as “parts of alien machines” created by aliens hundreds of millions of years before the appearance of humans.

Sources:

No wonder sea lily got its name. She and appearance really resembles a pinnately branched flower. There are 625 known species of lilies, most of which live in tropical waters or at great depths. The body of the sea lily consists of a “cup” and radially extending segmented “arms” with lateral branches - pinnules.
- the only modern echinoderms that have retained the body orientation characteristic of the ancestors of echinodermatids: their mouth is turned upward, and the animal’s dorsal side is turned to the surface of the ground. From the calyx of the stalked sea lily there extends a jointed attachment stalk with a bundle of attachment processes - cirri or, as in stemless crinoids, a bundle of cirri extends directly from the calyx. At the ends of the cirri there may be teeth, or “claws,” with which the lily is firmly attached to the ground.
Like all echinoderms, the body structure is subject to radial pentaradial symmetry. There are always 5 hands, but they can be repeatedly divided, giving from 10 to 200 “false hands” with numerous side pinnules, forming a thick trapping “net”. The tentacles surrounding the mouth have mucociliated ambulacral grooves, through which food particles captured from the water column are transported to the mouth opening. The oral opening is located in the middle of the upper (“ventral”) surface of the calyx and 5 ambulacral grooves from the “hands” converge to it. Nearby is the anus, located at the top of a special papilla.

By the nature of their feeding, sea lilies are sestonophages.
In addition to the external shape and orientation of the dorsal-ventral axis of the body, the sea lily differs from other echinoderms in a somewhat simplified ambulacral system - it does not have ampullae that control the “legs” and a madrepore plate.
Stemless sea lily is able to move along the bottom and even float up due to the movement of its “hands”. The planktonic larva of crinoids is called vitellaria. After metamorphosis (“transformation”), the larva turns into a miniature stalked likeness of an adult animal. In stemless lilies, the stem disappears as it grows into an adult form.
Latin name crinoidea miller.

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Sea lilies (Crinoidea) look like plants, but in reality they are bottom-dwelling animals of the echinoderm class, found in all the world's oceans at any depth. To date, approximately 600 have been studied and described. existing species lilies. In the past, crinoids were represented by much greater diversity, as evidenced by some calcareous deposits of the mid-to-late Poleozoic era consisting almost entirely of the remains and fragments of these animals.

Sea lilies have adapted to live both in shallow water and at very great depths, where there is practically no food. At the same time, they specifically settle on ledges and ledges of underwater rocks in order to control underwater currents. These are excellent places for animals that feed on organic remains (snow) falling from above or animals swimming by.

Some sea lilies have a characteristic structure: long legs (cirrhi), similar to the stem of a flower, on which there are tentacles for capturing food particles, constantly in readiness to snatch everything edible from the flow of the underwater current. The stem consists of porous bones, which are connected by ligamentous tissue and ends in a calyx surrounded by tentacles. The calyx contains the digestive and reproductive organs.

Sea lilies feed by filtering small food particles from seawater, which is why all lilies are covered in sticky mucus. Through mucociliary grooves on the tentacles, food particles are transported to the mouth opening located in the middle of the calyx. The mouth descends into a short esophagus. Lilies do not have a true stomach, and the esophagus connects directly to the intestines, which are in one cycle right in the inner calyx. It is U-shaped so that the anus is adjacent to the oral cavity.

The structure of crinoids living in an environment with a relatively small content of plankton differs from their counterparts living in rich environments. They have longer legs (sometimes several meters long) and highly branched stems. Many modern crinoids are free-swimming and have no stem at all.

Sea lilies are attached to the ground with the help of root appendages - antennae located on the base, which they also use to crawl.Most species remain motionless once they find a good place for feeding. Some hide in caves or under ledges during daylight hours, then move to the top of the reef at night to feed.They can also swim, helping themselves with feathery processes - tentacles.

Attached echinoderms, leading a permanently sessile lifestyle, or can sometimes break away from the substrate on which they sit and swim freely, moving their rays like fins.

OVERVIEW OF THE CLASS

External structure. The body of the sea lily consists of a calyx and long branched five rays, or arms, extending upward from it. From the lower end of the calyx extends either a more or less long stalk (stalked sea lines), or numerous antennae or cirri, serving to attach the lily to the substrate. The rays of the lilies branch at the very base, and thus, as if ten rays extend from the cup. Like the arms of brittle stars, they are made up of a number of segments consisting of skeletal vertebrae, movably connected to each other, and can therefore bend quite well. Lateral branches - pinnules - are usually attached to each segment alternately, either on the right or on the left side.

1 - mouth, 2 - anus on the tubercle, 3 - ambulacral grooves

In the center of the upper surface of the calyx there is a mouth opening, from which five ambulacral grooves, or grooves lined with cilia, extend further onto the rays and extending from them. inner surface. The ambulacral legs, or tentacles, are located in these grooves. On the upper surface of the cup there is also a special tubercle on which the anus is located.

Ambulacral system. The ambulacral system consists of the perioral ring canal and five radial canals extending from it, running under the ambulacral grooves and correspondingly branching along the rays. Branches extend from these channels into pinnules and ambulacral legs, or tentacles, which serve in the lily for capturing food, touching and breathing.

In lilies, the ambulacral system communicates somewhat differently than in other echinoderms. external environment. Five or more stony canals extend from the annular canal, which open into the body cavity with their free ends. The body cavity communicates with the external environment through numerous water pores that penetrate the upper surface of the calyx.