Slide 3

Introduction

The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America.

One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period.

The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of Japanese art.

Slide 4

Japanese cultural history

• Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first examples of ceramics, jewelry and female dogu figurines
• Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigated rice cultivation, bronze and iron products, dotaku bells
• Yamato: - Kofun (4th century AD - 6th century AD) - spread of mound culture, Haniwa sculpture, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593-710) - borrowing examples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms , creation of codes of laws
• Nara (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works “Kojiki”, “Nihon Shoki”, “Man’yoshu”, “Kaifuso”

Slide 5

Japanese cultural history

• Heian (794-1185) - the beginning of the use of hiragana and katakana syllabaries, the construction of the Itsukushima Shrine, the creation of “The Tale of Genji”, the emergence of the Yamato-e style of painting
• Kamakura (1185-1333) - formation of the samurai class
• Muromachi (1333-1568) - the emergence of the Noh theater
• Sengoku Jidai (1467-1568) - penetration of Christianity into the country
• Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600)
• Edo (1600-1868) - the establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, the Sakoku policy, the suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the emergence of kabuki theater and the ukiyo-e style
• Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the birth of Japanese cinema
• Taisho (1912-1926)
• Showa (1926-1989)

Slide 6

Japanese language and writing

The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries.

Slide 7

Japanese language and writing

The oldest known form of Japanese is called Old Japanese, which was developed by borrowing the Chinese script and hieroglyph system and was used until the beginning of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late Old Japanese, new writing methods were added - the two syllabary alphabet hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature.

Slide 8

Japanese language and writing

In modern Japanese, a fairly high percentage is occupied by words borrowed from other languages ​​(the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji, consisting of a surname and a given name, with the surname first.

Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and the Polivanov system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.

Slide 9

Literature

For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese.

The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Brush-written Annals of Japan” or “Nihongi” - “Annals of Japan”), created during the Nara period (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies “Man'yoshu” (Japanese 万葉集, “Collection of Myriad Leaves”, 759) and “Kaifuso” (Japanese 懐風藻) (751) were created.

The word "Japanese" in Japanese

Slide 10

Literature

• Japanese mystical prose of the 17th-19th centuries
• Taihoryo Code of Laws
• "The Tale of Genji" (Murasaki Shikibu)
• The Tale of Yoshitsune
• A trilogy of cult Japanese horror novels "The Ring", "Spiral", "Birth".
• The types of poetic forms haiku (Japanese: 俳句), waka (Japanese: 和歌 “Japanese song”), and a variety of the latter tanka (Japanese: 短歌 “short song”) are also widely known outside Japan.

Slide 11

Japanese painting (Japanese 絵画 kaiga, “painting, drawing”) is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles.

Japanese painting, as well as literature, is characterized by assigning a leading place to nature and depicting it as the bearer of the divine principle.

Slide 12

Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, ​​popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on European art in the 18th century is called Japonism.

Art. Painting

Slide 13

Art. Calligraphy

In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (Japanese: 書道 “way of writing”). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools.

The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In ancient times in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were involved in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.

Slide 14

The oldest art form in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (ware) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known.

During the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, initially simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds.

Slide 15

Art. Sculpture

The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the emergence of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji Temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by government sculptors.

Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues.

Slide 16

One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (Japanese 能 no: “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (Japanese 歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way.

Bunraku - puppet theater

Slide 17

Cinema

The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, film screenings were accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist.

At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only in the late 30s of the last century.

Slide 18

Cinema

The 50s-60s of the last century saw the active development of Japanese cinema. These years are considered the “golden age” of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960, 547 films were released. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared; in terms of the number of films released, Japan occupied one of the first places in the world. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all of Kurosawa's films, became famous outside the country.

During the film industry crisis of the 60s, yakuza films and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres.

In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano became widely known both in Japan and abroad.

Slide 19

Anime and manga

Anime (or Japanese animation) is highly popular all over the world. Among other animation genres, it stands out for its greater focus on an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The criteria for separation are gender, age or psychological type of the viewer. Often anime are film adaptations of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular.

Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Quite a large part of the manga is intended for adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the total publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.

Slide 20

Architecture

Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many differences and approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity.

Traditional wooden residential houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka (Japanese: 民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas.

Slide 21

The 7th century was marked by the rapid construction of Buddhist temples in Japan. Ise-jingu Shrine, dedicated to the goddess Amaterasu, is the main Shinto shrine in Japan.

Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power. The names of two castles (Azuchi and Momoyama) gave the name to the period in Japanese history - Azuchi-Momoyama. Very few castles have been preserved in their original state; many medieval castles were destroyed during wars, burned down in fires, and were dismantled at the direction of the government as a relic of the feudal past; in the 20th century, some of the castles were restored.

Architecture

Slide 22

The need to rebuild destroyed buildings after World War II gave impetus to the development of Japanese architecture. At the same time, the cities that were rebuilt were very different from the pre-war ones.

Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando, ​​are known for their extensive use of combining traditional Japanese and Western architectural influences.

Architecture

Slide 23

In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (Japanese 和服 Japanese clothing), and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono (Japanese 着物) - literally translated “clothing, outfit” - is a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a type of wafuku.

• Yukata - light cotton kimono
• Obi - different types of belts
• Geta - wooden sandals
• Mon - family coat of arms

Slide 24

National cuisine

Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients and presentation of dishes. The basis of Japanese cuisine is rice. The word gohan (御飯 literally means "cooked rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid in rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). The second most important food product for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in per capita consumption of fish and seafood. Fish is often consumed raw or semi-raw, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan.

Slide 25

National cuisine

To preserve food in high humidity conditions, it is often salted, fermented or pickled, examples of such dishes include natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce.

In modern Japanese cuisine you can easily find borrowings from Chinese, Korean and Thai cuisine. Some imported dishes, such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles), are becoming very popular.

The Japanese tea ceremony occupies a special place in traditional Japanese cuisine. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is considered healthy.

Slide 26

Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate) are also traditionally popular.

Sumo wrestling, although not an official sport in Japan, is considered a national sport according to the professional sumo association.

• Kyudo ("way of the bow") - archery
• Aikido (“the way of the harmonious spirit”)

Slide 27

At the early stage of development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. From ancient Japanese religious beliefs, the ideas of Shinto, the main religion of Japan, were formed. Shintoism (or Shinto) can literally be translated as “the way of many kami (gods)”). The basis of this movement is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto beliefs, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. An important feature of Shintoism is the cult of ancestors.

Slide 28

The ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and the people who inhabited them were created by kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. Ancient myths and legends of Shintoism about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) were preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi.

Slide 29

Later, from India through Korea and China, Buddhism penetrates into the country; 552 is considered the official date of recognition of the new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it itself has undergone significant transformation and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (reigned 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion.

In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and subsequently banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration.

In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism - is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.

Slide 30

Traditions, customs, etiquette

Japanese society is characterized by a clearly expressed sense of belonging to a certain social group (work team, family, student group), which is also expressed in special relationships within the group.

In Japan, great importance is attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", usually called giri (Japanese: 義理). Although giri is a general social norm among Japanese people, in some cases, such as in relationships among young people, this concept is taken more lightly.

You should know that in Japan there are certain rules of gestures, and the more reserved a person is, the more respect he commands, so a familiar pat on the shoulder and grabbing the hand will not cause joy in Japan.

Business ethics

Slide 31

Slide 32

The presentation was prepared by a student of grade 10 “b”

Shcherbakov Vladimir Vyacheslavovich

View all slides

Traditions and customs of Japan. Population of Japan

• Population of Japan
(125 million people) - 99.4% Japanese, as well as Koreans, Ainu and some others.

• The official language is Japanese. Knowledge of English and Chinese is also common. Writing - about 5000 hieroglyphs (kanji).

• The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai
etc.

Shadow theater uses a large translucent screen and flat color puppets, operated on thin sticks. The puppets lean against the screen from behind and become visible.

The specifics of the theater, its aesthetics and theme vary depending on traditions.

Kabuki - one of the three types of classical Japanese theater, combining drama, dance and musical accompaniment.

Matsumoto Castle

Himeji Castle

According to the Japanese, the tea ceremony promotes simplicity, naturalness, and neatness. This is, of course, true, but there is something more in the tea ceremony. By introducing people to a precisely established ritual, it accustoms them to strict order and unconditional compliance with social rules.

The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of Japanese art.

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The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese to nature as a living thing creation. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of Japanese art.

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Cultural history of Japan Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first examples of ceramics, jewelry and female figurines Dogu Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigated rice cultivation, bronze and iron products, dotaku bells Yamato-Kofun (IV centuries AD - 6th century AD) - spread of the mound culture, haniwa sculptures, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593 -710) - borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms, creation of codes of laws Nara (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works “Kojiki”, “Nihon Shoki”, “Kaifuso” Heian (794-1185 ) - the beginning of the use of hiragana and katakana syllabaries, the construction of the Itsukushima shrine, the creation of “The Tale of Genji”, the emergence of the Yamato-e style of painting.

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Kamakura (1185-1333) - formation of the samurai class Muromachi (1333-1568) - emergence of the theater no Sengoku Jidai (1467-1568) - penetration of Christianity into the country Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600) Edo (1600-1868) - establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, Sakoku policy, suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the emergence of kabuki theater and the ukiyo-e style. Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the emergence of Japanese cinema Taisho (1912-1926) Showa (1926-1989)

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Life and culture The villages have a linear layout. A traditional house is a post-frame house, usually with 1-2 floors. Sliding walls made of frames covered with wax paper or cardboard are typical. The floor is raised on small stilts. It is almost completely covered with mats. Tables, chairs, armchairs are placed only in living rooms. The tables are low, the Japanese usually sit on their knees, on cushions. There are no beds, they sleep on a mat, and they put a board under their heads rather than a pillow. The house is necessarily decorated with original paintings, which may contain an image, a drawing, or an inscription (aphorism, quote). They are called kakemono. Popular crafts include making dolls from wood or paper, weaving baskets, vases, and fans. Characterized by unique types of art: making paper figures (origami), arranging flower bouquets (ikebana).

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Mentality of the Nation If we consider the Japanese mentality as a whole, then despite the enormous influence of modern Western culture on it, it managed to retain its essence by adopting much from the outside. Elusive, compromising, sensitive and reflexive. Not at all selfish and extremely socially dependent. Absorbing and accepting, but with a rigid “friend/foe” system. In this value system, it is the individual who exists within and for the sake of the group, and not the group for the sake of the individual. At the same time, the individual’s internal “I” is carefully stored and protected within, and its imposition on the outside world is not encouraged. Maximum smoothing of corners and the search for compromises are encouraged (even at the expense of uncertainty), but sticking out and imposing something is not approved and is extremely difficult within this system.

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Thus, the Japanese mentality, being compromise and group in nature, is in its system of values ​​and priorities the complete opposite of the Western mentality. And even the fact that many typically Western external forms were strangely borrowed in the shortest possible time and so effectively transferred, adapted to soil that was completely alien at first glance, is due to the natural development of the same harmonious Japanese system of values ​​and priorities, prone to finding ways, interaction and compromises, with complete unity and integrity, the absence of serious variability between the interests of the group and the individual.

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Japanese language and writing The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries. The oldest known form of the Japanese language is called Old Japanese, it developed by borrowing Chinese writing and the hieroglyph system and was used until before the beginning of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late Old Japanese, new writing methods were added - the two syllabic alphabet hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature. In modern Japanese there is a fairly high percentage occupied by words borrowed from other languages ​​(the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji, consisting of a surname and a given name, with the surname first. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and the Polivanov system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.

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Literature For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, literary works were also created in the Chinese language. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Annals of Japan Written with a Brush”) "or "Nihongi" - "Annals of Japan"), created during the Nara period (VII - VII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies “Man’yoshu” (万葉集) “Collection of Myriad Leaves” and “Kaifuso” (懐風藻) were created. The types of poetic forms haiku (俳句), waka (和歌 “Japanese song”) are also widely known outside Japan. and a variety of the latter tanka (短歌 "short song").

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Fine arts Japanese painting (絵画 kaiga, “painting, drawing”) is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of the Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Japanese painting, like literature, is characterized by giving a leading place to nature and depicting it as a bearer of the divine principle. Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, ​​popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on European art in the 18th century is called Japonism.

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Japanese calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (書道 “way of writing”). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In ancient times in Japan, mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered a sign of a cultured person. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were involved in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.

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Sculpture The oldest form of art in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (dishes) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex ones - in the form of people, animals or birds .The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the emergence of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji Temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by government specialist sculptors. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues.

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Theater One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (能 no:, “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. Bunraku - puppet theater

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Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, the demonstration of films was accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the last century. In the 50s-60s of the last century, there was an active development of Japanese cinema. These years are considered the “golden age” of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960, 547 films were released. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared; in terms of the number of films released, Japan occupied one of the first places in the world. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all of Kurosawa's films, became famous outside the country. During the crisis of the film industry in the 60s, films about the yakuza and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres. In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano became widely known both in Japan and beyond.

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Anime and manga Anime (or Japanese animation) is highly popular all over the world. Among other animation genres, it stands out for its greater focus on an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The criteria for separation are gender, age or psychological type of the viewer. Often anime are film adaptations of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular. Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Quite a large part of the manga is intended for adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the total publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.

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Architecture Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many differences and approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential buildings of ordinary Japanese, called minka (民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas.

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Clothing In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (和服 Japanese clothing), and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono (着物) - literally translated “clothing, outfit” - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a type of wafuku. Yukata - light cotton kimono Obi - various types of belts Geta - wooden sandals Mon - family coat of arms of the family

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National cuisine Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients and presentation of dishes. The basis of Japanese cuisine is rice. The word gohan (御飯 literally "cooked rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid in rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). [The second most important food product for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in per capita consumption of fish and seafood. Fish is often consumed raw or semi-raw, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan. To preserve food in high humidity conditions, it is often salted, fermented or pickled, examples of such dishes include natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce. In modern Japanese cuisine you can easily find borrowings from Chinese , Korean and Thai cuisine. Some imported dishes, such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles), are becoming very popular. The Japanese tea ceremony occupies a special place in traditional Japanese cuisine. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is considered healthy.

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Sports Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Also traditionally popular are some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate). Although sumo wrestling is not an official sport in Japan, according to the professional sumo association, it is considered a national sport. Kyudo (“the way of the bow”) - archery Aikido (“the path of harmonious spirit”)

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Religion At the early stage of development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. From ancient Japanese religious beliefs, Shinto, the main religion of Japan, was formed. Shintoism (or Shinto) can literally be translated as “the way of many kami (gods)”). The basis of this movement is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto beliefs, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. [An important feature of Shintoism is the cult of ancestors. The ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and people who inhabited them were created by kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. Ancient myths and legends of Shintoism about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) are preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi. Later, from India through Korea and China, Buddhism penetrates into the country, the year 552 is considered official date of recognition of the new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it itself has undergone significant transformation and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (reigned 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion. In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and subsequently banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism - is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.

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Traditions, customs, etiquette Wabi-sabiMatsuri (holiday, worship) Japanese holidays Hanami Sakura Japanese tea ceremony SentoMono no aware Japanese society is characterized by a clearly expressed sense of belonging to a certain social group (work collective, family, student group), which is also expressed in special relationships within a group. In Japan, great importance is attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", usually called giri (義理). Although giri is a general social norm for Japanese behavior, in some cases, for example in relationships among young people, this concept is treated more simply. You should know that in Japan there are certain rules of gestures, and the more restrained a person is, the more respect he commands, so a familiar pat hitting the shoulder and grabbing the hand will not cause joy in Japan.

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History of the tea ceremony According to various sources, the beginning of drinking tea in Japan dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD. Tea was brought to Japan from the mainland. It is believed that it was brought by Buddhist monks, for whom tea was a special drink - they drank it during meditation and offered it to Buddha. As Zen Buddhism spread in Japan and priests began to exert greater influence on the cultural and political life of the country, tea consumption also spread. In the 12th century, the monk Eisai contributed to the introduction of tea drinking at court by presenting to the shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo the book Kissa Yojoki about maintaining health through tea. By the 13th century, drinking tea had become common among the samurai class. Over time, the practice of “tea tournaments” penetrated from the monasteries into the aristocratic environment - meetings at which a large number of varieties of tea were tasted and the participants were required to determine its type and origin based on the taste of the tea. Tea drinking also became a tradition among the common people, among peasants and townspeople, but it was much more modest than among the nobility, and was simply a meeting for sharing a drink over a leisurely conversation.

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Modeled after the Chinese Song tea ceremony, Japanese monks formed their own ritual of sharing tea. The original form of the ritual was developed and introduced by the monk Dayo (1236-1308). The first tea masters, also monks, studied with Dayo. A century later, the priest Ikkyu (1394-1481), abbot of the Daitokuji temple complex in Kyoto, taught the tea ceremony to his student Murata Juko (Shuko). The latter developed and transformed the tea ceremony, and taught it to the shogun Ashikagu Psimatsu, thus giving the tradition a “start in life” - as in most countries, in Japan everything that was accepted into custom by the ruler immediately became fashionable among subjects. Murata followed the idea of ​​“wabi” that was the basis of the ceremony - the desire for simplicity and naturalness, partly in contrast to the pomp and luxury of samurai “tea tournaments”. He combined the four main principles of the tea ceremony: harmony (“wa”), respect (“kei”), purity (“sei”) and silence and peace (“seki”). The further development of the tea ceremony was provided by Joo Takeno (1502-1555). He began to use a special building for the ceremony - a tea house (chashitsu), which, in accordance with the “wabi” principle, was given the appearance of a peasant house with a thatched roof. He also introduced rough-made ceramic utensils into use in the ceremony. A student of Joo Takeno, an outstanding master of the tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu (1522-1591), modified the tea house and introduced the practice of creating a garden (chaniwa) and a stone path (roji) leading through the garden to the house.

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Sen no Rikyu formalized the etiquette of the ceremony, the sequence of actions of the participants, and even determined what conversations should be held at what point in the ceremony in order to create a mood of calm, withdrawal from worries and the pursuit of truth and beauty. Rikyu's innovations gave new meaning to sabi, the principle of delicacy and beauty also embodied in the tea ceremony. The atmosphere of the ceremony was aimed at showing not the obvious, bright, conspicuous beauty, but the hidden beauty hidden in simple things, dim colors and quiet sounds. Thus, by the 16th century, the tea ceremony turned from a simple collective tea drinking into a mini-performance, which was generally considered as a form of spiritual practice and in which every detail, every object, every action had a symbolic meaning. The Japanese say that “the tea ceremony is the art of embodying the grace of Emptiness and the goodness of Peace.” In general, the action of the tea ceremony is a specially organized and orderly meeting of the owner - the tea master - and his guests for joint relaxation, enjoying beauty, conversation, accompanied by drinking tea. The ceremony is held in a specially equipped place and consists of several actions performed in a strict order.

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Traditional types of ceremony There are many types of tea ceremony, of which six traditional ones stand out: night, at sunrise, morning, afternoon, evening, special. Night ceremony. Usually held under the moon. The gathering of guests takes place shortly before midnight, the ceremony ends no later than four o'clock in the morning. A special feature of the night ceremony is that powdered tea is prepared directly during the ceremony by grinding tea leaves in a mortar and brewed very strongly. -At sunrise. The ceremony begins at three or four in the morning and continues until six in the morning. -Morning. It is usually carried out in hot weather (when the morning is the coolest time), starting around six in the morning. -Afternoon. It starts around one o'clock in the afternoon and only cakes are served. -Evening. Starts around six o'clock in the afternoon. -A special (rinjityanoy) ceremony is held on special occasions: a holiday, a specially organized meeting of friends, the celebration of an event

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Ceremony location The classic tea ceremony is held in a specially equipped place. This is usually a fenced area, which can be entered through a massive wooden gate. Before the ceremony, during the gathering of guests, the gates are opened, giving the guest the opportunity to enter without disturbing the owner, who is busy with preparations. On the territory of the “tea complex” there are several buildings and a garden. The details of their location are not standardized - in each specific case they try to create the most aesthetic ensemble that naturally fits into the area and creates the impression of a “continuation of nature.” Directly behind the gate there are auxiliary buildings: a “hallway” where the guest can leave things and change shoes, as well as a pavilion where guests gather before the ceremony begins. The main building - the tea house (chashitsu) - is located in the depths of the tea garden (chaniwa). To get there, you need to walk through the garden along a stone-lined path (roji). It is possible to confine yourself to a special pavilion, a separate tea room, or even just a separate table for the ceremony.

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Utensils and accessories The utensils used during the tea ceremony must form a single artistic ensemble, which does not necessarily mean monotony, but requires that the objects fit together and none of them stands out sharply from the general set. The ceremony requires a box for storing tea, a cauldron or kettle in which water is boiled, a common bowl for drinking tea together, bowls for each of the guests, a spoon for pouring tea and a stirrer with which the host stirs the tea during preparation. All items should be simple, modest in appearance and venerable age reflected in their appearance. As a rule, tea is stored in a simple wooden box, the cauldron or teapot is quite ordinary, copper, the tea spoon and stirrer are bamboo. The bowls used are simple, ceramic, fairly rough workmanship, without any deliberate decoration. All utensils are immaculately clean, but never polished. Unlike Europeans, who polish metal utensils to a mirror shine, giving the items the appearance of new, just made, the Japanese prefer that items retain a “memory of their past” - darkening over time, traces of long-term use. The “old” type of utensils is one of the elements of the aesthetics of the tea ceremony.

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Procedure for the ceremony Before the ceremony, guests gather together in one room. Here they are served hot water in small cups. The purpose of this stage is to create a general mood among the guests associated with the anticipation of the upcoming ceremony as an important and pleasant action, a meeting with the beautiful. Then the guests go through the garden to the tea house. Walking through the tea garden along a path lined with stones is considered very important - it symbolizes moving away from the hustle and bustle, moving away from everyday life, detachment from everyday worries, anxieties and troubles. Contemplating the plants and stones of the garden, guests tune in to concentration and free their minds from everything vain. At the end of the path, in front of the tea house, the owner meets the guests. After a discreet mutual greeting, the guests approach the stone well located right there and perform the ritual of ablution. Water is scooped up with a small ladle lying right there on a long wooden handle, the guest washes his hands, face, rinses his mouth, and then washes the handle of the ladle after himself. The ritual of ablution symbolizes bodily and spiritual purity.

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After bathing, guests go to the tea house and settle down there. Passing through a low and narrow entrance symbolizes the final exit beyond the boundaries of the ordinary world, shelter from everything that is happening outside. The inconvenience of entry and the need to bend low when entering the tea house symbolize the equality of participants in the ceremony - everyone is forced to bow, regardless of nobility, wealth, fame and social status. In accordance with the custom of a traditional Japanese house, when entering a tea house, guests leave their shoes at the doorstep. When guests arrive, the fire in the hearth is already burning, a cauldron of water is standing over the fire. Upon entering the house, the guest should first of all pay attention to the niche opposite the entrance - the tokonoma. Before guests arrive, the owner hangs a scroll with a saying there, and also places a bouquet of flowers and an incense burner. The saying defines the theme to which the ceremony is dedicated and conveys the state of mind of the owner. The owner enters the tea house last, and not immediately after the guests, but a little later, to give the guests the opportunity to examine and evaluate the items in the tokonoma without haste.

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Upon entering the house, the owner bows to the guests and takes his place - opposite the guests, near the hearth. Next to the owner’s seat are the necessary items for making tea: a wooden box with tea, a bowl and a bamboo stirrer. While the water in the cauldron is heating up, guests are served kaiseki - a light meal consisting of simple, not filling, but delicious dishes designed not to fill you up, but to relieve the discomfort caused by hunger. The Japanese believe that food served with tea should, first of all, be pleasing to the eye, and only secondarily satiating. The name "kaiseki" comes from a hot stone that in the past, Zen monks kept in their bosoms to quell hunger. Lastly, "omogashi" - sweets for tea - are served. After the kaiseki, guests leave the tea house for a while to stretch their legs and prepare for the main part of the ceremony - drinking thick tea together. At this time, the owner exchanges the scroll in the tokonoma for a composition of flowers and/or branches. The composition is compiled according to the principle of unity of contrasts, for example, it can be a pine branch, as a symbol of strength and durability, with a camellia flower, symbolizing tenderness in a flower bouquet.

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The most important part of the ceremony is preparing and drinking thick powdered green tea. The guests gather again in the tea house, where the owner begins to prepare tea. The entire process takes place in complete silence. Everyone carefully watches the actions of the owner and listens to the sounds of fire, boiling water, streams of steam from the boiler, to which are later added the quiet sounds produced by the owner’s manipulations with the bowl, tea and utensils. The owner first carries out a symbolic cleansing of all used utensils, then begins to prepare tea. All movements in this process are strictly verified and practiced, the owner moves in time with his breathing, the guests carefully watch all his actions. This is the most meditative part of the ceremony. The tea is poured into a rough ceramic bowl, a small amount of boiling water is poured into it, the contents of the bowl are stirred with a bamboo stirrer until it turns into a homogeneous mass and a green matte foam appears. Then more boiling water is added to the bowl to bring the tea to the desired consistency. The host bows to serve the bowl of prepared tea to the guests (traditionally, by seniority, starting with the eldest or most honored guest). The guest places a silk scarf (fukusa) on his left palm, accepts the cup with his right hand, places it on his left palm and, nodding to the next guest in order, drinks from the cup. Then he places the fucus on the mat, wipes the edge of the bowl with a paper napkin and passes the bowl to the next one. Each guest repeats the same procedure, after which the bowl is returned to the owner.

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Drinking tea from a common cup symbolizes the unity of those gathered. After the bowl has passed around all the guests, the host again hands it over to the guests, now empty, so that everyone can carefully examine the bowl, evaluate its shape, and feel it in their hand again. From this moment, the next stage of the ceremony begins - the host prepares light tea in a separate cup for each of the guests. The conversation begins. This part of the ceremony is rest; during it they do not talk about business or everyday worries. The subject of discussion is the scroll in the tokonoma, the saying written on it, the beauty of the flower arrangement, the bowl, other utensils, and the tea itself. Immediately before tea is served, guests are served sweets. At the end of this part of the ceremony, guests are again invited to inspect the utensils used to prepare tea this time. At the end of the conversation, the owner, having answered all the guests’ questions, apologetically leaves the tea house, thereby indicating that the ceremony has come to an end. In the absence of the host, the guests examine the hearth on which the tea was prepared and once again pay attention to the flowers in the tokonoma, which should open by the time the ceremony is completed. The opened flowers serve as a reminder of the time spent together by the ceremony participants.

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While the guests are leaving the tea house, the owner is close to its entrance, silently bowing to those leaving. After the guests leave, the owner sits for some time in the tea house, remembering the past ceremony and recalling the remaining sensations from it. Then he takes away all the utensils, removes the flowers, wipes the tatami in the house and leaves. Cleaning symbolizes summing up the final outcome of what happened. The tea house is returned to the same state it was in before the ceremony. It is considered important that the action, without leaving any external traces, was preserved only as a trace in the minds of the people who participated in it.

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