Which Slavs have yellow skin? People with different skin colors

Nationality is a set of character traits that have developed over centuries of history and external data that distinguish an individual from representatives of another nationality. It is noteworthy that people living in neighboring regions differ only slightly in national characteristics, while representatives of different continents differ radically. Such differences between nationalities turn into racial ones. Before determining a person’s nationality, you must know the basic characteristics in appearance by which you can distinguish representatives of different nationalities - hair and skin color, shape and shape of the nose, as well as eyes. Representatives of different nationalities also have speech differences, but they will not always allow one to determine a specific nationality, since half the world speaks English, not just the British.

National differences of Africans

The skin of Africans (or blacks) ranges in color from brown to black. Pure-blooded Africans will never have blue or gray eyes - only black or brown. The shape of the eyes can be either round or almond-shaped. The nose is slightly flattened, with wide nostrils. Representatives of the African continent have dark and, as a rule, curly hair, broad shoulders and long legs, and they are tall.

National differences of Chechens

Both Chechens and Ingushets have light skin. Eye color - brown or black, small eyes. Dark and thick hair, eyebrows fused on the bridge of the nose are distinctive features of Chechens, who also have a straight and large nose with a wide bridge. The height of representatives of this nationality is approximately average. The figure is proportional.

National differences of Georgians

Very often, belonging to a particular nationality can be determined by last name. For example, native Georgians have a surname ending in “dze”. Therefore, how to determine nationality by last name is written in the relevant literature. In addition to their surname, Georgians can be distinguished by their light skin, almond-shaped brown or black eyes, an elongated nose with a hump, and thick, pitch-black hair. Representatives of this nationality have a proportional figure; in terms of height, Georgians are usually tall people, and not only men, but also women.

National differences of Jews

Jews have light skin, often with freckles, protruding and round eyes, gray or brown in color, and they have a large nose with a downturned tip. As a rule, the edges of the nostrils of Jews are slightly raised upward. This nationality has either dark or red hair. If you need to identify a Jew from the male half of society, then take a closer look at his facial hair - it is often different in tone from that on his head. Jews are a short nation, so there are no tall people among them, and often men are characterized by below average height. The Jewish figure has a disproportionate structure - they have a wide pelvis and narrow shoulders.

National differences of Armenians

Before determining nationality by appearance, take a closer look at the eyes - perhaps an Armenian is standing in front of you if the person’s eyes are almond-shaped, wide-set, and brown in color. Armenians have fair skin and thick and curly hair. Especially in men, dense vegetation is observed throughout the body. Armenians have a long, hooked nose, medium to tall stature, and a proportional build.

National differences of the Chinese

In order to determine the nationality of a person, it is not necessary to see him in person, since you can determine the nationality from a photo. The Chinese nationality, the most numerous on our planet, is characterized by a small and narrow nose, slanted and wide-set eyes - they are black. The Chinese have yellowish or brownish skin color and short stature. The physique of representatives of this nationality is proportional. The hair of the Chinese is dark and coarse, straight, and there is practically no hair on the body of men.

National differences of the Tatars

Tatars have a yellowish skin tone and dark or red hair, and representatives of this nationality often begin to go bald at a young age. Their eyes are brown and narrow, as is their nose, which in profile practically does not protrude above the rest of their facial features. Therefore, the face of Tatars often appears flat. Proportional physique and average or below average height are the national differences of this nation.

We hope that this information has helped you in deciding the question of how to determine your nationality or the nationality of your friend or friend.

We constantly hear that Russians are not a people united by blood, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin’s catchphrases “There are no pure Russians!” and “scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar.”

They say that we are “very different in blood”, “we did not sprout from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, strayed on our land, and we received them all, let them into the house, took them into our family.

This has become almost an axiom among politicians who are blurring the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la “human rights” organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has filled the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The scientists' verdict is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. His entire genetic makeup is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of a Russian man was sequenced. The decoding of the Russian genome was carried out on the basis of the National Research center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk. According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately 20 million dollars on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. National Research The Kurchatov Institute center has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh deciphered genome beyond the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all of these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European...

“We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute Research Center, academician Konstantin Scriabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Academician Konstantin Scriabin believes that “in five to six years a genetic map of all peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.” Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and the DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line from generation to generation almost unchanged since the time when “the ancestor of mankind, Eve "came down from the tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring practically unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus , in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, a typically Russian face. One can be convinced that it is not something fantastic, but something real that lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type” (A.P. Bogdanov, “Anthropological physiognomy.” M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed characteristics, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to state the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly limited from each other” (“Questions of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all, hair color and eye color, the shape of the skull structure. According to these characteristics, we Russians differ from both European peoples and Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while clarifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic era, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, light blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, while in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in five percent of Russians, and in 45 percent of the population of foreign Europe. The popular opinion about the “snub nose” of Russians is also not confirmed. 75 percent of Russians have a straight nose profile.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasians, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. One should also recognize the significant unity of the Russian racial type throughout European Russia.”
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics unique to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russians, and there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold occurs in 95 percent; in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in its rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of groups 1 and 2, which is evidenced by many years of practice at blood transfusion stations. Among Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. During biochemical studies of blood, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union.” “Questions of Anthropology ". Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out that no matter how you scratch a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar or anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country’s population and about 9 percent more are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people.” (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals represent a mixture of European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away today’s myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the eras of invasions and colonization:

“Perhaps many Russians married natives and became sedentary, but the majority of the primitive Russian colonizers throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. They were a trading, industrial people, who cared about organizing themselves according to their own, in accordance with the ideal of well-being they had created for themselves. And this ideal of the Russian person is not at all such that he can easily twist his life with some kind of “trash,” just as even now Russian people often dishonor the non-religious. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will become friendly with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. For this, ordinary Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, to the roots of their home, then they have a kind of aristocracy. Often villagers of different tribes live in the same neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.”

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and was never a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth is dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to complete strangers, but our own people for us - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter - will be revived. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to transfer to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them by the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there even a French nation?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photographs of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. For the first time in Russian history, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to focus entirely on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, rather than small nations, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. The project leader, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not pleasant conclusion for everyone that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

Over the course of three years, participants in the “Russian Gene Pool” project walked around almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation with a syringe and a test tube and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph “Russian Gene Pool” (Luch Publishing House). Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, the Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to the Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Maris.

http://topwar.ru/22730-geneticheskaya-karta-russkih.html

Chapter I. Fabric as a thing and a sign in Russian traditional culture

§2. Semantics of color

Color is one of the characteristics of an object. For a modern person, a change in color does not mean a change in the essence of an object in most cases, however, there are exceptions: black mourning clothes, a white wedding dress, blue clothes for a boy and pink for a girl, etc. All of the above examples refer to the colors of clothing. These symbolic expressions of the purpose of certain things appeared in our culture relatively recently, some of them have no roots in it and came from outside, but their influence is quite strong, so strong that, when faced with a deviation from the rules, a person is perplexed. It is fair to assume that if the color of our far from traditional clothing, and perhaps some other things, is important to us today, then the symbolism of color in folk culture is quite important. Thus, color is a sign that receives a symbolic interpretation in folk culture.

The Russians used fabrics of a wide variety of colors, dyeing them with white, black, blue, red, and yellow dyes. The most significant are the oppositions of white and black (light and dark), correlated with the oppositions life/death, good/bad, etc., as well as the triad white-red-black. The symbolism of each of these colors is ambiguous; they often have directly opposite interpretations.

White color, white - in folk culture one of the main elements of color symbolism, contrasted primarily with black and red. White and black colors are at the polar points of the color spectrum, and their names and symbolism are antonymous. White color represents a generalized range of colors in light tones, as well as high color intensity, while black color generalizes dark colors and is associated with low color intensity or its absence. In addition, white represents the absence of color, it is neutral and can be turned into any other color and given any interpretation.

In the symbolic sphere, the correlation white/black (light/dark) can be included in an equivalent series with the pairs good/bad, male/female, living/dead, partly young/middle-aged (old), etc. A correlation between white/non-white is possible, and then the white color can mean sacredness, purity, fertility, light.

The mythological semantics of white color is most clearly manifested in fortune telling, omens, and beliefs. The semantic pair good/bad is identified in relation to the characteristics white/black in a series of signs associated with a butterfly or a sheep, bringing happiness or misfortune according to their color.

The idea of ​​the “kingdom of darkness” as an afterlife, opposed to the “white light,” is characteristic of all Slavs. A Vologda peasant, for example, believed that dead, unbaptized children live in “a dark place and do not see the white light.” White light is ours, “this” light, and it is opposed to “that”, not white light, just as day is opposed to night. White light, like white day, is motivated by the sign “clear, bright, clean.” A similar distinction is made between bad and good weather, predicted by the color of the cow walking ahead of the herd. Sunlight - and the sun itself - is white, so on the first day of the harvest, work must be completed before sunset so that the bread of the new harvest will be white.

The mythological connection of individual objects and phenomena is carried out according to the principle of similarity. So, sometimes the appearance of white moths or butterflies promises an abundance of milk. On the basis of similarity, some productive actions are also carried out: Belarusians placed a stone on a bed of cabbage and covered it with a white scarf so that the cabbage would be white as a scarf, and large and strong as a stone; the peasant put on a white shirt (women wore a headscarf) when going to sow wheat, “so that it would be clean and white, like a shirt,” flax. However, the Slavs were afraid of white things that could cause hail and frost: white things were not taken out into the yard or into the field on some holidays.

Many Indo-European peoples know white mourning. Russians traditionally announced death by hanging a white “plate” or towel on the hut, with which “the arriving dead person wiped away his tears for forty days.” In the Russian North, white funeral clothing is known; dressing deceased girls in white is associated with the funeral-wedding ritual. The image of a woman in white robes represented death. The phraseology “white death” is well known; in some conspiracies, the sick person is called white, and the healthy person is called red. Ryazan peasants believed that picking white flowers in a dream was a sign of a dead person. Death was foreshadowed in a dream by white geese, horses, goats; illness - a girl in white seen in a dream.

White clothes are typical for spirits and mythological characters. Belun is sometimes called a brownie, a white woman is a mermaid, and a huge white creature is a ghoul. Women performing some ritual roles were dressed all in white. Thus, almost all evil spirits dress in white, while the devil wears a black suit and is black himself. White animals and birds, especially rare or non-existent ones, are considered special, witchcraft or kings over their relatives. Treasures lying in the ground turn into white animals. At the same time, white color can protect against the evil eye and damage; Some (clean) days of fasting and holidays were considered white.

The most specific and unambiguous symbolism has the black color, which is associated with darkness, earth, death, and acts as a sign of mourning (in families where there was mourning, Easter eggs were painted black or other dark colors - green, blue, purple). Black characters are usually demonological characters (appearing in the form of a black animal or object): devil, banner, barn, field spirit. Black animal motifs are common: horse, chicken, cat and pig. The appearance of a black animal after the death of a sorcerer is evidence that the devil has emerged from him.

In magical practice, black objects and sacrificial animals were used. A knife in a black sheath protects against fright; a black thorn thorn was driven under the dead man’s nails “so that he would not walk”; A black chicken was carried around the crops to prevent hail and was sacrificed to the plague. The egg of a black chicken helped against night blindness, and the milk of a black cow extinguished a fire started by lightning.

Yellow color, yellowness is a sign endowed with a predominantly negative assessment in folk culture. The color yellow is often conceptualized as a symbol of death; In Slavic beliefs, the appearance of a yellow spot on the hand foreshadows death. Eggs intended for commemoration in Easter, Semitic and Trinity rites are painted yellow. On Easter, when commemorating the dead in cemeteries, they carried red and yellow eggs with them; In Semik, when cumming, girls, kissing through a wreath, give each other a yellow egg. In the “baptism of the cuckoo” ritual, participants in the nepotism ritual at the cemetery exchanged yellow eggs, broke them and left them on the graves. On Saturday, on the eve of Trinity Day, when they commemorated those who died a death other than their own and unbaptized children, eggs were painted not red, but yellow, and distributed to children. Yellow is one of the traditional epithets in the conspiracies of the Eastern Slavs. Plants with yellow flowers are used to treat “yellow” diseases (jaundice, etc.)” Yellow objects (scarves, rings, dishes), chickens with yellow legs, yellow butterflies are endowed with healing properties.

Yellow is rare in the color characteristics of mythological characters. Mythical creatures that lead souls to the “other world” appear in yellow tones, the brownie has yellow hair, one of the fevers is called yellow. Yellow circles appear on the grass where an old man “became a sorcerer” or the eldest woman in his family committed suicide with witches; sometimes the places of round dances and meals of mermaids are marked with yellowed, dried grass. Yellow, along with red, can act as a substitute for gold. In omens, yellow means misfortune, illness or death; whoever sees a yellow butterfly in the spring will be unhappy and in poor health this year.

In the Russian tradition, there is a perception of gold as a sign of chosenness, happiness and the highest court; a similar idea arose within the framework of the solar cult. Golden symbolism, pre-Christian in essence, functioned under conditions of gradual Christianization of culture, merging with religious concepts of retribution and retribution, good and evil. Gold is usually associated with a hero's test and is only received by a select few. Thus, gold objects are sacred in folklore. The mythology of pure, sacred, gold is manifested in conspiracies where the conspirator seeks heavenly protection; Thus, in a conspiracy for a good path, he imagines himself dressed in golden vestments, covered with a golden shroud.

Green color, green - in folk culture correlate with vegetation, variability, immaturity, youth. The perception of green color as shiny, shining, similar to gold and yellow is noted. Such ideas are especially typical for the southern Slavs.

The productive symbolism of the green color is manifested in spring and wedding rituals, for example, Trinity - green Christmastide, Trinity Week - green week. In wedding songs, images of green life, forest, and meadows are often found. In funeral and memorial rites, green acts as the color of the “other world.” Green eggs are known as a funeral meal among the Eastern Slavs. At Easter, eggs were painted green if there was a dead person in the house during the year; this procedure was designed to renew the life of the inhabitants of the house, cleanse them, and free them from the presence of the inanimate. Green color can be an attribute of a “foreign” space, where evil spirits live, where spirits are banished: a green mountain, etc. The color green is present in descriptions of chthonic creatures.

Red color, red - in folk culture one of the main elements of color symbolism, appearing in the opposition white/red, or in the triad white/red/black, where red is opposed to white as non-white, “colored”, “dark”. The symbolism of red is ambivalent. Red is the color of life, sun, fertility, health and the color of the other world, chthonic and demonic characters. The color red is endowed with protective properties and is used as a talisman. Particularly significant in folk ideas are the red thread, the red cloth, and the red egg.

The connection of red with fire is reflected in the language (let a red rooster fly), legends explaining the presence of red in the color of animals; Russian beliefs: about a red flying fiery snake (Russian North Siberia); about “a woman in a red cauldron” (personification of a fire; Russian North); about the fiery red field grass, which seems to people like a scattering of sparks (Vologda). The connection of red with blood is manifested in wedding symbolism; often a red belt is an integral part of the costume of an underage girl. The presence of fresh blood in the body of the “unclean dead” (ghoul, sorcerer) explains the red color of their faces.

The meaning of red as an extraordinary, exceptional color is determined by the evaluative semantics of red “beautiful, valuable, ceremonial.” According to popular beliefs, the main snake has a red crest (Russian North).

The productive semantics of red is realized in a wedding ceremony, in calendar and economic rituals, where it symbolizes abundance and fertility: for example, the last sheaf is tied with red yarn, thread or a scarf. During the first pasture, the cattle were hung with a bell on a red cord. In native rites, the color red acts as a symbol of life and health; the umbilical cord was tied with a red thread; it was believed that the red color of the newborn’s skin indicated his longevity. Funeral rituals express the symbolism of the color red as belonging to the “other world” and at the same time protecting against dangerous contact with the other world. The hands and feet of the deceased could be tied with red thread; Belarusians placed a red thread across the body of the deceased; often the headdress for the deceased was made of red material. The coffin was wrapped several times from end to end with red woolen thread; the pregnant woman tied the red thread on her finger when she went to say goodbye to the deceased. Sometimes on memorial days everything red was taken out of the house. During Rusal Week before Trinity Sunday, drowned people were commemorated by breaking red eggs on their graves. The color red (scarf, ribbon) is present in the East Slavic rites of “baptism” and funeral of the cuckoo.

The red color acts as a talisman; its semantics correlates with the apotropaic semantics of a colored object (the most significant are thread and wool) or a plant. They drew a magic circle with red paint, and on Easter they washed themselves with water in which a red egg or plant was placed. Red thread was widely used as an apotropaic and healing agent; it was tied to an arm or leg and left hanging on plant bushes. For pain in the joints, they tied their hands with red wool, threads, strips of fabric; it was believed that this would also protect against fever and fear. Red color can protect against snakes, mice, wolves; drive away evil spirits and bad weather.

Many mythological characters are marked in red: for example, a courtyard may look like a thick red snake. Witches and mermaids have red eyes; the skin of devils, mythical aliens; hair or hat of a brownie, mermaid, goblin; the goblin's dress and the brownie's shirt, the goblin's pants and the devil's scarf. "Women in red" are harbingers of misfortune.

Red in conspiracies is a constant epithet of mythical characters: red maiden, red horse. Everywhere among the Slavs, red thread and red plant seeds are used in love magic. When cattle go missing, they “take it” to the mermaids: bast shoes, onuchi, bread and salt are tied with a red ribbon and taken to the crossroads in the forest. In Christmas fortune-telling, a red ribbon symbolized the birth of a child. The predominance of red in the rainbow promises health and a good harvest, wealth. Red days in the folk calendar fall on Holy, Easter, and Fomina (Red Hill) weeks.

The combination of red-white is opposed to the combination of yellow-black in the meaning of life/death, light/darkness, health/illness. The combination of red and white is therefore typical for amulets. Red can also coexist with blue in the same meaning. The combination of red and black is typical for mythological characters and predominates in the costumes of mummers.

Within the framework of the Slavic tradition, it can be confidently stated that red is the dominant color in the semantic structure of the ritual. Marking in red is the most archaic and universal way of modeling ritual objects. This is clearly expressed in the functions of the red thread, the red belt, and the marking of ritual towels, the structure of which necessarily includes a red thread.

The semantics of red color is realized in the universal opposition white/black, which is transformed into a dynamic three-part structure white/red/black. This triad constitutes an invariant of color classification, on the basis of which a system of relations of color semantics in the traditional model of the world is built. The ritual meaning of the color red is ensured by its position as the middle member of the triad, marking boundaries in a system of binary oppositions. The intermediate position of red between white and black is identical to the position of shadow in the light/shadow/dark triad, where shadow is opposed to light, but at the same time does not coincide with darkness. This peculiar ambivalence of the red color forms the basis of its characteristics as a ritual symbol. In the time code day/morning (evening)/night, red corresponds to morning (evening), in the calendar cycle summer/spring (autumn)/winter, respectively, spring (autumn). In the spatial code, the red color corresponds to marginal zones: the threshold of a house, gates, fences - the essence of the boundaries of internal and external, one’s own and someone else’s space.

Thus, color is one of the features that determine the nature of an object. Color can determine the change in meaning of a thing; it is often more important than the name of the object, as, for example, in the case of a black cat. Using the example of the influence of color, one can see how the material qualities of an object “make” a sign, controlling its content.

© N.S. Koshubarova, 2003

It is now recognized that there are differences in skin beyond color, and that ethnic skin types have special care requirements.

In the last decade, biological science has discovered that there are fundamental differences between the different Fitzpatrick skin types that go beyond obvious differences in color. In addition to the different nature and amount of melanin in the skin, there are also differences in the structure of the stratum corneum (outer layer) and the ability to retain water. The idea that pigmented skin is more resistant to external influences than white skin is incorrect, since sensitivity is often present, but it is hidden by deeper pigmentation.

Melanin in dyed and European skin

The main factor that determines skin color is a dark pigment called melanin, which is produced by small "organisms" called melanosomes that are found inside specialized cells called melanocytes that are present in the cell-producing layer of the skin (the basal layer). There are two types of melanin in the human body: eumelanin (black) and pheomelanin (red), the natural color of the skin depends on the amount of these two types of melanin. Also contributing to skin color is the amount of blood circulating through small capillaries located near the surface of the skin and a yellowish substance called carotene, which is found in varying amounts in all layers of the skin.

Although melanocytes in pigmented skin are physically similar to melanocytes in Caucasian (white) skin and are found in the same numbers, they are genetically programmed to produce more melanin. There is also a difference in the nature of melanin produced, as melanosomes in pigmented skin are larger and scattered singly throughout all layers of the skin, whereas European skin exhibits smaller and more concentrated melanosomes.

Large variations in melanin content in pigmented skin result in an amount of variation five times greater than in the Caucasian race. It has been determined that there are over 35 different shades of colored skin types within each race. This variability of shades is combined with a greater tendency of pigmented skin to show hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) pigmentation spots, which can be caused by various physical and chemical factors. Melanin protects against sunburn and helps prevent skin cancer by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. However, although pigmented skin naturally absorbs 36% more sunlight than Caucasian skin, the incidence of sun-induced skin cancer is lower in pigmented skin. It can be concluded that melanin is a very effective, natural sunscreen.

Structural differences and properties of dyed leather

There are many misconceptions about pigmented skin, one of which is that darker skin is thicker and denser than white skin. The thickness of all skin types is the same, although there is evidence that the stratum corneum of dark-colored skin contains more compact (dense) layers of cells than in European skin. Research in the last decade in the United States has shown that colored skin of African descent (which is typically darker) contains more densely packed layers than lighter races (such as Polynesians and Indians), while European skin contains less densely packed layers. layers. There is a direct connection between these compact layers and the ability of pigmented skin to retain water.

In pigmented skin, the increased density of the outer layer also affects the lipids (skin oils) that are found in the spaces between skin cells, as these are also more densely packed. This more compact packing of lipids causes pigmented skin to become more permeable to water (a well-founded theory is that the cells' immediate environment helps facilitate water transport). These factors lead to greater water loss in pigmented skin compared to European skin.

Accordingly, pigmented skin, due to higher transdermal water loss, tends to suffer from dryness unless steps are taken to retain moisture.

Sensitivity of pigmented skin

Due to the tendency of pigmented skin to be dry, high levels of sensitivity are also common, and because sensitivity is more difficult to detect on pigmented skin, it is often overlooked as a cause of irritation.

Quite often, skin erythema caused by contact with sensitizing substances persists longer on pigmented skin than on white skin. Depending on the underlying skin color and the type of sensitizing substance, erythema can be found on pigmented skin as clusters of gray to purple patches that persist for up to 24 hours after exposure. Numerous clinical studies have shown that when the same sensitizing substances are applied to white skin, mild to moderate erythema occurs and persists for approximately 3 to 7 hours. Additionally, the pH of pigmented skin types was shifted to a more acidic region (lower pH values) than the pH of white skin.

These and similar experiments suggest that many ethnic skin types have sensitivities that cannot be diagnosed by conventional skin testing techniques using observations of vasodilation (the dilation of fine capillaries located near the surface of the skin).

Conclusion

Ethnic and pigmented skin types tend to be dry due to their physical characteristics that limit the skin's ability to naturally retain water. To reduce water loss, daily use of a high-quality non-comedogenic cream is recommended. Tolerance of cosmetic products labeled as "normal skin" products on the European market may be lower in the case of pigmented skin due to its tendency to be sensitive, and special care may be required to prevent irritation or adverse reactions.

Zoology(from ancient Greek ζῷον - animal + λόγος - teaching) - the science of representatives of the animal kingdom, including humans.
Anthropology(from ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος - man; λόγος - science) - a set of scientific disciplines involved in the study of man, his origin, development, existence in the natural (natural) and cultural (artificial) environments. Anthropology studies the physical differences between people that have historically developed during their development in different natural and geographical environments.
Race studies- one of the main branches of anthropology devoted to the study of human races (problems of classification of modern races, their geographical distribution, history of formation, etc.).

Today, there are constant debates between historians on the topic of who were, by their racial and tribal origin, those people whom we call the ancient Romans, ancient Greeks (Hellenes), Etruscans, Galileans..., whose images have come to us in the form of sculptures and mosaic floors paintings?

Look at this portrait of a woman with makeup like today's Russian beauties, dating back to the 3rd century. It is the main attraction of the ancient Galilean city of Tzipori. According to historians, the population of ancient Galilee consisted mainly of Hellenes (Greeks) with a small inclusion of Syrian Arameans. Therefore, the Hellenes are Greeks, and they lived most of all in ancient Galilee. And therefore, the Greek woman is looking at us from the portrait?

Who were those people, very similar to modern Russians, who posed for the ancient sculptor? Were they Greeks?

It is known for sure that they called themselves Hellenes, which can be translated into Russian as “children of the gods.” The root "ell" is well known to us from the Hebrew word "elohim" - gods and the Arabic word "Allah" - the Most High. Here "all" and "ell" are synonyms. From this follows a simple conclusion that the self-name “Hellenes” did not mean nationality. It reflected only the worldview of the so-called “ancient Greeks.”

The theory of the origin of races and nationalities is still so confused that solving this mystery of who is represented in these portraits is extremely problematic if you go the usual way.

“Today, questions of the origin of races are for the most part the prerogative of two sciences - anthropology and genetics. The first, based on human bone remains, reveals the diversity of anthropological forms, and the second tries to understand the connections between the totality of racial characteristics and the corresponding set of genes.

However, there is no agreement among geneticists. Some adhere to the theory of uniformity of the entire human gene pool, others argue that each race has a unique combination of genes. However, recent studies rather indicate that the latter are right. The study of haplotypes confirmed the connection between racial characteristics and genetic characteristics. It has been proven that certain haplogroups are always associated with specific races, and other races cannot obtain them except through the process of racial mixing.

Modern science relies on two hypotheses of the origin of human races - polycentric and monocentric.

According to the theory of polycentrism, humanity is the result of a long and independent evolution of several phyletic lineages.

Thus, the Caucasoid race formed in Western Eurasia, the Negroid race in Africa, and the Mongoloid race in Central and East Asia.

Polycentrism involves the crossing of representatives of proto-races at the borders of their areas, which led to the emergence of small or intermediate races: for example, such as the South Siberian (a mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid races) or the Ethiopian (a mixture of Caucasoid and Negroid races).

From the standpoint of monocentrism, modern races emerged from one area of ​​the globe in the process of settlement of neoanthropes, which subsequently spread across the planet, displacing more primitive paleoanthropes.

The traditional version of the settlement of primitive people insists that the human ancestor came out of Southeast Africa. However, the Soviet scientist Yakov Roginsky expanded the concept of monocentrism, suggesting that the habitat of the ancestors of Homo sapiens extended beyond the African continent.

Recent research by scientists from the Australian National University in Canberra has completely cast doubt on the theory of a common African ancestor of humans.

Thus, DNA tests on an ancient fossilized skeleton, about 60 thousand years old, found near Lake Mungo in New South Wales, showed that the Australian aborigine has no relation to the African hominid.

Theory multi-regional origin races, according to Australian scientists, is much closer to the truth."

It is in this direction that I now invite the reader to think. But I propose to approach this topic from an unusual angle - moving from zoology, studying the life of all animals, including humans.

Imagine now that a brown bear is like a Negro or a Mongoloid, then its closest relative, the polar bear, will be like a European.

In this interpretation of zoology, it is interesting to look at the distribution area of ​​the brown bear, at least within the Russian Federation. Here's the map. Everything shaded brown is the habitat of the brown bear.

And here is the polar bear's distribution area. He is rightly called the ruler of the Arctic. It is perfectly adapted to life in the harshest conditions of the Far North.

With such a zoological comparison and with such a distribution area of ​​the polar bear, it turns out that he is not just a “European”, he is a “Hyperborean”, since his main habitat is the Arctic, the Far North!

The color of its fur coat (white) is adapted to the color of the snow, the color of the fur coat of its southern relative (brown) is adapted to the color of the soil.

A person does not have a fur coat, he has smooth skin, but it also comes in different colors and shades. What is it adapted for? Why are there people with white skin, people with black skin, and several other options in between?

Scientists say that human skin is adapted to the intensity of solar radiation, which can be considered as thermal radiation in the infrared range, as light radiation in the visible range and as ultraviolet radiation.

“For example, dark pigmentation of the skin protects people living in the equatorial belt from excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, and the elongated proportions of their body increase the ratio of body surface to its volume, thereby facilitating thermoregulation in hot conditions. In contrast to the inhabitants of low latitudes, the population of the northern regions of the planet has predominantly light skin and hair color, which allows them to receive more sunlight through the skin and meet the body's need for vitamin D." .

It’s the same with human eyes! The brightest eyes are those whose ancestors were Hyperboreans - natives of the Far North, that is, a territory deprived of sunlight.

The darkest eyes, respectively, are those whose first ancestors were Africans or were born near the equatorial zone of the planet.

"Eye color indicates geographic heredity. People with blue eyes are most often found in the northern regions, with brown eyes - in places with a temperate climate, people with black eyes live in the equator region. Most people with blue eyes live in the Baltic countries. Interesting fact: in Estonia, almost 99% of the inhabitants have blue eyes.".

What conclusion is asked from this?

If you look now at the world map and find Greece on it, it will be clear why today the white-skinned and light-eyed inhabitants of the Far North love to fly like migratory birds to the places of military and cultural glory of their ancestors!

And if we now look into the works of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, we will find that Herodotus mentions a certain northern country of Hyperborea and emphasizes that "the sages who taught the Greeks the sciences and arts were considered to have come from the country of the Hyperboreans". (Herodot. IV 13-15; Himer. Orat. XXV 5).

And where the “country of the Hyperboreans” was located can be clearly seen if we look at the map of Ptolemy, a late Hellenistic astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, mechanic, optician, music theorist and geographer. He lived and worked in Alexandria, Egypt, where he conducted astronomical observations.

Ptolemy compiled this map of the world around 140 AD.