What is a community in history? Dictionary of forgotten and difficult words of the 18th-19th centuries

COMMUNITY

1. A self-governing organization of residents of a territorial unit (village, city; legal entity). Medieval urban communities (communes). A clan is a community bound by blood and property.

2. An administrative-estate organization that actually carried out the fiscal interests of the state, a land peasant organization in Russia, whose members bore mutual responsibility and owned the land jointly without ownership of the cultivated plots (source). “...The abolition of mutual responsibility..., the abolition of class divisions, freedom of movement and freedom of disposal of land for each individual peasant will lead to the inevitable and rapid destruction of that fiscal-serf burden, which is, three-quarters, the modern land community.” Lenin(1902, “Agrarian program of Russian Social Democracy”).

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

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COMMUNITY, form social organization. Primitive (tribal) agriculture is characterized by collective labor and consumption; the later form of neighborly (territorial, rural) agriculture combines individual and communal ownership, characteristic of ... ... Russian history

The word community is Old Church Slavonicism in the Russian language. It was very common in ancient Russian literature and expressed different meanings. We can distinguish four main meanings in it: 1) communication or the presence of something in common; unity,... ... History of words

- (community) Social group people connected by a specific place. However, character social connections and the communities' locations are ideologically controversial. Traditional Conservatives emphasize that community is at the heart of... ... Political science. Dictionary.

The primary form of social organization that arose on the basis of natural, consanguineous relationships. connections. In the process of formation of class society and the state, primitive consanguinity. O. is being transformed into a neighboring (territorial) organization of villages... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

COMMUNITY, a form of social organization. The primitive (tribal) community is characterized by common ownership of the means of production, collective labor and consumption; the later form of the neighboring (territorial, rural) community combines... ... Modern encyclopedia

Form of social organization. The primitive (tribal) community is characterized by collective labor and consumption, the later form of the neighboring (territorial, rural) community combines individual and communal ownership, characteristic of... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

community- and the community. In meaning "the lower house of the English Parliament" community. House of Commons. In meaning "organization, society" usually a community. Student community. Religious community... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

I general ina. 1. The oldest form of social organization, characterized by collective ownership of the means of production, joint labor and equal distribution, as well as full or partial self-government (preserved in a number of ... ... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Cm … Synonym dictionary

A naturally formed supra-family association of people connected by common interests, sometimes a common origin, emotional or cultural unity, etc. (for example, fellow countrymen, emigrants, religious communities). IN in the narrow sense community... ... Historical Dictionary

Books

Community, . "Community" is a book of the Teaching of Living Ethics, compiled by Elena Ivanovna Roerich...

Community A community is a naturally formed supra-family association of people connected by common interests, sometimes a common origin, emotional or cultural unity, etc. (for example, fellow countrymen, emigrants, religious communities). In a narrow sense, a community is a self-governing and self-reproducing social unit at the supra-family level, which is characterized by personal relationships between the people included in it. Communities based on kinship ties play a leading role in organizing communal land use, access to other resources, and joint labor and spiritual activities. Another type of community is based on territorial neighborhood ties between individual households.

Historical Dictionary. 2000 .

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COMMUNITY, a form of social organization. Primitive (tribal) agriculture is characterized by collective labor and consumption; the later form of neighborly (territorial, rural) agriculture combines individual and communal ownership, characteristic of ... ... Russian history

- (community) A social group of people connected by a specific place. However, the nature of social ties and the location of the community give rise to ideological disputes. Traditional Conservatives emphasize that community is at the heart of... ... Political science. Dictionary.

And (ed.) COMMUNITY, communities, women. (book). 1. A self-governing organization of residents of a territorial unit (village, city; legal entity). Medieval urban communities (communes). A clan is a community bound by blood and property. 2.… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Books

Community, . "Community" is a book of the Teaching of Living Ethics, compiled by Elena Ivanovna Roerich...

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY - 1) traditional form social organization. Primitive (tribal) agriculture is characterized by collective labor and consumption; the later form is neighborly (territorial, rural), combining individual and communal land ownership. pre-revolutionary Russia O. was a closed class unit, used as an apparatus for collecting taxes (after the peasant reform of 1861 - by the owner of the land). During the Stolypin agrarian reform, communal land ownership was replaced by private peasant ownership. In the 1990s. generic O. indigenous small peoples and traditional Cossack O. again received recognition in the legislation of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, incl. as a special subject of law; 2) in a number of countries the name of the local administrative-territorial unit (synonyms - commune, municipality); 3) a set of representatives of a certain faith, religious persuasion or nationality in a country, city, etc. (religious, national O.).

Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

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Cm … Synonym dictionary

A naturally formed supra-family association of people connected by common interests, sometimes a common origin, emotional or cultural unity, etc. (for example, fellow countrymen, emigrants, religious communities). In the narrow sense, community... ... Historical Dictionary

Books

Community, . "Community" is a book of the Teaching of Living Ethics, compiled by Elena Ivanovna Roerich...

A group of people living within a populated area (settlement, village, village, city) and connected by common economic, political, and spiritual interests. The most important characteristic community - the presence in each of its members of the consciousness of belonging to a certain group that is different from others. Community is one of the forms of self-organization of society.
IN in a broad sense Community means any historically established community of people connected with each other. This connection may be due to place of residence (rural community, urban community; see article Medieval commune), belonging to a particular confession and/or visiting the same temple (confessional community), similar occupations (professional community), common place of birth and/or belonging to one ethnic group- for people living outside their historical homeland (compatriot community, community), etc.
In a narrow sense, a community is one of the oldest forms of social organization of people, characteristic of initial stage development of any civilization. In the primitive era, one person or even a group of several people, as a rule, was unable to survive and provide themselves with the minimum necessary products and resources. People were forced to unite into larger communities to farm together. This unification took place on the most natural basis - blood relationship. A clan community arose - a group of relatives leading a common economy (first - hunting, gathering, later - farming and/or cattle breeding).

Settlement of the Kuna Indian tribe (Panama), which preserved community traditions

In conditions when there was no state yet, all relations related to the economy were concentrated at the community level, religious beliefs, family and kinship relationships. The community provided itself with everything necessary and was self-sufficient social organism. It consisted of separate families, the size and character of which depended on the characteristics of the development of a given civilization. In the first stages of its existence, a community often coincided with a clan; several communities made up a tribe. A special form of clan community is the family, or house, community, consisting of one big family(3-5 generations of immediate relatives). When the basis economic activity the community began to consist of agriculture or cattle breeding, the role of the most experienced members of the community - the elders, who took on the functions of organizers - increased collective work, military militia leaders, religious leaders. These people enjoyed well-deserved authority among other community members. In the institution of elders and military leaders, scientists see the germ of future social and property inequality.
With the increase in the number of relatives, the consciousness of blood ties between people weakened, and more and more distant relatives settled next to each other. Some created new families outside the territory of their community. In progress social evolution the ancestral community was replaced by the neighboring, or territorial, community. The unification of people here took place on the principle of proximity of residence, and not on the basis of blood relationship. The community consisted of individual families running their own households. She enjoyed full or partial self-government. The neighboring community most often united free farmers personally and occupied a subordinate position in relation to the state.

In states Ancient world the community played the role of a primary, indivisible link social system- an entity that paid taxes (taxes) and supplied soldiers for the army. Often the community became a territorial-administrative unit of the state. Relations within the community were regulated by customary, unwritten law, and then were enshrined state laws. While she fulfilled her duties to the state, the latter, as a rule, did not interfere in her internal affairs. This was facilitated by the so-called. mutual responsibility within the community, when all its members were responsible for any of the community members.
View neighboring community depended on the occupation of the community members. The nomadic community was engaged in the distribution of pastures and the organization of mutual assistance in the event of livestock loss or natural disasters. Nomadic communities, forced to regularly guard their herds, had a permanent military organization.
The most important function of the agricultural community is the regulation of land and economic relations between its members. The characteristic of a community is the common use of pastures, forests and water resources. In each civilization, the community had significant features that depended on the strength of the state and form of government, the availability of free land suitable for cultivation.

In the communities Ancient East and among a number of medieval peoples of Asia, each family received an allotment of arable land for the next agricultural season; the allotment continued to be considered part of the hereditary possession of the community (the state was the supreme owner of the land). In Ancient Greece and Rome Ancient family a community member received owner rights to her plot, but leaving the community meant the loss of these rights. In the early medieval German community (the so-called mark), the owners had unconditional private ownership of their plots, the community regulated only the use of common land and carried out judicial functions. As the population increases, a shortage of cultivable land begins to be felt, and restrictions on the size of the plot are introduced within the community. As large-scale feudal land ownership developed, peasant plots became the property of the feudal lord, and forms of personal or land dependence of the peasants on the lord spread. The community began to ensure that the peasants paid their rent to the feudal lord on time, and gradually lost its judicial functions and, to a large extent, self-government. However, neither the methods of cultivating the land nor the procedure for using communal lands have undergone virtually any changes. Within the caste community (Ancient Egypt, India, medieval Japan, tropical Africa, Oceania) professional differences among community members were strictly reinforced by division into castes.
In most civilizations, urgent agricultural work that required special effort (mowing, harvesting, etc.) was carried out by community members together. The most important decisions (including the distribution of state taxes or other duties) were made at general meetings of male community members. The head of the community managed day-to-day affairs and represented the community before government officials.
The community is characterized by tendencies towards equalization of property and social status farmers: rich community members bore a heavier tax burden. The strength of the community directly depended on the number of farmers included in it, so the community tried to prevent the ruin of its members.

In most civilizations, community is a mandatory feature of an agrarian, or pre-industrial, society. In a number of Western European countries, the community died as a result of the complete seizure of its land by feudal lords. More often, the destruction of the community was the result of the industrial revolution, urbanization processes (sharp growth of the urban population), development commodity-money relations and the capitalist structure in the economy. Peasants went to work in the cities (at large industrial enterprises), which gradually weakened the community. The burden of duties that each community member bore grew. At the same time, the gap between rich and poor members of the community widened. The first were burdened by the restrictions that the community imposed on the use land ownership, and sought to leave the community. Left without its wealthiest members, the community found itself unable to fulfill its obligations to the state, which sanctioned its dissolution and determined the method of dividing community property.
Variations of the neighborhood community still exist in a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

a municipality consisting of one, or less often, several settlements. The population of O. is considered a single territorial collective that owns municipal property and decides for itself individual issues life of the O. at meetings or through local referendums, and also elects bodies local government. Dimensions settlement do not play a fundamental role: O. can be a small village or a city. (S.A.)

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COMMUNITY

the name of various social groups based on the common ownership of all or the main (for example, land) means of production. O. is a ubiquitous institution and is characteristic of all peoples who are in the stage of a primitive communal system. It remains as a relic in class society, persisting in many countries even in the era of capitalism.

In the process of development of the primitive communal system, clothing changed its forms and content. Most ancient form O. is a generic O. - a consanguineous union based on the common ownership of primitive means of production and the general appropriation of the products of labor. With the development of productive forces, the improvement of agriculture and the development of cattle breeding, the ancestral O. breaks up into large-family O. (“zadruga”, “zhupa”). The production unit becomes not the clan, but the large patriarchal family. The beginning of the systematic use of livestock as draft power and the use of the plow lead to the separation of the individual family as an economic unit and to the disintegration of clan ties. On this basis, a territorial, or neighborly, community is formed. Neighborhood community is a transition from a society based on common property to a society based on private property. Her education marks the transition from a primitive communal system to a class society. There are two types of neighboring property: the first, when all the land is considered property of the property and is systematically redistributed between individual families (Russia); and the second, when the arable land has already passed into private property individual householders, while forests, pastures, wastelands, etc. remain the property of O. (German mark).

During the period of feudalism, O. is completely subordinate to the feudal lords, who seized communal lands into their hands and became monopoly owners of the land. As commodity circulation develops, the economy decomposes. Within it, along with a handful of rich people taking over communal lands, the poor stand out, exploited by them. Community ownership of land is gradually being replaced by private ownership.

In Russia, the interests of the tsarist government and landowners dictated to them a policy of artificial support for agriculture in order to bind the peasants with mutual responsibility for collecting taxes and quitrents. After the first Russian revolution of 1905–07. Tsarism, seeing in the face of the peasantry a formidable force that had risen under the leadership of the proletariat in a revolutionary struggle against the remnants of serfdom, relied on the kulak and began, in his interests, the destruction of peasant agriculture, allowing access to farmsteads and cuttings and the consolidation of communal lands into personal ownership (see. Stolypin agrarian reform). “If during the “liberation” of the peasants the landowners robbed the peasants’ land, now the kulaks began to rob the communal land, obtaining the best plots, buying up plots from the poor at a cheap price” (History of the CPSU (b). Short course, page 94). Russian revolutionary democrats viewed O. as the embryo of a socialist system (Herzen) or as an organization facilitating the transition to socialism (Chernyshevsky). This is an erroneous assessment of O., due to the weak degree of development of capitalism in Russia in the 60s. 19th century, was inflated by the populists already under more mature conditions of capitalist development and served theoretical basis so-called "peasant socialism" of the populists. Lenin and Stalin exposed the populist idealization of O. and showed that O. was not and could not be either the base or the embryo of socialism, since it was dominated by kulaks, “world eaters” who exploited the poor, farm laborers, and weak middle peasants. Peasant taxation was in fact a convenient form for covering up kulak dominance and a means in the hands of tsarism for collecting taxes from peasants on the principle of mutual responsibility. Only Great October socialist revolution opened up the possibility for the peasantry to transition to the path of socialist collective farming.

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