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N.V. GOGOL POEM “DEAD SOULS” Teacher Borisova N.I.

Plot development chapter 1. Chichikov's arrival in the provincial town. Exposition. The beginning. Chapter 2 Chichikov in the Manilov estate. Chapter 3 Chichikov at Korobochka. Chapter 4 Chichikov at the inn and at Nozdryov’s house. Lyrical digressions, inserted episodes and scenes Discussion about “thin and thick”. Reasoning about two types of characters. “On the shades and subtleties of treatment.” Thought about the survivability of the Nozdryovs. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Chapter 5 Chichikov at the Sobakevich estate. Chapter 6 Chichikov at Plyushkin's. Chapter 7 Chichikov in the city. In the civil chamber. Chapter 8 The governor's ball. Climax. Chichikov is a millionaire. Catastrophe. Chichikov "about a glorious grandmother." The author "about the apt Russian word" and the "glib Russian mind." The author's memories of his youth. Reflections on a person “And how insignificant...” About two writers. About the peasants bought by Chichikov. About the power of the police officer. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Chapter 9 Troubles in the city. Chapter 10 Confusion of officials. Chapter 11 Chichikov's flight from the city. About the revolt of the peasants of the Lousy-Arrogance estate. The Tale of Captain Kopeikin. "Rus! Rus!" The road... A story about Kif Mokeevich and his son. Discussion about the virtuous hero and the scoundrel hero. Troika. Teacher Borisova N.I.

Lord's house. Estate. Village. Portrait. Farming. Interior. Dinner. Talk about selling “dead souls.”

Manilov There is nothing negative in Manilov... He did not do anything reprehensible, because he did not do anything at all. But there is nothing positive in him, any inclinations in him have completely died.

Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna The image of Korobochka contains the type of “club-headed” stubborn person, ossified and deadened in his limitations. But this “dullness” in its definiteness is better than Manilov’s emptiness - neither smart nor stupid, neither good nor evil

Nozdryov Nozdryov is a braggart, a talker, a reckless driver and a rowdy, a reveler and an arguer. Gogol brings Chichikov together with Nozdryov in a tavern on the road, and the writer’s road symbolizes the path to the future, which means there is hope for salvation for this hero.

Sobakevich Sobakevich’s thriftiness seems to be projected onto the image of the stingy Plyushkin, condensing in the latter to the extreme. Nevertheless, Sobakevich is the first in a series of Gogol’s types who correlates with the heroes of the second volume, where the heroes should appear, if not ideal, but already cleared of many passions.

Plyushkin Plyushkin's main traits are stinginess, greed, wariness and suspicion. But his passion for hoarding is a consequence of loneliness. It was he who, according to N.V. Gogol’s plan, should have appeared morally reborn.

Delicate like Manilov Capable of saving like Korobochka Chichikov correlates with all the heroes of the poem Can go on a spree and lie no worse than Nozdryov Stingy and businesslike like Sobakevich In thriftiness he will not yield to Plyushkin

Characters of the poem. “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other” N.V. Gogol. Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration. Manilov. Box. Nozdrev. Sobakevich. Plyushkin.

Teacher Borisova N.I.

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N.V. GOGOL “Dead Souls” History of creation, plot features, system of images. Chichikov and landowners.

LECTURE PLAN The basis of the plot. The meaning of the name. The conflict of the poem. Composition of the poem. The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation”. Characters of the poem. The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation.

The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation by A.S. Pushkin: “With this ability to guess a person and with a few features suddenly make him look like he’s alive, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A.S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.” This was the plot of Dead Souls.

Letter from Gogol to V.A. Zhukovsky “If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then...what a huge, what an original plot. What a diverse bunch? All Rus' will appear in it!”

V E R S I A Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; In the second part (2nd volume), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (3rd volume). Only the 1st volume was completed.

The plot is based on Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town with the aim of buying “dead souls”. His journey from one landowner to another.

The meaning of the name In direct terms, the name goes back to the plot, Chichikov acquires “dead souls” from the landowners Manilov, Nozdryov, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Plyushkin. But A. Herzen wrote about the title of the poem: “Dead Souls?” This title itself carries something terrifying in itself. And he could not name it otherwise: not the revision’s dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others - these are the dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” . Pay attention to this point of view!

The conflict of the poem “Dead Souls” The conflict of the poem lies in the contradiction of Gogol’s contemporary reality, the spiritual forces of the people and their enslavement

The composition of the poem “Dead Souls” is an image of a provincial city, within its boundaries the characterization of the owners of the estates is completed, but the central place is given to the image of the world of officials. Chapters 7-10 Chapter 11 A narrative about the life fate of the hero of the poem - Chichikov. Chapter 1 Chapters 2-6 Depiction of the life of Russian landowners. The final lines of the poem are dedicated to his beloved homeland: Gogol the patriot sings of the greatness and strength of Russia. “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure).

The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation” (wholesale purchase) was based on strong legal and economic grounds. He expected to receive “two hundred thousand in capital” from the board of trustees by mortgaging his peasants. The first stage of his activity is the acquisition of peasants. The cheapest turned out to be “dead souls” - dead peasants who had not yet been included in the revision tales (an official document according to which landowners contributed a capitation tax to the treasury for their peasants). The census was carried out every 10-15 years. Remembering the recent cholera epidemic in 1830, Chichikov rightly believed that officials would readily sell “dead souls” in order to avoid paying taxes on them. However, without the land, the deal would have been legally illegal, which is why the word “for conclusion” appears in his conversations with city officials: the settlement and development of land in the southern provinces of Russia was encouraged in every possible way, and Chichikov’s move to the Kherson province looked quite plausible.

Characters of the poem “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other” N.V. Gogol Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Manilov. Box. Nozdryov. Sobakevich. Plyushkin. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration.

MANILOV Character traits: Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects). Daydreaming. Lack of character. Sentimentality. Mismanagement.

BOX Character Traits: Club-headed. Petty fussiness. Ignorance. Hoarding (frugality to the point of stinginess)

NOZDRYOV Character Traits: Boasting. Disorder. Impudence. Fair heroism.

SOBAKEVICH Character Traits: Kulaks. Misanthropy. Obscurantism (reactionality, hostility to progress, culture, science). Coarseness. Stinginess.

PLYUSHKIN Character Traits: Insatiable greed. Stinginess. Pettiness (petty stinginess).

CHICHIKOV Character traits: Predatory tenacity. Unprincipled. Tendency to scam. Adventurism.

"Dead Souls" is Gogol's greatest work. He began writing it as a young man, almost a youth; entered with him into the time of maturity; approached the last line of life. Gogol gave everything to “dead souls” - his artistic genius, frenzy of thought, and passion of hope. “Dead Souls” is Gogol’s life, his immortality and his death.” Y. Mann “In Search of a Living Soul.”

“AND HE GAVE HIMSELF ENTIRELY TO LAUGHTER...” Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, the eternal overcoat - cross-coated, looking at our nakedness, sits in his yard. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol... Who will be able to unravel his seal like a burn on his forehead? Having started lies with himself, he thrust the second part of “Dead Souls” into the fireplace’s mouth, like a devoted dog! But the handwritten chimney raised the smoke, with a satanic round dance, the hero himself and after him - all the others. That's how it is! How can this be if the manuscript burned, but the hero remained alive? Through the distance, through the years, he is thrown into trouble by a catapult of a chimney into a modern environment. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, how long can you sit like this, at odds with yourself and with God, staring into a clear street? There stands at a crossroads near the city gates, among the heroes of our everyday life, dead souls, an ancient family. And like in a circus on an arena, its performances are not new. everything is spoiled and manipulated by the whip, khanyga Khlestakov! Fireproof, even if it cracks, in this century, as in that... Apparently, you will have to get up from your chair, Write a burned volume. P. VEGIN

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Velikiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a middle-income landowner Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky (he later abandoned the second part of the surname because of its, as he believed, Polish origin).

“With this ability to guess a person and suddenly make him look like a living person with a few features, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A.S. Pushkin A.S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.”

Gogol read the first chapters to Pushkin before leaving abroad. Work continued in the fall of 1836 in Switzerland, then in Paris and later in Italy. By this time, the author had developed an attitude towards his work as a “sacred testament of the poet” and a literary feat, which at the same time had patriotic significance, which should reveal the fate of Russia and the world. Switzerland Italy In Baden-Baden in August 1837, Gogol read an unfinished poem in the presence of a maid of honor the imperial court of A. O. Smirnova (nee Rosset) and N. M. Karamzin’s son Andrei Karamzin, in October 1838 he read part of the manuscript to A. I. Turgenev. Work on the first volume took place in Rome at the end of 1837 and beginning of 1839.N. M. KaramzinaA. I. Turgenev

The writer worked on the final finishing of the first volume in Rome from the end of September 1840 to August 1841. Returning to Russia, Gogol read chapters of the novel in the Aksakovs' house and prepared the manuscript for publication. At a meeting of the Moscow Censorship Committee on December 12, 1841, obstacles to the publication of the manuscript were revealed, submitted for consideration to the censor I. M. Snegirev, who, in all likelihood, informed the author of the complications that could arise. Fearing a censorship ban, in January 1842 Gogol, through V. G. Belinsky, sent the manuscript to St. Petersburg and asked friends A. O. Smirnova, V. F. Odoevsky, P. A. Pletnev, M. Yu. Vielgorsky to help with the passage censorship.I. M. SnegirevV. G. BelinskyV. F. OdoevskyP. A. Pletnev censorship

On March 9, 1842, the book was approved by censor A.V. Nikitenko, but with a changed title and without “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin.” Even before receiving the censored copy, the manuscript began to be typed at the printing house of Moscow University. Gogol himself undertook to design the cover of the novel, wrote in small letters “The Adventures of Chichikov, or” and in large letters, “Dead Souls.” In May 1842, the book was published under the title “The Adventures of Chichikov, or A. V. Nikitenko Dead Souls, poem by N. Gogol.” In the USSR and modern Russia, the title of Russia “The Adventures of Chichikov” is not used.

Gogol intended to make the poem three volumes, and wrote the second volume, where Positive images were displayed and an attempt was made to depict Chichikov’s moral degeneration. Gogol supposedly began work on the second volume in 1840. Work on it continued in Germany, France and mainly in Italy over the years. At the end of June or early July 1845, the writer burned the manuscript of the second volume in Germany, France, Italy.

While working on the second volume, in the writer’s mind, the meaning of the work grew beyond the boundaries of the literary texts themselves, which made the plan practically impossible to implement. On the night of February 11-12, 1852, Gogol burned the white manuscript of the second volume (the only witness was the servant Semyon) and died ten days later. Draft manuscripts of four chapters of the second volume (in incomplete form) were discovered during the opening of the writer’s papers, sealed after his death.

The autopsy was performed on April 28, 1852 by S.P. Shevyrev, Count A.P. Tolstoy and Moscow civil governor Ivan Kapnist (son of the poet and playwright V.V. Kapnist). The whitewashing of the manuscripts was carried out by Shevyrev, who also took care of its publication.S. P. ShevyrevgrafV. Kapnista

Lists of the second volume were distributed even before its publication. For the first time, the surviving chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls were published as part of the Complete Works of Gogol in the summer of 1855. One of the last chapters, now printed together with the first four chapters of the second volume, belongs to an earlier edition than the rest of the chapters.

N.V. Gogol is a satirist writer. The period of life at the time of work on “Dead Souls”. Version: N.V. Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; in the second part (volume 2), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (volume 3). Only 1 volume was completed.

Basic diagram for the poem “Dead Souls” Ch. 1. System of images “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure). Compositional elements of the poem First. Second. Third Chl Chl Ch. eleven..

Gl Gl Depiction of the life of Russian landowners Depiction of the provincial city, within its boundaries the characteristics of the owners of the estates are completed, but the central place is given to the depiction of the world of officials. Ch. 11. A narrative about the life fate of the “plot-forming” hero of the poem - Chichikov.

MANILOV. A fruitless dreamer and visionary invites you to a “sweet chat” at the “Temple of Solitary Reflection” on the shore of the lake in the Manilovka estate Character Traits Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects), daydreaming, spinelessness, sentimentality, mismanagement.

BOX. Character traits. Club-headed, petty fussiness, ignorance, hoarding (thrift to the point of stinginess) Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna The collegiate secretary, “club-headed,” superstitious and limited, is waiting for you in her village and is ready to sell you even her soul at a bargain price.

However, not everything is dead in this kingdom. The people are alive. The plot is structured as the purchase of “dead souls”, dead peasants, from living landowners. The landowners themselves are the dead owners of living souls. Even the dead peasants, a list of which Chichikov holds in his hands, are perceived as bright, full of life people: “When he then looked at the leaves, at the men who were definitely once men. They worked, plowed, drank, drove, some strange feeling took possession of him.”

"Dead Souls" is Gogol's greatest work. He began writing it as a young man, almost a youth; entered with him into the time of maturity; approached the last line of life. Gogol gave everything to “dead souls” - his artistic genius, frenzy of thought, and passion of hope. “Dead Souls” is Gogol’s life, his immortality and his death.” Y. Mann.

“My heart says that my book is needed and that it can be useful” (N.V. Gogol). In the poem "Dead Souls" the author acts as a patriot, in whom he found faith in a future where there will be no Sobakeviches and Chichikovs. The writer expressed his deep hope that Russia will rise to greatness and glory. Behind the strange world of landowner Russia, Gogol felt the living soul of the people. The poem speaks with enthusiasm and admiration about his courage and love for a free life. In this regard, the discussions put into Chichikov’s mouth about serfs and runaway peasants have a deep meaning.

Image of the Motherland N.V. Gogol portrayed it realistically. Serfdom hampered the development of Russia. The author saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of the three-bird is a symbol of the power of his Motherland. She plays a major role in world development. “Dead Souls” is an encyclopedia of the life of serfs in Russia. Belinsky wrote: “Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality.” What do these nobles bring to life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we did not have such outstanding masters of words as Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, so that we know about the life of the Russian people in the nineteenth century. Their civic feat was that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society. People looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). 1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen) people looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). 1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen) people looked at this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen).1896 people viewed this page. Register or log in and find out how many people from your school have already copied this essay. We recommend exclusive works on this topic, which are downloaded according to the principle of “one essay per school”: “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is an amazing book, a bitter reproach to modern Rus', but not hopeless” (A.I. Herzen). Image of the Motherland N.V. Gogol portrayed it realistically. Serfdom hindered the development of Russia. The author saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of the bird-troika is a symbol of the power of his homeland. It plays a major role in world development. “Dead Souls” is an encyclopedia of the life of serf Rus'.

The answer to the question “Why P.I. Chichikov visited the landowners in this order?” Manilov. Box. Nozdryov. Sobakevich. Plyushkin. Your task: Name that specific trait characteristic of every landowner, and prove that the path from Manilov to Plyushkin is a downward staircase.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Christian philosophical and moral problematics of Gogol’s works were revealed with particular force; subsequently, the perception of Gogol’s work was supplemented by a sense of the special complexity and irrationality of his artistic world and the visionary courage and unconventionality of his pictorial manner. “Gogol’s prose is at least four-dimensional. He can be compared with his contemporary mathematician Lobachevsky, who blew up the Euclidean world... (V. Nabokov). All this determined the enormous and ever-increasing role of Gogol in modern world culture. Belinsky wrote: “Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality.” What do these nobles bring to life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we did not have such outstanding masters of words as Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, so that we know about the life of the Russian people in the nineteenth century. Their civic feat was that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society.

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LECTURE PLAN The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation. The basis of the plot. The meaning of the name. The conflict of the poem. Composition of the poem. Genre originality. The purpose of Chichikov’s “negotiation”. Characters of the poem.

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The history of the concept of the poem and its implementation by A.S. Pushkin: “With this ability to guess a person and suddenly make him look like a living person with a few features, with this ability not to start a large essay. It's just a sin! A. S. Pushkin gave Gogol “his own plot, from which he wanted to make something like a poem and which, according to him, he would not give to anyone else.” This was the plot of Dead Souls.

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Letter from Gogol to V.A. Zhukovsky “If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then...what a huge, what an original plot. What a diverse bunch? All Rus' will appear in it!”

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V E R S I A Gogol oriented his work towards Homer’s epic and Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, which determined the three-part structure of the poem. The first part (volume 1) was conceived as a presentation and analytical understanding of the “hell” of Russian reality; in the second part (volume 2), Gogol intended to let his heroes pass through “purgatory” in order to depict them in “paradise” in the third (volume 3). Only the 1st volume was completed.

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The plot is based on Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town with the aim of buying “dead souls”. His journey from one landowner to another.

Slide 7

The meaning of the title In direct terms, the title goes back to the plot, Chichikov acquires “dead souls” from the landowners Manilov, Nozdryov, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Plyushkin. NoA. Herzentak wrote about the title of the poem: “Dead Souls?” This title itself carries something terrifying in itself. And he could not call it anything else: not the revision’s dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others - these are the dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” Pay attention to this point of view!

Slide 8

The conflict of the poem “Dead Souls” The conflict of the poem lies in the contradiction of Gogol’s contemporary reality, the spiritual forces of the people and their enslavement.

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The composition of the poem “Dead Souls” “Introduction” to the poem, a sketch of everything that will subsequently be developed by the author (Chichikov’s arrival in the provincial town of N, meeting with officials, preparing the ground for the adventure). The depiction of the provincial city, within its boundaries, completes the description of the owners of the estates, but the central place is given to the depiction of the world of officials. A story about the life fate of the hero of the poem, Chichikov. A depiction of the life of Russian landowners. Chapter 1 The final lines of the poem are dedicated to his beloved homeland: Gogol the patriot sings of the greatness and strength of Russia. Chapter 11 Chapters 2-6 Chapters 7-10

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Genre originality of “Dead Souls” by L.N. Tolstoy: “Dead Souls” is not a novel, not a story - something completely original.” Gogol himself defined the genre of “Dead Souls” as a poem, thereby emphasizing the equality of the epic (narrative) and lyrical principles in his work. The task of the Epic part of the Lyrical part is to show “Although from one side all of Rus'.” Show the positive ideal of the author.

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The purpose of the “negotiation” (wholesale purchase) of Chichikov’s scam had strong legal and economic grounds. He expected to receive “two hundred thousand in capital” from the board of trustees by mortgaging his peasants. The first stage of his activity is the acquisition of peasants. The cheapest ones turned out to be “dead souls” - deceased peasants who had not yet been included in the audit tales (an official document according to which landowners contributed the per capita tax of their peasants to the treasury). The census was carried out every 10-15 years. Mindful of the recent cholera epidemic in 1830, Chichikov rightly believed that officials would readily sell “dead souls” in order to avoid paying taxes on them. However, without the land, the deal would have been legally illegal, which is why the word “conclusion” appears in his conversations with city officials: the settlement and development of land in the southern provinces of Russia was encouraged in every possible way, and Chichikov’s move to the Kherson province looked quite plausible.

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Characters of the poem “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other.” N.V. Gogol. Consistency in the depiction of the degradation of landowners in the poem. Degradation! Gradual deterioration leading to degeneration. Manilov. Box. Nozdrev. Sobakevich. Plyushkin.

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MANILOV Character Traits Projectionism (passion for unrealistic projects).

Daydreaming.

Lack of character.

Sentimentality. Mismanagement.

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BOX Character traits Club-headedness. Petty fussiness. Ignorance. Hoarding (frugality of avarice).

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The cover of “Dead Souls” was made in the style of a grotesque ornament, combining in a bizarre combination details of everyday life, human heads, skulls, skeletons, which, without a doubt, corresponded to the very grotesque content of the poem and betrayed, as Gogol himself said, “turmoil, turmoil, confusion." Yu. Mann

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Historical. In serf Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, a census of peasants was regularly carried out to collect taxes from their owners. The lists compiled during the audit were called audit tales, and the peasants included in them were called audit souls. Revision tallies were compiled every few years, and the peasants who died during this time continued to be listed as alive until the new census. “Dead souls” are deceased peasants who are still on the audit lists.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Real. Behind the conventional designation of the deceased - a dead soul - are real peasants, specific people with their own bright characters, whom the landowner has the power to sell or buy. The symbolism of the title sets the contrast between the dead and the living.

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The meaning of the title of the poem. Metaphorical (figurative). A. Herzen: “...It’s not the revisionists who are dead souls, but all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others – these are dead souls, and we meet them at every step.” “Dead souls” in this case mean deadness, lack of spirituality. Physically, landowners and officials exist. But physical existence is not yet human life. Human life is unthinkable without real spiritual movements. And the “masters of life” are dead. Initially, the title “Dead Souls” was not passed by the censor, so an addition appeared - “The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Portrait “His facial features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it; in his techniques and turns there was something ingratiating favor and acquaintance. He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Interior There is mismanagement and impracticality everywhere: the house is always lacking something. The furniture was upholstered in smart fabric, but there wasn't enough for two chairs. Children's names: Themistoclus and Alcides (taken from the history of Ancient Greece). He dreams of building an underground passage across the pond.

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Manilov (Chapter II) Characteristics The “speaking” surname of the landowner is formed from the words “to lure, deceive.” Enthusiastic naivety, daydreaming, carelessness, stupidity and lack of independence are the main features of the landowner. He is not involved in farming and cannot say whether his peasants have died since the last audit. Cares about the prosperity of humanity. The results of his work are empty dreams and “slides of ash knocked out of the pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”

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Manilov (Chapter II) Reaction to Chichikov’s proposal At first he was “embarrassed and confused,” and suspected that Chichikov was crazy. He is not used to thinking and does not understand that, thanks to Chichikov, he got involved in a dark and criminal matter. When Chichikov convinced him of the legality of the deal and started talking about the price, Manilov offered to donate the “dead souls” to Chichikov, and take over the deed of purchase himself. He did just that - he handed over a list of his peasants, rolled up and tied with a pink ribbon.

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Box (Chapter III) Portrait “An elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck...” Almost identical details of clothing are repeated in the portrait, but Gogol does not pay attention to the face and eyes, as if they do not exist - this emphasizing her lack of spirituality.

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Box (Chapter III) Interior She has a “pretty village” and a “abundant household”, which she manages herself and devotes a lot of time to farming. A large number of dogs in the village indicates that the owner cares about the safety of her condition. He saves money in bags, but does not know how to manage it - it lies like a dead weight. Bunches of herbs are hung everywhere. Everything is in its place, there are even ropes that “are no longer needed.”

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Box (Chapter III) Characteristics The main feature is petty stinginess. Limited, stubborn, suspicious. The meaning of the surname: the landowner is enclosed in a “box” of her space and her concepts. Economics is her only virtue. Before us is a typical small landowner - the owner of 80 serfs.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Interior The farm is neglected, only the kennel is in excellent condition. An important detail is the barrel organ. Her playing is suddenly interrupted and a waltz or song sounds. As soon as the organ stops sounding, the pipe in it will not calm down. So the restless, violent Nozdryov is ready at any moment to do the unexpected and inexplicable without reason.

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Nozdryov (Chapter IV) Characteristics At 35 years old, Nozdryov is the same as at 18. Lack of development is a sign of inanimateness. Gogol calls him a “historical man” because “wherever he was, history could not be avoided.” He is rude, his speech is filled with curses. Gambler, reveler, frequenter of hot spots. Always ready to go “anywhere, even to the ends of the world.” But all this does not lead to enrichment, but only ruins him. He behaves brazenly, defiantly, aggressively, his energy turns into destructive and scandalous vanity. His main trait is narcissism.

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Portrait “A Healthy and Strong Man.” Looks like “a medium-sized bear”; “...it seemed that this body had no soul at all, or it had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like the immortal Koshchei, somewhere behind the mountains, and was covered with such a thick shell that everything that was tossing and turning at the bottom and did not produce any shock on the surface.”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Interior In the room “everything was solid, awkward... and had some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself”; in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied walnut bureau on ridiculous legs, a perfect bear. The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless nature.” “Every object seemed to say: “And I, too, are Sobakevich!”

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Sobakevich (Chapter V) Characteristics: A prudent owner. Everything around him is solid, everything is in abundance; in the village everything is sound and reliable, he knows the men and appreciates their work qualities. His strength, health, and sedateness are emphasized. But the soul has only gastronomic requirements. Gravitates towards old, feudal forms of farming. He despises the city and education. The author emphasizes his greed and narrow interests. His main features are rough tight-fistedness and cynicism.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Portrait It is not clear who this is - “a woman or a man.” “...an indefinite dress, similar to a woman’s hood, on the head is a cap, like that worn by village courtyard women...”; “...the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under the high ingrown eyebrows, like mice...” (this detail emphasizes not human liveliness, but the nimbleness and suspicion of the animal).

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Interior The estate is an “extinct place”; only the beautiful garden reminds of life here, which emphasizes the tragedy of desolation and extinction. The master's house looks like a "decrepit invalid", it is sad, dark, dusty, blowing cold, as if from a cellar; a mess, a lot of rubbish in the corner. An important detail is the stopped clock (time has stopped here). There is a lot of everything on the farm, but everything is lost, everything is in disrepair. The peasants are poor, “dying like flies,” and dozens are on the run.

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Plyushkin (Chapter VI) Characteristics The surname emphasizes the “flattening”, distortion of the character and his soul. Only this landowner is given a biography, it is shown how the process of degradation took place. The story about Plyushkin's past makes his image tragic. Gogol calls Plyushkin “a hole in humanity.”

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Classification of officials Gogol divides officials into lower, thin and fat, and gives a sarcastic description of each group. The “lowest” are nondescript clerks and secretaries (usually bitter drunkards). “Thin” – middle layer. “Fat” are the provincial nobility, cleverly extracting considerable income from their high position.

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Portraits of officials Ivan Antonovich Kuvshinnoe Rylo is a typical official who extorts bribes from visitors, taking advantage of his position. The governor is a good-natured guy who embroiders on tulle (there is nothing more to say about him as a leader). The prosecutor is a person who always mindlessly signs papers. At the funeral, Chichikov involuntarily comes to the idea that the only thing the deceased is remembered for is his thick black eyebrows.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Plot connection The story of the captain is told by the postmaster, wanting to convince the officials that Chichikov is none other than Captain Kopeikin. However, his story did not convince anyone. At first glance, this chapter has nothing to do with the plot of the work (there are no common characters or connections between events), but the theme of the death of the human soul is the main one here too.

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“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” (Chapter X) Who is Captain Kopeikin Captain Kopeikin is a disabled person from the war of 1812, a simple and honest man. Despite his injuries and military achievements, the war hero does not even have the pension due to him. Trying to find help in the capital, he encounters bureaucracy and indifference. The minister to whom he turned ordered the impudent petitioner to be expelled from the capital. Kopeikin had no choice but to lead a gang of robbers in the Ryazan forests.

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) Father’s order “... please your teachers and bosses. If you please your boss, then, even though you don’t have time in science and God didn’t give you talent, you will put everything into action and get ahead of everyone. Don’t hang out with your comrades, they won’t teach you any good; and if it comes to that, hang out with those who are richer, so that on occasion you can be useful. Don’t treat or treat anyone, but behave better so that you will be treated, and most of all, take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world. A comrade or friend will deceive you and in trouble he will be the first to give you away, but a penny will not give you away... You will do everything and you will ruin everything in the world with a penny.”

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Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov (Chapter XI) At the service Having started his service, he managed to stand out among the nondescript employees, “representing the complete opposite in everything, both with his handsome face, and the friendliness of his voice, and his complete non-drinking of any strong drinks.” To advance in his career, he pleased his boss, “made his daughter fall in love” with him and became a noticeable person. Having lost a “warm” place, I changed two or three places of work, and “made it to customs.” He pulled off a risky operation, in which he first got rich, and then lost almost everything.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Landowners The entire gallery of landowners are bright, individual, memorable characters. Despite all their external diversity, their essence is the same: while they own the living souls of the peasants, they themselves are dead souls. Neither the empty dreamer Manilov, nor the strong-minded housewife Korobochka, nor Sobakevich, who resembles a landowner-kulak, can be called a “living soul.” Using the example of Plyushkin’s life story, the author convinces that a person is not born with a “dead” soul - death occurs when a person submits himself to the prevailing laws in society and betrays the ideals of youth.

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“Dead” souls in Chichikov’s poem Chichikov turned out to be more greedy than Korobochka, more callous than Sobakevich, more impudent than Nozdryov in his desire for acquisition. He differs from the landowners in his entrepreneurial spirit - he is a civilized scoundrel, the master of life. The calculation made him a “dead” soul. His ideal is a penny, marriage for him is a good deal, his passions are purely material. Having quickly figured out a person, he knows how to find an approach to everyone. Gogol shows the appearance in Russian life of a man without family or title, who is trying to make capital with the help of intelligence, resourcefulness, and opportunism.

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“Dead” souls in the poem Officials They are impersonal. Their deadness is shown in the ball scene: no people are visible, satins, muslins, hats, tailcoats, uniforms, shoulders, necks, ribbons are everywhere. Their interests are focused on gossip, gossip, vanity and envy. They differ from each other only in the size of the bribe. The only sign of individuality is a wart (“their faces were full and round, some even had warts”). In the episode of the prosecutor’s death, those around him realized that he “had a real soul” only when he became “only a soulless body.”

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The “living” souls in the poem are peasants. The world of “dead” souls is opposed in the poem by the lyrical image of folk Russia. Gogol deeply feels the living soul of the people, speaks of the people's prowess, courage, and love for a free life. One cannot help but feel how dramatically even the tone of the author’s speech changes. It contains both sad reflections and a gentle joke. The theme of the people runs through all chapters of the poem. The tragic fate of a disadvantaged people is clearly visible in the images of serfs. Slavery brings complete dullness and savagery to man.

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Theme of the road The symbol of human life Gogol perceives life as a difficult path, full of trials, hardships, at the end of which bitter loneliness awaits. But the writer does not consider life aimless; he is full of consciousness of his duty to the Motherland. The image of the road is an independent cross-cutting image in the poem (the poem begins with it and ends with it).

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Theme of the road The Fate of Russia is “bird-three” “Bird-three” is a symbol of the national element of Russian life, a symbol of the great path of Russia on a global scale. The rapid flight of the “three bird” is contrasted with the monotonous circling from landowner to landowner of Chichikov’s chaise.

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