Expressive means of music: Dynamics. Lesson summary on the subject of musical literacy and listening to music with presentation

DYNAMIC SHADES

Musical terms that determine the degree of loudness of music performance are called dynamic shades (from the Greek word dynamicos - force, that is, the strength of sound). In sheet music, of course, you have seen the following icons: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. Look how they are written in full, pronounced and translated: pp -- pianissimo “pianissimo” – very quietly; r -- piano "piano" - quietly; mp -- mezzo piano "mezzo piano" - moderately quiet, a little louder than a piano; mf -- mezzo forte “mezzo forte” – moderately loud, louder than a mezzo piano; f -- forte ("forte" - loud; ff -- fortissimo "fortissimo" - very loud. Sometimes, much less often, in notes you can find the following designations: ppp (piano-pianissimo), pprr. Or fff, (forte -fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quietly, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf -- sforzando (sforzando) indicates the emphasis of a note or chord. The following words are also very often found in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or icon indicating a gradual weakening of the sound. Cresc. (crescendo), or icon - indicate, on the contrary, that you need to gradually increase the sound. Before the designation cresc. sometimes poco and poco (poko a poco) - little - little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words are also found in other combinations. After all, gradually you can not only strengthen the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - freezing. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down the tempo. The word smorzando has approximately the same meaning - muffling, freezing, weakening the sonority and slowing down the tempo. You've probably heard the play "November" from Tchaikovsky's "Seasons" cycle more than once. It has the subtitle “On the Troika.” It starts not very loudly (mf) with a simple melody, similar to a Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song appears again - now quiet (p), now approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually fading away.

Creative portraits of composers. - M.: Music. 1990 .

See what "DYNAMIC SHADES" are in other dictionaries:

Contents 1 Tempos 1.1 Characteristics of tempos 1.1.1 Slow tempos ... Wikipedia

- (French nuance) shade, a barely noticeable transition in the intonation of speech, in the meaning of words, in colors, etc. The term "N." widely used in music, where it refers primarily to the performance of musical phrases and individual sounds (harmonies).... ...

It can have a pitch ranging from C subcontractave to C D fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz). Its volume cannot exceed the pain threshold (See Pain threshold). In terms of duration and timbre, Z. m. is very... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (on behalf of the inventor and lat. vox voice) first owl. electric musical instrument. Invented by L. S. Theremin in 1920. In the first version it is single-voice; The electronic circuits used were radio tube, later transistor. In T. electric... ... Music Encyclopedia

We live in an ocean of sounds. The world around us is filled and even, at times, overflowing with sounds. The sound of a door slamming shut, the sound of a water jet, the continuous hum of cars outside the window, the noise of a tram, the voices of people talking, the hum of a vacuum cleaner, the buzzing... ... Musical dictionary

Sound is a musical sound that has: a certain height (the height of the fundamental tone is usually from C to subcontractive to D of the fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz); timbre, which is determined by the presence of overtones in the sound and depends on the source of the sound.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Dynamics. Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notations associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Symbols 1.1 Volume (relative) ... Wikipedia

A sound that has a certain height (the pitch of the fundamental tone is usually from C to subcontractive to C to D of the fifth octave (from 16 to 4000 4500 Hz); timbre, which is determined by the presence of overtones in the sound and depends on the source of the sound. By timbre, sounds ... ... Wikipedia

Sergey Lemeshev Full name Sergey Yakovlevich Lemeshev Date of birth July 10, 1902 Place of birth Tver province, Russian Empire Date of death ... Wikipedia

Books

• Balalaika Reader. Junior classes of children's music school, V. Shcherbak. Reader for balalaika players. Junior classes of children's music school - Shcherbak V. The anthology is intended for the primary education of children 6-8 years old, including the pre-notation period. It provides the opportunity to play...
• Beatles for two. For guitar duet, . This collection is for fans of the music of the great Fab Four. In it you will find arrangements of popular Beatles songs for two guitars. To play these songs you are required to...

Volume (relative)

Two basic designations for volume in music:

Moderate degrees of loudness are indicated as follows:

Besides the signs f And p , There are also

Additional letters are used to indicate even more extreme degrees of loudness and silence. f And p . Thus, quite often in musical literature we encounter the designations fff And ppp . They do not have standard names; they usually say “forte fortissimo” and “piano pianissimo” or “tri forte” and “tri piano”.

In rare cases, with the help of additional f And p even more extreme degrees of sound intensity are indicated. Thus, P. I. Tchaikovsky in his Sixth Symphony used pppppp And ffff , and D. D. Shostakovich in the Fourth Symphony - fffff .

The designations of dynamics are relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate an exact volume level, but rather that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p , and somewhat quieter than mf . Some computer audio recording programs have standard key velocity values ​​that correspond to a particular volume designation, but these values ​​can usually be customized.

Gradual changes

Terms used to denote a gradual change in volume crescendo(Italian crescendo), denoting a gradual increase in sound, and diminuendo(Italian diminuendo), or Decrecendo(decrescendo) - gradual weakening. In sheet music they are abbreviated as cresc. And dim.(or decresc.). For the same purposes, special “fork” signs are used. They are pairs of lines connected on one side and diverging on the other. If the lines diverge from left to right () - weakening. The following piece of notation shows a moderately loud start, then a louder sound, and then a softer sound:

“Forks” are usually written below the staff, but sometimes above it, especially in vocal music. They usually indicate short-term changes in volume, and signs cresc. And dim.- changes over a longer period of time.

Designations cresc. And dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions poco(poko - a little) poco a poco(poko and poko - little by little), subito or sub.(subito - suddenly), etc.

Sforzando designation

Drastic changes

Sforzando(Italian: sforzando) or sforzato(sforzato) denotes sudden sharp emphasis and is indicated sf or sfz . The sudden intensification of several sounds or a short phrase is called rinforzando(Italian rinforzando) and is designated rinf. , rf or rfz .

Designation fp means “loudly, then immediately quietly”; sfp indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Musical terms related to dynamics

• al niente
• calando
• crescendo- strengthening
• decrescendo or diminuendo- lowering the volume
• perdendo or perdendosi- losing strength, wilting
• morendo
• marcato- emphasizing every note
• più- more
• poco- A little
• poco a poco- little by little, gradually
• sotto voice- in a low voice
• subito- suddenly

Music is an art form that appeals to our sensory sphere with the help of sounds. The language of sounds contains various elements, which in professional terminology are called “means of musical expression.” One of these most important and most powerful elements is dynamics.

What is dynamics

This word is familiar to everyone from a physics course and is associated with the concepts of “mass”, “force”, “energy”, “motion”. In music it defines the same thing, but in relation to sound. Dynamics in music is the strength of sound; it can also be expressed in terms of “quieter - louder”.

Playing at the same sonority level cannot be expressive; it quickly tires. On the contrary, frequent changes in dynamics make music interesting, allowing you to convey a wide range of emotions.

If the music is intended to express joy, triumph, jubilation, happiness, the dynamics will be bright and sonorous. To convey emotions such as sadness, tenderness, trepidation, and soulfulness, light, soft, calm dynamics are used.

Ways to indicate dynamics

Dynamics in music are what determine the volume level. There are very few designations for this; there are much more real gradations in sound. So dynamic symbols should be considered just as a scheme, a direction of search, where each performer fully demonstrates his imagination.

The dynamics level “loud” is designated by the term “forte”, “quiet” - “piano”. This is common knowledge. “Quiet, but not too quiet” - “mezzo piano”; “Not too loud” - “mezzo forte”.

If the dynamics in music require going to the level of extremes, “pianissimo” nuances are used - very quietly; or “fortissimo” - very loud. In exceptional cases, the number of “forte” and “piano” icons can reach up to five!

But even taking into account all the options, the number of symbols for expressing loudness does not exceed the number 12. This is not at all a lot, considering that on a good piano you can extract up to 100 dynamic gradations!

Dynamic instructions also include the following terms: “crescendo” (gradually increasing the volume) and the opposite term “diminuendo”.

Musical dynamics includes a number of symbols indicating the need to emphasize a sound or consonance: > ("accent"), sf or sfz (sharp accent - "sforzando"), rf or rfz ("rinforzando" - "amplifying") .

From harpsichord to piano

Surviving examples of harpsichords and clavichords allow us to imagine what dynamics are in music. The mechanics of the ancient predecessors of the piano did not allow the volume level to be changed gradually. For a sharp change in dynamics, there were additional keyboards (manuals), which could add overtones to the sound due to octave doubling.

A special system of levers and a foot keyboard on the organ made it possible to achieve a variety of timbres and increased volume, but changes still occurred suddenly. In relation to Baroque music, there is even a special term “terrace-shaped dynamics”, since changing volume levels resembled the ledges of a terrace.

As for the amplitude of the dynamics, it was quite small. The sound of the harpsichord, pleasant, silvery and quiet up close, was almost inaudible at a distance of several meters. The sound of the clavichord was harsher, with a metallic tint, but a little more resonant.

This instrument was very loved by J. S. Bach for its ability, albeit to a barely noticeable extent, but still to change the level of dynamics depending on the strength of the fingers touching the keys. This made it possible to give the phrase a certain prominence.

The invention of the piano with its hammer system at the beginning of the 18th century created a revolution, expanding the possibilities of the Dynamics in music performed on a modern piano, has a huge number of gradations of sound and, most importantly, the availability of gradual transitions from one nuance to another.

The dynamics are large and detailed

Major dynamics are usually expressed by symbols set out in a table. There are few of them, they are clear and definite.

However, “inside” each of these nuances there can be a mass of more subtle sound gradations. There are no special designations for them, but these levels exist in real sound and it is they that make us listen with reverence to the performance of a talented performer.

Such fine dynamics are called detailed. The tradition of its use dates back to (remember the capabilities of the clavichord).

Dynamics in music is one of the touchstones of performance art. It is the masterful mastery of subtle nuances, light, barely noticeable changes that distinguish the playing of a talented professional.

However, it can be no less difficult to evenly distribute the increase or decrease in sonority when it is “stretched” over a large segment of the musical text.

Relativity of dynamics

In conclusion, it is worth noting that dynamics in music is a very relative concept, like everything else in our lives. Each musical style and even each composer has its own dynamic scale, as well as its own characteristics in the use of nuance.

What sounds good in Prokofiev's music is absolutely inapplicable when performing Scarlatti sonatas. And the piano nuance of Chopin and Beethoven will sound completely different.

The same applies to the degree of emphasis, the duration of maintaining the same level of dynamics, the method of changing it, and so on.

In order to master this means of musical expression at a good professional level, it is necessary, first of all, to study the playing of great masters, listen closely, analyze, think and draw conclusions.

Dynamic shades (nuances). There are two main dynamic shades in music:
1. f forte (Italian) forte- translation. "strongly") - loudly. Graduation levels:
mf- mezzo forte (Italian) mezzo-forte) – moderately loud, ff– fortissimo ( fortissimo) - very loud
2. p piano (Italian) piano- translation. “weakly”) - quietly. Graduation levels:
mp mezzo-piano ( mezzo-piano) – moderately quiet, pp pianissimo ( pianissimo) - very quiet.

In addition, to indicate large degrees of shade in musical notations, the letters f And p are applied additionally. For example: ppp(piano-pianissimo or three pianos) or fff(forte fortissimo or three forte). These designations are more psychological in nature, indicating to the musician that the sound should be even quieter or louder than usual. As a rule, this requires psychological concentration from the musician or, in cases of “loud” music, extra effort. You can rarely find something like this in scores: ffff, or this: pppp.

All degrees of sound intensity gradation are relative and comparable to the capabilities of the instrument itself. In addition, in orchestral or ensemble playing, one should always take into account whether the solo or accompanying part has a dynamic nuance. In a solo part, it should still be interpreted as louder in relation to the rest of the group of instruments. In large ensembles, the final word on the selection of sound strength remains with the conductor, because The performer cannot objectively feel the sound balance from his seat.

Indications of the performance volume level in ascending order:
ppp– three pianos (piano pianissimo) – the quietest
pp– pianissimo – very quiet
p– piano - quiet
mp– mezzo piano - not very quiet
mf– mezzo forte - not very loud
f– forte - loud
ff– fotrissimo – very loud
fff– three forte (forte fortissimo) – the loudest

To the signs indicating dynamic changes:
1. Crescendo (Italian) crescendo, cresc.) – a symbol indicating a gradual increase in the volume of sound production. It is also indicated by a fork with a sharp end on the left - extended to the right. The edges of the symbol are often shaded.
2. Diminuendo (Italian) diminuendo, dim.), less often decrescendo ( decrescendo) – a symbol indicating a gradual decrease in the volume of sound production. It is also indicated by a fork with a sharp end on the right - extended to the left. The edges of the symbol are often shaded.

A number of more terms related to dynamics:
al niente- literally “to nothing”, to silence
calando- “going down”; slowing down and lowering the volume.
marcato- emphasizing every note
morendo- fading (fading down and slowing down)
perdendo(perdendosi) - losing strength, wilting
sotto voice- in a low voice
Accompanying dynamics terms:
piu- more
poco- A little
poco a poco- little by little, gradually
subito- suddenly
Terms of sudden change in dynamics (suddenly sharp accent):
sf- sforzando (Italian) sforzando)
sfz- sforzato (Italian) sforzato)
fp- forte piano ( forte piano) means "loudly, then immediately quietly"; sfp(sforzando piano) - sforzando and immediately piano.

Musical terms that determine the degree of loudness of music performance are called dynamic shades (from the Greek word dynamicos - force, that is, the strength of sound). In sheet music, of course, you have seen the following icons: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. Look how they are written in full, pronounced and translated: pp - pianissimo “pianissimo” - very quietly; p - piano “piano” - quietly; mp - mezzo piano “mezzo piano” - moderately quiet, a little louder than a piano; mf - mezzo forte “mezzo forte” - moderately loud, louder than mezzo piano; f - forte (“forte” - loud; ff - fortissimo “fortissimo” - very loud.
Sometimes, much less often, you can find the following designations in sheet music: ppp (piano-pianissimo), pprr. Or fff, (forte fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quietly, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf - sforzando (sforzando) indicates the emphasis of a note or chord. Very often the following words are found in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or an icon indicating a gradual weakening of the sound. Cresc. (crescendo), or icon - indicate, on the contrary, that the sound needs to be gradually increased. Before the designation cresc. sometimes it is put poco a poco (poco a poco) - little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words also appear in other combinations. After all, you can gradually not only strengthen the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - freezing. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down the pace. The word smorzando has approximately the same meaning - muting, freezing, weakening sonority and slowing down the tempo. You've probably heard the play "November" from Tchaikovsky's "Seasons" cycle more than once. It has the subtitle “On the Troika.” It starts not very loudly (mf) with a simple melody, similar to a Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song appears again - now quiet (p), now approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually fading away.

View value Dynamic Shades in other dictionaries

Dynamic Signal Analyzers- signal analyzers that use digital signal sampling and conversion methods to obtain the Fourier spectrum of a given signal, including information about its amplitude and phase.
Legal Dictionary

Dynamic Cross-Industry Models- a special case of dynamic economic models. Based on the principle of intersectoral balance, into which equations are introduced that characterize changes in intersectoral........

Dynamic Models- economics - economic and mathematical models that describe the economy in development (as opposed to static ones that characterize its state at a certain moment). Two approaches........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Musical shades- see Nuance.
Music Encyclopedia

Dynamic Problems of the Theory of Elasticity- - a range of issues in the theory of elasticity related to the study of the propagation of oscillations or the state of steady oscillations in elastic media. In the simplest and most......
Mathematical Encyclopedia

Dynamic Characteristics of Mental Processes- - an important aspect of any mental activity, including its speed and regulatory aspects. Syn. psychodynamic properties. D. x. p.p. are regulated by nonspecific........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Formal-dynamic Properties- - see Dynamic characteristics of mental processes, Personality properties, Temperament.
Psychological Encyclopedia

Colors, Shades- 1. Colors with luminance darker than average or neutral gray. 2. Colors with luminosity lighter than average or neutral gray.
Psychological Encyclopedia

Dynamic Patterns- more or less general, necessary, essential, repeating connections and dependencies that characterize the behavior of relatively isolated objects during research........
Philosophical Dictionary

In the previous article we looked at the concept of tempo as a means of expression in music. You also learned about tempo notation options. In addition to tempo, the volume of a piece of music is of great importance. Volume is a powerful means of expression in music. The tempo of the piece and its volume complement each other, creating a single picture.

Dynamic shades

The level of volume of music is called dynamic tone. We immediately draw your attention to the fact that within the framework of one piece of music various dynamic shades can be used. Below is a list of dynamic shades.

Let's look at examples of the interaction between volume and tempo. The march will most likely sound loud, clear, and solemn. The romance will not sound very loud, at a slow or medium tempo. With a high degree of probability, in the romance we will encounter a gradual acceleration of the tempo and increasing volume. Less often, depending on the content, there may be a gradual slowdown in tempo and lower volume.

Bottom line

In order to perform music, you need to know the designation of dynamic shades. You saw what signs and words are used for this in the notes.

Musical terms that determine the degree of loudness of music performance are called dynamic shades (from the Greek word dynamicos - force, that is, the strength of sound). In sheet music, of course, you have seen the following icons: pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, dim, cresc. All these are abbreviations for the names of dynamic shades. Look how they are written in full, pronounced and translated: pp - pianissimo “pianissimo” - very quietly; p - piano “piano” - quietly; mp - mezzo piano “mezzo piano” - moderately quiet, a little louder than a piano; mf - mezzo forte “mezzo forte” - moderately loud, louder than mezzo piano; f - forte (“forte” - loud; ff - fortissimo “fortissimo” - very loud.
Sometimes, much less often, you can find the following designations in sheet music: ppp (piano-pianissimo), pprr. Or fff, (forte fortissimo), ffff. They mean very, very quietly, barely audible, very, very loud. The sign sf - sforzando (sforzando) indicates the emphasis of a note or chord. Very often the following words are found in notes: dim, diminuendo (diminuendo) or an icon indicating a gradual weakening of the sound. Cresc. (crescendo), or icon - indicate, on the contrary, that the sound needs to be gradually increased. Before the designation cresc. sometimes it is put poco a poco (poco a poco) - little by little, little by little, gradually. Of course, these words also appear in other combinations. After all, you can gradually not only strengthen the sound, but also weaken it, speed up or slow down the movement. Instead of diminuendo, they sometimes write morendo (morendo) - freezing. This definition means not only calming down, but also slowing down the pace. The word smorzando has approximately the same meaning - muting, freezing, weakening sonority and slowing down the tempo. You've probably heard the play "November" from Tchaikovsky's "Seasons" cycle more than once. It has the subtitle “On the Troika.” It starts not very loudly (mf) with a simple melody, similar to a Russian folk song. It grows, expands, and now it sounds powerful, loud (f). The next musical episode, more lively and graceful, imitates the sound of road bells. And then, against the background of the incessant ringing of bells, the melody of the song appears again - now quiet (p), now approaching and again disappearing into the distance, gradually fading away.

View value Dynamic Shades in other dictionaries

Dynamic Signal Analyzers— signal analyzers that use digital signal sampling and conversion techniques to obtain the Fourier spectrum of a given signal, including information about its amplitude and phase.
Legal Dictionary

Dynamic Cross-Industry Models— a special case of dynamic economic models. Based on the principle of intersectoral balance, into which equations are introduced that characterize changes in intersectoral........

Dynamic Models— economics - economic and mathematical models that describe the economy in development (as opposed to static models that characterize its state at a certain moment). Two approaches........
Large encyclopedic dictionary

Musical shades- see Nuance.
Music Encyclopedia

Dynamic Problems of the Theory of Elasticity— - a range of issues in the theory of elasticity related to the study of the propagation of oscillations or the state of steady oscillations in elastic media. In the simplest and most......
Mathematical Encyclopedia

Dynamic Characteristics of Mental Processes— - an important aspect of any mental activity, including its speed and regulatory aspects. Syn. psychodynamic properties. D. x. p.p. are regulated by nonspecific........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Two basic designations for volume in music:

Moderate degrees of loudness are indicated as follows:

Besides the signs f And p , There are also

Additional letters are used to indicate even more extreme degrees of loudness and silence. f And p . Thus, quite often in musical literature we encounter the designations fff And ppp . They do not have standard names; they usually say “forte fortissimo” and “piano pianissimo” or “tri forte” and “tri piano”.

In rare cases, with the help of additional f And p even more extreme degrees of sound intensity are indicated. Thus, P. I. Tchaikovsky in his Sixth Symphony used pppppp And ffff , and D. D. Shostakovich in the Fourth Symphony - fffff .

The designations of dynamics are relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate an exact volume level, but rather that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p , and somewhat quieter than mf . Some computer audio recording programs have standard key velocity values ​​that correspond to a particular volume designation, but these values ​​can usually be customized.

Gradual changes

Terms used to denote a gradual change in volume crescendo(Italian crescendo), denoting a gradual increase in sound, and diminuendo(Italian diminuendo), or Decrecendo(decrescendo) - gradual weakening. In sheet music they are abbreviated as cresc. And dim.(or decresc.). For the same purposes, special “fork” signs are used. They are pairs of lines connected on one side and diverging on the other. If the lines diverge from left to right (<), это означает усиление звука, если сходятся (>) - weakening. The following piece of notation shows a moderately loud start, then a louder sound, and then a softer sound:

“Forks” are usually written below the staff, but sometimes above it, especially in vocal music. They usually indicate short-term changes in volume, and signs cresc. And dim.- changes over a longer period of time.

Designations cresc. And dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions poco(poko - a little) poco a poco(poko and poko - little by little), subito or sub.(subito - suddenly), etc.

Sforzando designation

Drastic changes

Sforzando(Italian sforzando) or sforzato(sforzato) denotes sudden sharp emphasis and is indicated sf or sfz . The sudden intensification of several sounds or a short phrase is called rinforzando(Italian rinforzando) and is designated rinf. , rf or rfz .

Designation fp means “loudly, then immediately quietly”; sfp indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Musical terms related to dynamics

• al niente- literally “to nothing”, to silence
• calando- “going down”; slowing down and lowering the volume.
• crescendo- strengthening
• decrescendo or diminuendo- lowering the volume
• perdendo or perdendosi- losing strength, wilting
• morendo- fading (fading down and slowing down)
• marcato- emphasizing every note
• più- more
• poco- A little
• poco a poco- little by little, gradually
• sotto voice- in a low voice
• subito- suddenly

Story

The Renaissance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the first to introduce references to dynamic shades into musical notation, but until the end of the 18th century such designations were rarely used by composers. Bach used the terms piano, piano And pianissimo(written in words), and we can assume that the designation ppp at that time it meant pianissimo.

See also

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Forte-fortissimo” is in other dictionaries:

Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notations associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Symbols 1.1 Volume (relative) 1.2 Gradual changes ... Wikipedia

Dynamics in music is a set of concepts and musical notations associated with shades of sound volume. Contents 1 Symbols 1.1 Volume (relative) 1.2 Gradual changes ... Wikipedia - (Italian forte) music. strong, loud, with full force of sound; denoted by lat. f avg. piano). New dictionary of foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. forte [te] [it. forte] (music). 1. Strong, loud, at full volume of sound (about the performance of musical, vocal... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- [ital. fortissimo] Music. I. adv. Even louder, stronger than forte. Play fortissimo. II. unchanged; Wed Very loud, strong sound of a voice or musical instrument; place in a piece of music performed in this way. Spectacular f. From... encyclopedic Dictionary

fortissimo- 1. adv.; (Italian fortissimo); music Even louder, stronger than forte. Play fortissimo. 2. unchanged; Wed Very loud, strong sound of a voice or musical instrument; place in a piece of music performed in this way. Spectacular... ... Dictionary of many expressions

I uncl. Wed 1. A very loud, strong sound of a voice or musical instrument. 2. A place in a piece of music that requires a very loud, strong voice or instrument. II adv. qualities circumstances 1. Very loud, louder than... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

In this article, you will become familiar with the basic concepts of dynamics, learn the most popular notations and methods of dynamic work, as well as mistakes and problems that beginning musicians encounter.

What is dynamics in general?

If we turn to the etymology of the word dynamics, we learn that from the Greek. δύναμις - strength, power.

What kind of power are we talking about when applied to music?

Of course, about the strength of sound, one of the 4 parameters of musical sound in general. (All 4 sound parameters are considered)

The strength of the sound, in turn, affects the volume of the sound, since the harder we pull a string or hit a piano key, the stronger the amplitude of vibration of the sounding body and the greater its volume.

However, not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance. And sound volume itself means little to the performer.

It is important to be able to work with volume and, most importantly, to have a wide palette of dynamic colors that you can reproduce on your instrument.

By dynamic shades, musicians most often mean a relative system for indicating loudness, which can be found in musical notation.

The simplest diagram looks like this.

p (piano - piano) - quiet

f (forte - forte) - loud

The remaining notations are derived from them

pp - pianissimo - very quiet

mp - mezzo piano - not very quiet

mf mezzo forte not very loud

ff - very loud

As you can see, the scale is quite relative and sometimes it is almost impossible to distinguish mp from mf.

That is why these notations are called relative loudness notations.

It is clear that forte on a guitar and forte on a piano are completely different volumes.

Comparative table of volume in decibels without reference to the instrument.

The first stage of mastering dynamics on your instrument is to learn to play forte and piano, without smooth transitions.

Then you can try playing pp first, then ff immediately. Contact a professional teacher for effective exercises to master dynamics.

One of the most common mistakes among beginning musicians is not working on dynamics. Everything they play sounds neither very quiet nor very loud. This approach impoverishes music and its expressiveness and, of course, should be eradicated at the very first stages of training.

You need to learn to play in all possible dynamic ranges.

The next important element of dynamics in music is gradation, that is, the transition from one level of dynamics to another.

Essentially, any musical phrase is based on the use of a smooth change in dynamics and very rarely all notes are played at the same volume.

To indicate obvious changes in dynamics, the notation is used

cresc. And dim. or strengthening and weakening

Notes also use forks to indicate an increase or decrease in volume:

Sudden changes in volume

sf or sfz - suddenly loud or harsh accent

Also found is the designation fp (forte piano) it means “loudly, then immediately quietly”;

sfp (sforzando piano) indicates sforzando followed by piano.

Also in musical notation there are accents that are placed above a separate note, which indicates their dynamic emphasis in comparison with surrounding sounds. The strength of the accent can vary from a subtle change to a very sharp attack. The picture shows accents 3 and 4.

In jazz you can often find de-emphasis or ghost notes. These are notes that are written in brackets and are practically not played or played at minimal dynamics.

Such sounds allow you to maintain pulsation and are an important sign of style.

It is important to note that dynamics are responsible for the emotionality of music, and also significantly influence phrasing, since agogics almost always relies on correct work with dynamics.

Observe your speech and the speech of other people and try to mentally record their dynamics. You will hear that the speech of any person changes dynamically depending on emotions. We pronounce routine phrases mf, when we are excited we can speak loudly, with a crescendo to important words. When an argument is in full swing, the participants may be on ff, and then calm down towards the end of the argument.

Whisper is pp or even ppp, which is very often associated with secrets or secrets that we want to tell other people.

All you need to master dynamics is to transfer the dynamics of live speech into your game.

Listen to other musicians, paying attention to the dynamics - because this is where most of the secrets of successful performance are hidden.

One of the popular methods working with dynamics is an echo effect in which a phrase is repeated more quietly or, conversely, louder. Modern musicians apply this technique to hitting the snare drum or leading the theme.

This contrast in dynamics is also very characteristic of the music of the Baroque era.

In those days, gradient transitions were not as popular as they are today - so the main technique for working on dynamics is to compare quiet parts with loud ones and vice versa.

Delving deeper into the nature of sound dynamics, let's return to the beginning of the article.

2 simple gradations of sound are quiet and loud.

But if we take extremes, we can talk about complete silence (a pause is also music) and maximum volume.

This is an area that requires careful study on the instrument. Try to find the quietest sound you can make.

When does the transition from silence to sound occur? This process can be similar to meditation.

Or the loudest sound - can you make the loudest forte even louder?

Just as artists distinguish dozens of shades of colors, musicians learn to distinguish the subtlest shades of dynamics.

At the beginning of the journey, you only hear loud and quiet. Then you begin to catch the transitions and shades of forte, piano, accents, ghost notes.

Ideally, the sound flow will be perceived by you as endless waves of sound dynamics moving from forte to piano and vice versa.

As you can see, dynamics are a simple and at the same time the most difficult part of music to master. It is not difficult to understand the types of musical dynamics and their transitions, but it is much more difficult to learn to hear and perform these transitions.

Use the ideas presented in this article, and also carefully read the instructions of the composers, because their task is to indicate to you as accurately and unambiguously as possible all the dynamic changes that need to be observed to create the most accurate interpretation.

For musicians performing rock, jazz and any other modern music, it is important to learn to hear dynamics, since they are not written out in notes, but are invariably present in any composition, since music is impossible without dynamics!