“Correct articulation of the sounds of the Russian language. Articulation of sound and its phases

1. Introduction

2. Articulatory characteristics of vowel sounds in the Russian language

3. Articulatory characteristics of vowel sounds in English

4. Sonograms and oscillograms of English and Russian vowel sounds

6. List of references used

Introduction

Phonetics is the science of the sound side of human speech. This is one of the main branches of linguistics (linguistics). The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound). The special position of phonetics as a science is determined by the fact that it, the only one of all linguistic sciences, studies such units of language, the nature of which is material. The material carrier of sounding speech is air vibrations specially generated by the speaker. The listener receives information about the meaning of the message conveyed by the speaker primarily on the basis of his auditory perception.

The sound of speech is the minimal, indivisible unit of speech flow perceived by the ear. This is a real sound spoken by a specific person at a specific moment in time. The variety of speech sounds is endless. Each speaker pronounces sounds in his own way; it is not for nothing that you can recognize a person by hearing his speech. On the other hand, we are able to evaluate certain speech sounds as identical, from the point of view of belonging to one or another sound type. This sound type, the standard of sound that exists in the linguistic consciousness of speakers, is called the sound of the language. It combines similar, close speech sounds and is an abstract unit.

In this work I want to consider the formation of vowel sounds in English and Russian. And also make a comparative analysis of them.

All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They differ articulatory and acoustically.

1. When forming vowels, the air stream passes through the mouth freely, without encountering any obstacles. When consonants are formed, the air stream overcomes an obstacle in the oral cavity. This basic articulatory difference between vowels and consonants determines their other differences.

2. Vowels are tonal sounds; they are formed as a result of vibration of the vocal cords at the moment a stream of air passes through the larynx. These vibrations are periodic, they create a tone, a musical sound. Consonants are characterized by the presence of noise. Noise is a non-periodic sound; it arises as a result of an air stream overcoming various obstacles.

3. Vowels are characterized by a weak air stream, and to overcome an obstacle when pronouncing consonants, a stronger air stream is needed.

4. When forming vowels, muscle tension spreads almost equally throughout the entire oral cavity, and when forming consonants, muscle tension is concentrated in the place where the obstruction occurs.

5. V.A. Bogoroditsky called vowels mouth-openers, consonants - mouth-closers: the louder we want to pronounce a vowel, the wider we should open our mouth, the louder we want to pronounce a consonant, the closer we should bring the organs of speech together.

6. M.V. Panov cited another difference between vowels and consonants: vowels can be shouted, but it is impossible to shout with consonants alone.

Articulatory classification of vowel sounds in the Russian language.

Vowels are purely tonal sounds. Having arisen in the larynx as a result of vibrations of the vocal cords, the musical tone and voice acquires a special timbre in the supraglottic cavities. The mouth and pharynx are the resonators in which differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the volume and shape of the resonating cavities, which can change as a result of the movement of the lips, tongue and lower jaw. Each vowel is pronounced in a special position of the speech organs, characteristic only of this sound.

The classification of vowel sounds is based on three characteristics:

· participation of lips

degree of elevation of the tongue vertically relative to the palate

degree of tongue advancement or retraction along the larynx

Based on the participation of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized) (from the Latin labium - lip () abialized and unrounded () long (about this sound, the position of the ragons can change as a result of the movement of the lip timbre). When rounded vowels are formed, the lips come closer together, rounded and protruded forward, reducing the outlet and lengthening the oral resonator. The degree of rounding can be different: less at [o], greater at [u]. Vowels [a], [e], [i], [s] are unrounded.

According to the degree of rise in relation to the palate, the vowels of the upper rise differ: [i], [s], [y]; medium rise [e], [o]; lower [a]. When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually moves slightly away from the upper, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow vowels. When articulating low vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening, which is why such vowels are also called wide.

The front vowels differ according to the degree to which the tongue moves forward or is pushed back horizontally: [i], [e]; middle row: [s], [a] and back row: [y], [o]. When articulating front and back vowels, the tongue is concentrated in the front or back of the mouth, respectively. In this case, the shape of the tongue can be different: when the vowels of the front row are formed, the front part of the tongue is raised towards the front of the palate, and when the vowels of the back row are formed, the back of the tongue is raised towards the back of the palate. When forming the vowels of the middle row of the tongue, it is either concentrated in the middle part of the oral cavity and raised by the middle part to the middle part of the palate, as sometimes happens when pronouncing [ы] (a number of such vowels are otherwise called central), or lies flat, as when pronouncing [a] ( a number of such vowels are otherwise called mixed).

The simplest table of Russian vowels is:

A different pattern is represented by the vowel triangle:

More accurately represents the articulatory space of trapezoidal vowels. It reflects the structural features of the oral cavity and the possibilities of tongue movements: in the lower and back parts of the mouth they are more limited than in the upper and front.

But the division into three rows and three rises does not reflect the full richness of vowel sounds. So, in addition to [and], there is also a sound pronounced with a slightly greater openness of the mouth and a slightly lower rise of the tongue. This sound is called "[and] open"; in a more accurate transcription it is “[and] prone to [e].”

Shades of sounds can be considered as special sounds. Then the table should be more detailed. M.V. Panov proposed a table with five rows and five rises (although, of course, not all vowels of the Russian language are shown in it):

The vowel [e] is one of the most common sounds in the literary language. It is pronounced in some unstressed syllables, for example in the words p[e]khod. It occurs extremely rarely under stress, for example in the affirmative Yes, pronounced with a tinge of regret [de?] (“?” Means a sharp closure of the vocal cords, a blow to the glottis). Isolated [e] can be pronounced if you form a continuous series of transitional sounds from [s] to [a] and stop in the middle.

The vowels [a], [e], [o], [u] are advanced and upward compared to [a], [e], [o], [u]. They are pronounced between soft consonants: five[p΄ät΄], aunt[t΄ö t΄]i, tulle[t΄t΄].

The upward shift and closedness of the front vowels [i], [e] between soft consonants can be indicated in transcription in another way: [i], [e], or [i], [e], or [i], [e]. A “cover” over a vowel is also used to indicate the tension of the vowel.

The closed vowel [e] in the first pre-stressed syllable after a soft consonant is usually indicated by the sign [e]: v[e]sna, b[e]ga, r[e]dy. This pronunciation is typical for ekanya - the older literary norm, in contrast to the dominant ikanya in the modern literary language: in and] c na, b[i]ga, r[i]dy.

The vowel [e] is pronounced under stress after hard consonants: ant[enna]nna, m[er]r, sh[é]st.

Vowels [i], [s], [a] are only in an unstressed position: [i]skrit, d[y]shi, in [a]da. For some speakers, instead of [a], the sound is [l], an unrounded vowel, the position of the tongue is intermediate between [a] and [o]. Such pronunciation, as a rule, is a trace of the previous okanya - the distinction between unstressed [a] and [o].

Of course, not all vowel sounds are represented in these tables. A more detailed examination will reveal more subtle positional dependencies of sounds. For example, in words I'll give And gave usually transcribe the same vowel [a]. But in reality, different sounds are pronounced here: [a] of the middle row in the word I'll give and [a] mid-back in a word gave. The sound [l] causes the preceding vowel to shift backward. In words Houses And gave usually transcribe the same pre-stressed vowel [a]. But with a more accurate transcription, one should distinguish between [dama] and [dla]: the consonant sound [l] here affects the pre-stressed vowel in the same way as the stressed one.

Vowel sounds, being simpler in articulation, are acquired by children relatively early and easily. Disadvantages in their pronunciation are rare. Therefore, we give a description of the normal articulations of all vowels, which will help the teacher, if necessary, correct this or that defect. The technique is given only for more frequently observed cases.

Normal articulation of vowels

The lips are freely parted. The distance between the upper and lower incisors is approximately the size of a child's thumb, placed edge-on. The wide tongue lies flat on the bottom of the mouth, the tip almost touching the lower teeth.
Articulation of sound O. The teeth are slightly rounded forward. The distance between the incisors is less than with A(the width of the child's index finger). The tongue is wide, somewhat pulled back, its back part is slightly raised.
Articulation of sound at. The lips are significantly pushed forward, forming a small oval opening. The distance between the teeth is small. Language even more than when O, pulled back, its tip is far away from the lower incisors, and the back of the tongue is significantly raised.
Articulation of sound uh. The lips are slightly open and stretched to the sides. The vertical distance between the teeth is slightly less than with A. The tongue is wide, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the middle part is noticeably curved upward.
Articulation of sound And. The lips are opened in the form of a slight smile and pressed against the teeth. The distance between the incisors is small. The wide tongue is sharply curved towards the middle of the palate, forming a gap with it; the tip of the tongue rests on the lower incisors.
Articulation of sound s. The lips are freely opened in accordance with the opening of the mouth. The distance between the incisors is almost the same as with And. The tip of the tongue is pulled back significantly, and the entire tongue, especially its back, is raised towards the palate (but does not touch it).
The soft palate is raised when pronouncing all vowels.

Elimination of deficiencies in the pronunciation of sounds and, s

Sound And sometimes pronounced almost like uh or e(egla - needle, sang - saw); sound s likened to sound And. Children distinguish vowels by ear And And e (e) on approximately the following speech material: sing - drink, white - beat, drank - sang, sat - strength, child - children, shadows - mud.
For auditory differentiation s - and: was - beat, drank - dust, Dima - smoke, howled - pitched, skis - licked, soap - sweet, mouse - bowl, saw - dust.
And.
"Horses." Children in sleds run and neigh: aaaaa...aaaa...
And And e (e). The teacher corrects.
Poems, nursery rhymes, in which sounds are often interspersed and, uh (e):
Kiryushka has a cockerel
He can sing well.
Well, how? And like this:
“Ki-ryush-ka!”
He is with Kiryushkina's palms
Eats grains and crumbs.
He'll bite a little
And he will sing “thank you.”
Well, how? And like this:
“Ki-ryush-ka!”
Kiryushka will run into the garden,
The cockerel is calling back.
Well, how? And like this:
"Ki-ryush-ka."
This poem can be staged: the narrator is all the children, and the teacher or one of the children asks.
Games and texts for teaching sound s.
"Telephone". Children pass sounds to each other one by one and-s.
Poems, nursery rhymes, in the text of which sound is often found s Near And:

Wash yourself more cleanly - don’t be afraid of water.

The gray bunny washes himself,
Apparently he's going to visit.
I washed my nose, I washed my tail,
I washed my ear and wiped it dry.

Mom did not regret soap,
Mom washed Mila with soap.

Look at the stumps,
Strawberries are growing.
Behind every snag
One thousand berries each:
Which are ripe,
Which are white
Which are sweet
Which are disgusting.

The game “Theater” is useful. Sounds are guessed from postcard photographs of children's heads or dolls.

Techniques for individual lessons in difficult cases

To eliminate replacement And sound e (e) use the following methods:
1) do tongue gymnastics - raising and lowering the middle part of the back of the tongue;
2) repeat the same with the appropriate pronunciation with slightly bared teeth, alternately: eeeeee..., then i-i-i-..., pi-bi-ki-gi.
If s pronounced like And(ril - dug, sipal - poured), the tip of the tongue is moved away from the front teeth, and the middle part of the back of the tongue is lowered (with a spatula) slightly lower.
In the case of generally indistinct pronunciation of vowels (the mouth opens a little, the child speaks through teeth, the tongue does not lie quite correctly, the lips do not stretch enough, protrude, rise and open), after gymnastics of the tongue and lips, each sound is pronounced separately and then their combinations (in one exhalation). ): aouaiy, iouaiy, Then babobu-babybu and so on.

Articulation gymnastics

What it is? This type of gymnastics is designed to warm up the muscles. These exercises do not have to be performed at any specific time of day. You can easily apply them from time to time because they are simple and do not require much attention.

Gymnastics for the cheeks includes the following exercises:

Imagine that you are a hamster. You need to take in air from one cheek, then smoothly “displace” it under your lower lip, without ever opening your lips. Then move to the other cheek, the outermost one. This cycle needs to be repeated several times.
The next exercise is similar to the previous one in that you again need to use air. Place it in your mouth and puff out your cheeks. Close your lips tightly. Now you need to try to push the air out, but under no circumstances open your mouth! You will feel a slight pressure that will warm your cheeks well.

In order to warm up the lower jaw, you can use one simple exercise that many people do unconsciously. You can simply move your lower jaw in a circle, back and forth, thereby preparing it for correct diction. You need to be careful here, as you can accidentally dislocate your jaw. Do not overdo it.

Have you ever tried yawning with your mouth closed? If not, be sure to try it. This will help warm up your palate. Another way is to copy the mouth rinse. If it’s hard to imagine, then first actually rinse your mouth, and then imitate these movements yourself. Over time, you will begin to succeed.

After completing these tasks, you can move on to exercises to improve articulation, which depend on the problem sounds that you have. There is a special one, and many others, which you can find on this site. For some people, simply developing the speech apparatus is enough, because for many it is weak and therefore needs training. The exercises above will help correct the situation.

Articulation allows you to learn how to correctly pronounce not only problematic sounds, but also everything that is in the Russian language, because most people do not even suspect that they pronounce certain sounds incorrectly.

Linguistics.

TOPIC 1

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

Phonetics is a science that studies speech sounds, sound laws, syllables, stress, and intonation.

Phonology studies speech sounds in terms of their functions. Phonology is part of phonetics.

1. Speech sounds as the natural matter of language.

2. Principles of classification of speech sounds.

3. Syllable and its types

4. Stress and its types. Proclitics and enclitics.

5. Intonation

6. Interaction of sounds in the speech stream.

7. Orthoepia

8. Phonetic and historical alternations

9. Phonemes and phoneme systems

1. SPEECH SOUND is the shortest indivisible unit of language, distinguished by the sequential sound division of a word.

Speech sounds have acoustic, articulatory and functional aspects.

ACOUSTICS OF SPEECH SOUNDS.

Speech sounds are vibrational movements of the air. Such oscillatory movements arise as a result of vibrations of the speech organs. The organs of speech vibrate and continuously form elastic waves consisting of successive condensation and rarefaction of air. These waves reach our ear and we hear sound.

Speech sounds differ from each other in pitch, strength, duration and timbre. The pitch of speech depends on the frequency of vibration. The higher the vibration frequency, the higher the sound. The unit of sound height is the hertz (1 vibration per second). For example, the pitch of the sounds o and u is 400Hz.

A person is able to perceive sounds from 16 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Sounds below 16 Hz (infrasound) and sounds above 20,000 Hz (ultrasound) are not heard by humans, although some animals hear them (mice, dogs, dolphins). Each person has their own pitch of speech sounds. Changing the pitch of sounds during speech is the basis of intonation. In many languages, changing the pitch of the sound emphasizes the stressed syllable. The strength of the sound depends on the amplitude of the vibrations: the larger the amplitude, the stronger the sound. In speech, we use sounds of different strengths, which depends on the conditions of communication. Unstressed vowels are less strong than stressed vowels. From the point of view of auditory perception, the strength of sound is called loudness.

DURATION of a sound is its duration in time. The duration of speech sounds is measured in milliseconds, that is, millionths of a second. In some languages (English, German, French, Czech). There are long and short stressed vowels. In Russian, stressed vowels are longer than unstressed ones. For example, in the word garden the longitude of the sound a is 150 m/s.

Depending on the nature of the vibrations, sounds are divided into musical (tones) and non-musical (noise).

Tone arises as a result of rhythmic vibrations of the speech organs (for example, vocal cords), noise - as a result of non-rhythmic vibrations (for example, lips). Vowel sounds are made up of tone (voice) only. From tone and noise - voiced consonants. The only noise is voiceless consonants.

The sound of speech consists of a fundamental tone and overtones. The fundamental tone is the strongest, the overtones are slightly higher. The relationship between the fundamental tone and overtones creates the timbre of the sound, its individual coloring.

ARTICULATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Speech sounds are formed as a result of a certain operation of the speech apparatus. In order to pronounce the sound of speech, the speech organs must perform certain work and occupy certain positions. The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a sound are called the articulation of that sound. There are 3 phases of articulation:

1) Attack (at this moment the speech organs move from a calm state to the position necessary to pronounce any sound.)

2) Exposure (this is maintaining the position necessary to pronounce a sound).

3) Indentation (this is a transfer of the speech organs to a calm state or to an attack to pronounce the next sound).

In each language, the speech organs occupy different positions and make different movements. The entire set of movements and positions of the speech organs necessary for the formation of the sounds of a language is called the articulatory base of this language.

Each language has its own articulatory base. For example, the Russian articulatory base is not characterized by the use of the posterior part of the soft palate and pharynx. Therefore, in the Russian language there are no “burr” consonants (like the English r), pharyngeal and guttural consonants (which are present in the Georgian language)

The articulatory base of the language gradually changes, therefore the system of sounds of the language also changes. For example, in the Old Russian language there were nasal vowels (o-nasal and e-nasal)

1. ETC INCIPLES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUND

In all languages of the world there are 2 types of sounds: vowels and consonants. Their difference lies in the role they play in the formation of syllables and how they are formed.

Vowel sounds are the apex of a syllable (sonant) and form a syllable. Consonants accompany vowels (they are a consonant). They accompany vowels and do not form a syllable.

However, in some languages, the sonorant consonants “r” and “l” can also form syllabics. For example, in Czech v!k (in Russian - wolf). The circle shows the sound-forming syllable.

When vowels are formed, the speech channel is open, tension is spread throughout the entire pronunciation apparatus, and a weak air stream does not meet an obstacle. During the formation of consonants, the tension is focused, at the point of formation of an obstacle, which the air stream overcomes, exploding or passing through a gap, resulting in the formation of noises that make up the characteristic of the consonant.

KL VOWEL ASSIFICATION

The basis for the classification of vowels is the work of the lips, the row and the work of the tongue. According to the work of the lips, vowels are labialized (rounded) and non-labialized (unrounded). Labialized sounds are [o], [u]. non-labialized - all others.

ZEMSKY 1h par.73.

When classifying vowels, nasalization, tension and length are additionally taken into account. In a number of languages, there are nasal (nasal) vowels, when pronounced, the air stream passes not only through the oral cavity, but also through the nasal cavity. Such vowels exist in French and Polish, and were in Old Church Slavonic.

In many languages, stressed vowels can be short or long, resulting in vowel pairs of duration. Pas - pas, vapa - vapaa, ship - sheep, man - men. In addition to long vowels, in the languages of the world there are diphthongs - these are vowels with complex articulation, pronounced in 1 syllable, and acting as a single sound of speech. Diphthongs are either ascending or descending. In an ascending diphthong, the 2nd element is strong. Nuova – bueno. In descending diphthongs, the first element is strong. baum – mein, home.

The Russian language is very beautiful and multifaceted, but not only words play a huge role,
but also the pronunciation itself - how a person speaks, how correctly and accurately he expresses his thoughts.

Today we are starting a small series of wonderful lessons on developing speech techniques.

Lesson one - Articulation, in which we will learn how to achieve clear and beautiful speech and train the articulatory apparatus.

Practical exercises

Relaxation of the jaw.

We clench our left hand into a fist, place the fist under the jaw and try to open our mouth. After several unsuccessful attempts, we remove our fist and our jaw drops.

Using the index fingers and thumbs of both hands, we raise and lower the jaw, moving it back and forth without the help of the jaw muscles.

Warm up for lips.

We bite our upper lip. We bite our lower lip. We bite both lips.

We forcefully draw our lips into ourselves, relaxing, “making” a smile and showing our teeth, stretching our lips forward like a tube. We do it at two paces, fast and slow.

The upper lip is up, the lower is free. Lower lip down, upper lip free. The main thing is to keep the whole face still. Upper lip up, bottom down.

Let's do a reset. Relax your lips and imagine a running tractor engine.

We stretch our lips forward and break into a smile, but don’t show it.We do it at two paces, fast and slow.

Let's do a reset. Relax your lips and imagine a running tractor engine.

Warm up the tongue.

Gently bite the tip of the tongue. Gently bite the middle of the tongue. We reach the chin with our tongue and gently bite the root of the tongue.

We “clean” our teeth with our tongue. It is important to brush your teeth everywhere, both below and above, and in hard-to-reach places. The tongue must be very active.

The tongue beats alternately against one or the other inner side of the cheek.

Let's do the "chatter" exercise. We very quickly stick out and hide our tongue back.

We sit down, put our hands on our knees, lower our body forward, stick out our tongue and actively shake our heads.

We watch practical exercises for developing articulation in the video, and below, as always, a little theory (for those who are especially curious:)

Articulation is the formation of sounds using the speech apparatus. In order for speech to be clear, distinct, and beautiful, it is necessary to achieve the correct pronunciation of each consonant and vowel separately.

To begin with, let’s take a general look at the structure of the speech apparatus. The oral cavity is limited in front and sides by the teeth, above by the palate, and below by the tongue. These organs of the speech apparatus are involved in the formation of articulate sounds.

Behind the hard palate, the mucous membrane forms a fold - the soft palate. Its sides merge with the walls of the pharynx, and the lower part remains free and passes into the uvula.
The space between the soft palate and the root of the tongue is called the pharynx. Behind the pharynx is the pharyngeal cavity, which divides into the esophagus and the larynx or upper part of the windpipe.
On the first ring of the windpipe lies the cricoid cartilage, which serves as the base of the larynx and remains motionless, but muscles that control the movement of other cartilages are attached to it.
On the narrow, forward-facing part of the cricoid cartilage lies the mobile thyroid cartilage.
On either side of the posterior expanded part there are two small arytenoid cartilages.
The vocal cords are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages in such a way that a glottis remains between the cords.

The thyroid cartilage can rise and fall, and the arytenoids can close and move apart. This causes the vocal cords to stretch and relax.
The pitch of the tone depends on the tension and length of the vocal cords (women have a higher voice because their cords are shorter than men's).
Following the larynx is the windpipe or trachea, bronchi and lungs. The bronchi, entering the lungs, are divided into branches ending in vesicles - alveoli.
The lungs are two semi-cones lying in the chest cavity.
The lungs are bounded below by the diaphragm - a muscular bell that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Articulation of vowel sounds

When we pronounce vowel sounds, the exhalation should be completely silent and warm.

Articulation sound U- fold the mouth into a tube. We exhale air into a narrow ring of lips.

Sound Y- open the lips, move the teeth apart to the distance of the little finger, the lower jaw is slightly in front (bad bite), the exhaled air should not spread along the walls of the larynx (this will give an unpleasant sound), but go out into the middle of the hole between the teeth.

Articulation sound I- the distance between the teeth is the tip of the little finger, the upper jaw over the lower jaw (correct bite). During exhalation, make sure that the air goes directly into the hole between the teeth, without hitting the upper teeth, otherwise there will be a whistle.

Sound O- the mouth is in a ring, wider than in the U. The air comes out in a warm, wide stream.

Before you begin to articulate the sounds A and E, you should learn to open your larynx wide. To do this, close your lips tightly, pinch your nose with your fingers and pronounce the sound M (mm-mm) several times.
You can clearly feel the lifting of the palate, the expansion of the larynx, and if you clasp your throat with your hand, you can feel the pharynx bulging forward.
Do this exercise twenty times every day for two weeks, then try to yawn for real, maintaining the same position.

Sound E- open the lips horizontally, the distance between the teeth is the thumb, the larynx is open wide, the velum is raised. We direct the exhalation into the middle of the teeth; the air should not flow through the oral cavity. Articulation of sound A - the larynx is wide open, the palate is raised, the mouth is a large ring, the lower teeth are closed with the lip. The exhalation is very warm.

When the articulation of vowel sounds separately is mastered, we begin to combine sounds:

U - U - S - S

U - U - I - I

U - U - O - O

U - U - E - E

U - U - A - A

We monitor the uniformity and smoothness of the movement of the diaphragm (you cannot exhale in jerks) and the accuracy of opening your mouth and unclenching your teeth. You need to make it a habit to move your diaphragm correctly.
Do the exercise faster and faster every day. It is required to bring the mobility of the lips and diaphragm to a relaxed ease.

Articulation of consonants

Consonant sounds, as well as vowels, must be placed with the correct exhalation. This alone will help correct mild speech impediments.
You need to clearly understand which parts of the speech apparatus (tongue, teeth, lips) are involved in articulation and what force of air flow is needed to pronounce a consonant.
The consonant sound must be pronounced brighter and stronger than in colloquial speech.

The mechanism for taking in air when pronouncing vowels remains the same for consonants. When exhaling, make sure that the air does not touch the ligaments (with a strong exhalation) and does not spread across the oral cavity (with a weak exhalation).

Sound P- formed when the lips part. Close your mouth, take in air using lower breathing, bring it to your closed lips and tear them apart with the force of the air flow.

Articulation sound B- sound is also produced when the lips part. Close your lips tightly and exhale forcefully and throw them out. Do not mix in any vowel sound.

T sound- formed with the help of the tongue. Make sure that the air is directed only to the tongue, without touching the ligaments, otherwise it will give an unpleasant hoarse sound. You need to work long and hard on the T sound. This destroys the sluggishness of the tongue, develops its elasticity and strength.

Sound D- is also formed by the movement of the tongue. The tip of the tongue, resting on the same place where the T is formed, seems to be glued to the palate. The tongue is pulled down by the air flow.

Sound X- formed when the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate. If you pronounce the sound X while exhaling forcefully, it will be sharp and unpleasant. If you exhale lightly and pass it through the larynx, you will get a quiet, soft sound.

Sound K- occurs when the same organs of speech close, in a small tongue. With the help of a strong short exhalation, the air is instantly released from the larynx.

Sound G- also occurs when the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate, but lower. Imitating a baby, say “ag-g-gu.” You will clearly feel the place where the sound comes from. When pronouncing the sound G, make sure that the sound is clear, without any admixture of K or X.

Articulation sound N- press the tongue firmly against the palate. The tip of the tongue rests on the upper teeth, which are slightly open. The lips form a horizontal slit. Direct a light stream of air onto the tip of your tongue, but not into your nose. Pinch your nostrils with your fingers and fix the position of the speech apparatus on the sound N. Then pronounce N with an open nose, without strengthening or weakening the sound, otherwise the N will be mixed with nasality.

Sound M- pronounce M, closing your nostrils. The expansion of the larynx is clearly felt, a weak stream of air is directed into the lips, slightly tearing them. Fix the position of the mouth and the direction of the air, and then say M with an open nose, without weakening the lips or strengthening the sound so that the sound does not become nasal.

Sounds V and F- occur with the same mouth position. The upper lip is raised, the upper teeth are exposed, the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth.

When articulating sound F a strong stream of air supplied by the movement of the diaphragm tends to penetrate the narrow opening between the upper teeth and lower lip.

When sounding B, the lower lip is lightly pressed against the teeth. The exhaled air is filtered, reminiscent of the sound of a cello. In terms of purity of pronunciation, the sound B is one of the most difficult. At first, the air flow should be insignificant so that the sound F does not mix with B and B does not lose its sonority.

Articulation L sound- first, the tongue is pulled up to the palate, and the tip rests against the upper teeth in the same place where the T is formed. A strong flow of air, hitting the front of the tongue, creates a sound. The larynx opens at the same time. Do this several times without removing your tongue. When you clearly feel the place where the tongue is formed, say L with your tongue lifted.

Sound R- produced by rapid oscillation or vibration of the front of the tongue. If the tip of your tongue is not very mobile or thick, strongly pronounce the sound D several times and immediately the sound R. You will get: drrrr.

Sound Ch- lips are softly opened. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. The distance between the teeth is very narrow, the front of the tongue approaches the dental part of the palate. To pronounce a pure Ch, the force of exhalation is of great importance. With a strong short movement of the diaphragm, give the maximum amount of air without delaying the exhalation. When exhaling for a long time, Ch sounds like Shch.

Sound Ts- the tongue articulates to the upper teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. Otherwise there will be a lisp. A strong and short exhalation is aimed at the lower lip and chin. With prolonged exhalation, C will turn into C.

In order for the C and Ch to be short, you must close your mouth immediately after releasing the sound.

Sound C- the tongue is easily raised towards the teeth. Open lips, the lower lip slightly behind the lower teeth to avoid a lisp. Exhale long and forcefully, the air flow is directed towards the chin. Make sure that the tip of your tongue is not between your teeth.

Sound Sh- teeth are exposed, lips are open, the distance between the teeth is insignificant. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the dental part of the palate. The air stream is directed at the lower teeth, causing them to feel cold. If the lower lip is pressed against the teeth, or the lower jaw is in front of the upper jaw, this will cause a lisp.

Sound Shch- position of the mouth - as with Sh, but the front part of the tongue articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. A very long and strong exhalation is required.

Sound Z- position of the mouth - as with S. The sound Z is fed by a small amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. The tip of the tongue is set into slight vibration. If the tongue stops vibrating, S may join the sound Z. Therefore, in order for the sound Z to be clear, you need to pronounce it briefly and immediately close your mouth.

Sound Zh- the teeth are bare, the lips are softly open, the distance between the teeth is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. The amount of exhaled air is insignificant; its vibration is felt on the tongue.

The consonant sounds T, D, P, B, K and G are formed by a short movement of air. These sounds cannot be extended without adding some vowel to them.

In the sounds X, L, R, Zh, Sh, Shch, N, M, V, F, Z, S, in addition to strength, there is also a duration of sound. These sounds are produced both in the lower and upper breathing.

The sounds Ch and Ts, if extended, turn into Ш and С. For ease and clarity of pronunciation of the sounds Ts and Ch, they should be repeated as often as possible, connecting with the sounds:

P-H, T-H, K-H, F-H, S-H, H-H, Sh-H, Ts-H, H-H.

P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, H-C, Sh-C, C-C, C-C

After all hard consonants have been mastered, we begin to work on soft consonants. Some consonant sounds are pronounced only firmly (Ts, Sh, Zh), others only softly (Shch, Ch).
All the rest are soft or hard, it all depends on the vowel that follows them. When we pronounce soft consonants, the column of air that feeds them is much weaker.

Particular attention should be paid to DY and T, since the sound Z is often mixed with Дь, and the sound C is mixed with Тъ. You need to open your mouth wider. The tip of the tongue is directed towards the front of the palate.

LH- a softened tongue moves deeper into the mouth, its tip touching the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip of the tongue, but spreads along its sides.

Pb- the tongue vibrates lower than with a hard P, closer to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In this case, train: d-d-d-d-d-d-r... Then move on to pure Pb. Make sure that RI does not appear instead of Pb.
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A small master class from the teacher of the Art of Speech courses at the St. Petersburg School of Television, Yulia Vyalova.

Good luck and success to you!!!

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