Who was the founder of the Timur movement. Program for organizing the revival of the Timur movement

In 2014 in Kemerovo region 74 organized criminal groups(OCG), which included more than 400 people committing crimes. The head of the main investigation department of the regional Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia reported this to the Russian Planet. Vladimir Shepel.

– Speaking generally about the reasons large quantity organized crime, then one of them is the presence in the region penal colonies, says Vladimir Shepel. - There are 28 of them in total. The fact is that about 30–40 percent of convicts who end up in Kuzbass colonies remain to live in Kuzbass after their release. This means they acquire criminal connections and commit new crimes.

Kuzbass police officers consider it important that at present there is not one crowned thief in law living in the region. At least according to police data.

“It recently became known that a thief in law named Chuvash is going to come to our region to live after his release from a colony in another region,” said Vladimir Shepel. - This is due to the fact that, according to our data, he enjoys great authority among local criminal elements. Our employees went to this colony, met with Chuvash, and explained to him that he had nothing to do in Kuzbass. Well, apparently, they were able to convince him to abandon his plans. He never came to our region.

Despite the fact that thieves in law do not live in the Kemerovo region, there are 13 “polozhentsy” - people appointed by the thieves to “watch” various territories. Over the past 3 years, six “prisoners” have been put in the dock.

“In this sense, work is being done to prevent various criminal showdowns and gatherings that could ultimately end, for example, in shootings. So, just from the beginning of the year we managed to prevent two gatherings - in the cities of Polysayevo and Mariinsk. In total, as part of these special operations, more than fifty people were detained and eight guns were seized.

The Kuzbass police consider 6 out of 20 cities in the region to be the most difficult in terms of organized crime. These are Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Kiselevsk, Leninsk-Kuzetsky and Yurga.

Another reason contributing to the development of organized crime in the Kemerovo region is, according to Shepel, large drug trafficking that goes through the region. As a result, criminals provide protection for drug dealers.

Police consider the so-called deal with justice (pre-trial agreement) to be an important tool in the fight against organized crime groups, when one of the members of the organized crime group “surrenders” his colleagues in a criminal case. Last year, 8 agreements were concluded. For example, two members of a well-known gang in Kuzbass called the Kuznetskstroevskys helped expose this organized crime group, which included 8 people. Its leaders hid from the police in Vietnam. They were able to be extradited to their homeland and are now familiarizing themselves with the charges brought against them.

- I was recently interesting example, when the leader of one of the organized crime groups in the region entered into an agreement, received a suspended sentence, and his subordinates went to trial separately and face real imprisonment,” said Vladimir Shepel. “And as soon as the criminal who collaborated with the investigation was released, he immediately created a new organized crime group. We took him again, and he again offered to conclude an agreement with him. However, this time there was no talk of any deal.

According to the policeman, the population is not very willing to help fight organized crime.

– People are often ready to put up with the fact that some kind of extortion is collected from them by representatives of local organized crime groups. As it happened, for example, in the village of Promyshlennaya, where criminals for a long time engaged in extortion and kept local residents in fear. And they beat me with bats, and firearms they had. In a small locality It can be more difficult to identify organized crime groups than in the city. It has its own small and very closed world, which only the locals know about. People don't want to talk because they are afraid of retaliation from criminals.

IN last years crime received a kind of replenishment due to criminals who committed extremely daring crimes in the so-called “dashing 90s”. They received long prison sentences, and now some of them have already been released, and some will be released soon. They are highly likely to start committing new crimes.

– However, unlike the 90s, the “specialization” of organized crime has changed noticeably. If then, 20-25 years ago, organized crime groups were engaged, for example, in attacks on successful entrepreneurs, now they are increasingly switching to people who are at odds with the law. For example, the same drug dealers, petty thieves. To put it simply, they are protecting those who are unlikely to complain to the police. And hence the even greater latency of organized crime in the region.

Were you a Timurite? Thirty years ago, this question, asked of a recent student, would have caused bewilderment. Almost all the guys in the Soviet Union were Timurites. Helping someone who needs your help and doing it selflessly was a normal human reaction to an event. This can be called morality, it can be education, but the essence was the same - this attitude towards the world around us allowed Soviet children to grow up in decent people and worthy citizens.

It is also interesting that the Timurites were often confused with the pioneers. However, this is not the same thing. As a researcher of this issue, historian Alexey Nikolaevich Balakirev writes, during the Great Patriotic War out of twenty million schoolchildren, only a third of the children were pioneers. The reason is that in hard time When most of the men went to the front, teachers had no time for political education and children educated themselves. Or rather, they were brought up by books and personal example senior comrades.

This is how the Timur movement was born. It quickly became popular and grew exponentially. During the five years of the war, there were already three million teenagers in the USSR who proudly called themselves Timurites. These guys were irreplaceable both in the rear and in the partisan movement, and today we also owe our Great Victory to them.

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Immediately after the release of the first edition, detachments of Timurites began to appear in all cities and villages of the USSR, like mushrooms after rain. It even happened that in one small village there were two or even three detachments. And they even fought for good deeds: they cut the same firewood twice for the widow of a war hero, swept the yard three times or rinsed the laundry. Such funny things happened.

He did not invent the organization that Gaidar describes, but created it himself in his childhood: he was the commander of a yard team, secretly did good deeds and did not ask for rewards for them. In modern language, the guys who help their neighbors could be called volunteers. And then they were something new and unusual, because teenagers organized themselves, without the participation of adults and without their leadership
Konstantin Paustovsky wrote about a similar yard team; he recalls a case when the boys helped find a very rare medicine and thanks to this, a seriously ill child recovered.

During the war years, the Timur movement acquired a mass character. There were many problems in each yard and the guys, as before, did not work according to orders from above, but decided for themselves what to do and whom to help. But still, if before it was more of a game, now it is necessary help. "Conspiracy" and " secret plans“remained in peacetime, but now there were lists of urgent matters and duty schedules. Around the same time, having appreciated the attractiveness of Timur’s teams, mature people also joined the movement.

In 1941, Timurov’s team of 250 children operated in Kyiv, and a team of 200 teenagers gathered in the city of Plast, Chelyabinsk region. She was led by 74-year-old Alexandra Petrovna Rychkova.

One of her former wards recalled that when in August 1941 in the mining town of Plast they learned that a team of Timurites was gathering in the center, all the local guys came running to help the front.

And although at the very first training camp Alexandra Petrovna announced that they would work hard, without discounts for age (and those who changed their minds could immediately leave), the ranks did not move. There were 108 children and teenagers in the ranks. Those who wished were divided into groups, and a leader was appointed for each group.

We acted according to the plan that Baba Shura handed out every day. The plan included helping those in need, political information and ideological work, and holding concerts for the hospital. There were also general tasks that concerned everyone: collecting medicinal plants, preparing firewood, collecting scrap metal for the front, and other current affairs. And there were many of them: work in the fields, patronage of the families of front-line soldiers, many worked as nannies for other people’s children while their parents worked.

For half a year active work The detachment has gained an impeccable reputation. And then the authorities allocated them an empty room in which the headquarters was located. The Trimurites are here, and local residents, carried gifts for soldiers at the front and for hospitals: knitted socks, sleeveless vests, scarves, hats, mittens.

It is also interesting that gold was mined in the mines near the city of Plast, for which we, the USSR, bought from America and Britain military equipment and products. The main mining work was done by the miners, but if the lights suddenly went out (and this happened often), the employees called Timurovites for help. The boys descended underground and, together with the adults, lifted a heavy load to the surface.

Another task that they were entrusted with was that they crawled into the dumps and selected from the already mined rocks what the miners had missed.

Despite being so busy, the children still went to school. Their military work did not go unnoticed - the detachment from the town of Plast was written about more than once in Soviet newspapers. And today a mention of this Timurov team can be found in the encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War.

In 1942, the pedagogical community became worried: Timur’s teams began to replace and displace pioneer organizations. The fact came to light that the pioneer organization had been disbanded in the capital. The Komsomol members got scared and began active work to merge the Pioneers and Timurites. In the final, Timur's team took control. There were both pros and cons here. We can talk about this for a long time. But the point is that now the Timurites have lost their freedom of choice; they have been transferred to the category of an additional form of work of the pioneer organization. And some researchers believe that the movement died in the 60s and 70s.

I'm not a historian. Born in 1979. And my childhood was in the second half of the eighties. I remember long lines, coupons, lump sugar instead of sweets. But I also remember how I was part of the Timurov school team in the town of Saratov, Odessa region.
We carried water to grandmothers, cleaned apartments for disabled people, helped in gardens and played with other people's children. I don’t remember doing all this under pressure. On the contrary, she was proud that she was able to bring benefit to her country and do something good for someone. My school friends thought so too. That's how we were raised.

Therefore, I consider the talk that in the last years of the USSR the Timur movement has outlived its usefulness to be dishonest.
Today Timurites can be called volunteers, or volunteers. There are detachments at schools and at sports clubs. But still this is a little different. Because new times give birth to new idols. And this is inevitable.

As psychologists explain, teenagers need to form groups and have common hobbies. That’s how they, or rather, you and I, people, are structured. But what kind of groups these are, and what kind of hobbies they are, is determined by time. Or rather, those adults who are at this time are making this story today. For example, during the war there were Timurites in the USSR, and a little later the boys ran to conquer the North, build the Baikal-Amur Mainline, and develop virgin lands. In the 70s there were hippies, in the 90s the skinhead movement flourished.

Now search teams, patriotic movements, sports clubs are being revived, they say that in some places there are new Timurites. It is unlikely that they can be a real alternative to “those” Timurovites, but it’s good that they exist. Now the theme of love for the Motherland, for Russia is coming to the fore and this gives us hope that in the near future we will see a new generation. And it will be better than us...

Svetlana Khlystun

During the Great Patriotic War, the Timur movement arose - a mass patriotic movement of schoolchildren and pioneers, whose ideology called for being useful to the Motherland. “Timurovets” is a title that obliges the guys to be disciplined and evokes noble and patriotic actions in them. Their activities had enormous socio-political and pedagogical significance.

Timurites provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers: they renovated apartments, looked after the sick and children, and helped with housework. They considered monitoring the condition of the roads along which troops and ammunition were transported to the front one of the most important aspects of their activities.

It is impossible not to note the work of this movement in sponsored hospitals. The guys organized amateur art concerts, were on duty in hospitals, wrote letters at the request of the wounded, and performed various chores. Each Timur member had his own business.

In August 1941, 5 thousand schoolchildren were engaged in agricultural work. Teenagers aged 11-13 worked in the fields of collective farms, learned to reap rye, collected the remaining ears of corn and knitted sheaves. From scrap metal collected by the Timurites, the Tanya tank was built and sent to the front, named after the feat of the brave girl 3rd Kosmodemyanskaya.

During the war, the enterprises produced: boxes for mines, brake pads for tanks, sapper blades, skis, anti-personnel mines, casings for aircraft bombs, barrels for mortars, camouflage nets, spoons, and soldiers' bowler hats. Behind all this is the work of the Timurov children, who replaced the men who went to the front at the machines.

The patriotic activities of the Timurov pioneers received well-deserved recognition from the soldiers of the army and navy, and were highly appreciated by the Communist Party and the Soviet government. The main driving force behind all thoughts and aspirations, willful efforts and practical deeds was the ardent desire of the children to give all their strength to the Motherland.

Heroes-Pioneers

During the Great Patriotic War, many pioneers were part of partisan detachments. There they were used for tasks that adults could not complete. For example, they were sent on reconnaissance. The teenagers, ragged and emaciated, did not arouse suspicion among the German administration. They could freely appear in cities and bring the necessary information about the location of troops, the number of guards at important facilities, etc. The partisans also used them for sabotage. They participated in train bombings and poisoned food in German soldiers' kitchens. Children often participated in underground activities.

For military services, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals. Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union Stars: Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.

Leonid Golikov

Born on June 17, 1926 in the village of Lukino, which is located on the banks of the Polo River. Graduated from 5th grade. When his native village was occupied by the Nazis, the boy joined a partisan detachment.

Lenya has been in reconnaissance more than once and participated in the burning of enemy warehouses and trains. One of the most important battles in his life was a one-on-one fight with a fascist general. A grenade thrown by Golikov knocked out an enemy car from which a Nazi with a briefcase got out and, firing back, ran away. Without being confused, the boy rushed after him. After a kilometer of chase, Lenya kills the general. What was in the general's briefcase was of great value: drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and a number of other papers.

On account of the reconnaissance group in which Golikov was a member there were: 78 German soldiers and officers, two railway and 12 highway bridges, two fodder warehouses and 10 vehicles with ammunition.

Leonid Golikov died on January 24, 1943 in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov region, where the enemy was especially fierce, sensing imminent reprisals.

On April 2, 1944, a decree was issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to award pioneer partisan Lena Golikov the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

By and large, almost all schoolchildren of the USSR were Timurites. The desire to help those in need was an absolutely normal reaction to this or that event. Perhaps it is morality, perhaps it is education. But thanks to this attitude towards the world, these children, Timurovites, eventually became real and responsive people. They have preserved the traditions of the Timur movement forever. And this is probably the most important thing...

The book that might not have existed

The Timur movement arose in 1940. That is, when A. Gaidar had just published his last book about someone helping people. The work was called, of course, “Timur and his team.”

A week later, one of the excerpts was already published. In addition, corresponding radio broadcasts began. The success of the book was simply colossal.

A year later, the work was published in quite a large circulation. Despite this, I had to reprint it several times.

Although this book might not have appeared on store shelves at all. The fact is that Gaidar’s idea of ​​uniting children who take care of their elders looked very suspicious. Let us remember that these were the last years of the 1930s.

Fortunately, the Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee N. Mikhailov took responsibility for the publication of the work. When the book was published, a film of the same name appeared. The amazing popularity of the film was explained by the vitality of the image of the main character. Timur became an example and ideal of the young generation of that era.

Trilogy about Timur

Even before the publication of the work, Gaidar was interested in the problems of military education of schoolchildren. In any case, traces of such interests were reflected in his diary and all his works about Timur. Oh we were just talking. But few later writer I also wrote a second work. It was called “Commandant of the Snow Fortress.” The characters were already engaged in some kind of war game. Well, at the very beginning of the war, Gaidar managed to write the film script “Timur’s Oath.” From the pages he spoke about the need for a children's organization in military conditions. Members of this community will be on duty during the blackout and bombing. They will protect the territory from saboteurs and spies, and will help the families of Red Army soldiers and peasants in their agricultural work. Actually, that's what happened. Another question is whether the author actually wanted to create some kind of alternative to the pioneer organization with his works about Timur... Unfortunately, we will never know for certain.

Gaidar's idea

They say that Gaidar, in his books about Timur, described the experience of scout organizations in the 10s of the twentieth century. In addition, at one time he led a yard team. And secretly, like his character Timur, he did good deeds without asking for any reward for them. By and large, teenagers who help those in need are now called volunteers.

By the way, such eminent personalities as Anton Makarenko and But only Gaidar, willingly or unwillingly, managed to bring this plan to life.

Start

What event served as the beginning of the Timur movement? The answer to this question seems quite obvious. It was after the appearance of the book about Timur that the informal Timur movement began. Corresponding detachments also appeared.

The Timurites themselves became, in fact, part of the ideological system of the Soviet Union. At the same time, they managed to maintain a certain spirit of volunteerism.

Timurovites were exemplary teenagers. They selflessly committed good deeds, provided assistance to elderly people, helped collective farms, kindergartens and much, much more. In a word, a real mass movement of schoolchildren has emerged.

Who was the founder of the Timur movement? The very first detachment appeared in 1940 in Klin, in the Moscow region. By the way, it was here that Gaidar wrote his “imperishable story” about Timur and his team. There were only six teenagers in this detachment. They studied at one of the Klin schools. Following them, such detachments arose throughout the entire territory of the Soviet Union. Moreover, sometimes in one of the small villages there were 2-3 such teams. Because of this, funny things happened. Let's say teenagers repeatedly chopped wood for an elderly person and swept the yard three times...

The era of the great war

During the war, the Timur movement in the USSR grew in arithmetic progression. In 1945 there were already about 3 million Timurites. These teenagers actually turned out to be irreplaceable.

Such detachments functioned in orphanages, schools, palaces of pioneers and out-of-school institutions. The teenagers patronized the families of officers and soldiers and continued to help harvest the crops.

The teams also carried out tremendous work in hospitals. Thus, the Timurites of the Gorky region managed to organize almost 10 thousand performances for the wounded. They were constantly on duty in hospitals, wrote letters on behalf of the soldiers, and performed a number of various chores.

Another example of the Timur movement occurred in the summer of 1943. The steamer "Pushkin" set off on the route "Kazan - Stalingrad". On the ship as cargo are gifts that were collected by the Timurites of the republic.

And in Leningrad, besieged by the Nazis, the Timur movement acquired special meaning. In 753 Timurov detachments northern capital Twelve thousand teenagers were active. They provided assistance to the families of front-line soldiers, the disabled and pensioners. They had to prepare fuel for them, clean their apartments and receive food ration cards.

By the way, at the beginning of 1942, the first rallies of Timurites were held throughout the USSR. At these events they talked about the results of their successful activities.

Also by this time, the first songs about the Timur movement appeared, among them “Four friendly guys”, “How high is our sky above us” and, of course, “Song of the Timurites” by Blanter. Later such popular ones were written musical compositions, like “Gaidar walks ahead”, “Song of the Red Pathfinders”, “Eaglets learn to fly”, “Timurovites”, etc.

Ural detachment

Returning to the war period, one of Timur’s famous teams was a detachment from the mining town of Plast, in the Chelyabinsk region. Two hundred teenagers took part in it. And it was headed by 73-year-old Alexandra Rychkova.

The detachment was created in August 1941. At the very first training camp, Rychkova said that she would have to work literally to the point of exhaustion. There will be no age discounts. She announced that if anyone changed their mind, they could leave immediately. But no one left. The teenagers were divided into groups and appointed leaders.

Every day Rychkova handed out a work plan. They helped those in need, told townspeople about situations at the front, and held concerts for the wounded in the hospital. In addition, they collected medicinal plants, scrap metal, prepared firewood, worked in the fields, and patronized the families of front-line soldiers. They were also trusted with a serious matter: Timur’s men crawled into mine dumps and took away rocks.

Note that despite working, teenagers still continued to go to school.

As a result, in six months the team from Plast was able to gain a truly impeccable reputation. Even the officials gave the guys a room for their headquarters. Timurites from this mining town have been repeatedly written about in periodicals. By the way, this detachment is mentioned in the encyclopedia of the Great Patriotic War.

The process of merging pioneers and Timurites

In 1942, teachers were in some confusion. The fact is that Timur’s detachments, in fact, began to displace the pioneer squads. Let us remember that the book about Timur was about a “self-disciplined” team. In it, teenagers took on all the responsibilities and solved all problems themselves, without adult supervision.

As a result, the leaders of the Komsomol made a decision related to the unification of the pioneers and Timurites. After some time, the Komsomol managed to take control of them.

By and large, this situation had its obvious advantages and big disadvantages. The activities of the Timurites began to be considered an additional form of pioneer work.

Post-war period

Immediately after the victory over the fascist invaders, Timur’s men continued to help front-line soldiers, the disabled, and the elderly. They also tried to care for the graves of Red Army soldiers.

But at the same time the movement began to fade away. Perhaps the reason was that the Timurites did not feel much desire to “join” the ranks of the pioneer organization. They lost their freedom of choice.

The revival of the movement began only during Khrushchev’s “thaw”...

60-80s

The history of the Timur movement in Russia continued. During this period, teenagers continued to engage in socially useful activities. The best were awarded. For example, eleven-year-old schoolgirl M. Nakhangova from Tajikistan managed to exceed the norm for an adult by seven times in picking cotton. She was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Timurovites began to engage in search work. So, they began to study the life of A. Gaidar and, as a result, helped open museums of the writer in a number of cities. They also organized a library-museum named after the writer in Kanev.

And in the 70s, under the editorship of the famous Soviet magazine “Pioneer”, the so-called All-Union Timur Headquarters was formed. Training sessions for Timurites also took place with enviable regularity. Poems about the Timur movement were actively composed and read. In 1973, the first All-Union rally took place in the Artek camp. Three and a half thousand delegates attended the event. They then even managed to adopt the program of the Timur movement, aimed at its active development.

Note that such teams were created in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the GDR.

Collapse and revival of the movement

At the very beginning of the 90s, the role of the Komsomol and the Pioneers was declared exhausted. These organizations officially ceased to exist. Accordingly, the same fate awaited Timur’s movement.

But almost simultaneously the Federation of Children's Organizations was created, independent of any political party. After few years Russian President announced the creation of a movement of Russian schoolchildren. Note that this idea was also supported by teachers.

A little earlier, a new Timurov (volunteer) movement was officially formed, which is designed to help socially vulnerable groups of the population.

New time

Thus, in our time, the traditions of the Timur movement have been preserved. Such units exist in several regions. For example, in Shuya, in the Ivanovo province, there is a youth movement Timurovites. As before, they not only help those in need, but also try to be useful to society.

I'm glad that this movement is spreading everywhere again...