Accounting. Active Account Definition of Accounting Account

Accounting accounts are a very important concept within the discipline. And if you have to study it as a duty of study, let's figure out together what the accounts are, why they are needed and how to use them?

Account definition

Let's try to explain popularly what accounting accounts for dummies are.

Accounts are a method of cumulative interrelated reflection and grouping of property by location and composition, by sources of its formation, as well as a method of business operations on qualitatively homogeneous grounds, expressed in physical, labor and monetary meters.

This is an official and rather complicated definition. Let's put it in simpler words: these are tables of 2 columns: left (debit) and right (credit). Such a table allows you to see all the operations of the enterprise that occurred during the month.

On the left are the receipts to the account of the enterprise, on the right are the disposals. The figures displayed in the table are equated to monetary terms.

Inside the enterprise, many different business operations are carried out every day: the receipt of funds and their disposal, payment of salaries, payment of taxes, and much more. All these operations are usually grouped according to common features. Each group belongs to a specific account.

For example, any accounting operations for material assets belong to account 10 (materials). Any cash transactions are assigned to account 50 (cashier), etc.

On a note!

In total, 99 accounts are allocated in accounting, each of which can be found in the Chart of Accounts document.

Chart of accounts: teach or hang yourself?

Students think it's easier to settle accounts with life than with a chart of accounts. In fact, this is a very useful document.

In addition, it does not need to be memorized at all, no matter what your teacher tells you. The fact is that any business uses only a few of the accounts most commonly used in its activities, so you won’t even need many accounts.

Reinforcing knowledge with examples

Let's take an example of how an enterprise keeps records of its household. activities through accounts.

At the beginning of each month, the company conducts a new accounting. account, opening a new plate. At the very beginning of each table, the balance (balance) from the previous month is transferred. If the balance was a debit, it must be entered in the debit column, if it was a credit, then in the credit column.

Then, throughout the month, the table reflects all ongoing business transactions.

As an example, let's take an organization that maintains account 51 Settlement account.

At the end of last month, the amount of 1,000 rubles (final balance) remained on the organization's account. This 1000 rubles must be entered at the beginning of the table, account 51.

Over time, the company carried out various monetary transactions, counting and subtracting money from the account, and all of them are reflected in the table.

By the end of the month, you should calculate the cash turnover during the month - that is, simply add the values ​​​​of each column. And then we calculate the final balance - we add to it all the numbers of the debit column and subtract the total value of the credit column from the resulting amount.

If the received figure is positive (with a + sign), it is considered debit and is recorded in the debit column for the next month. If the ending balance is negative, it should be recorded in the table in the column with a loan.

The balance was calculated, the account was closed, and at the beginning of the next month a new one was opened and we are acting according to the usual scheme.

And here you can watch a video on the topic of accounts in accounting for dummies:

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Appropriate registers are used to group homogeneous enterprise funds and their sources.

They are called accounts, the movement of each type of tangible assets, settlements, capitals is presented in them for a certain time period.

Accounting accounts serve to summarize information about a particular type of asset (source) for a certain period of time, on their basis all existing accounting registers are filled in (balance sheet or memorial, chess sheet, balance sheet with applications).

Business transactions are recorded on the corresponding account on the basis of the primary document.

Their processing consists in the formation of the total (balance) or closing the register.

After that, information from the accounts is transferred to subject to its basic rule - the correspondence of the values ​​of the active part and liabilities.

Chart of Accounts

Grouping, combining all objects of the accounting and tax type of accounting according to their characteristics is used at each enterprise.

This classification is approved by law and is mandatory for all tax residents in the Russian Federation.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 94n approved and created instructions for their use.

In total, the list of accounts contains 99 synthetic accounting positions; analytical transcripts can be opened for them, which give a more accurate picture of the work and functioning of the organization.

60 positions are used, the remaining 39 are a reserve that can be used when changing or optimizing accounting legislation.

3. Collective-distributive, open for the formation of costs that are not related to the main production process, but included in the cost by distribution in proportion to any sign (accounts,, 25,).

4. Cost or costing, designed to form the cost of finished products (account).

Active accounting accounts

We list the main active accounts:

Structure of active accounts

Active accounting accounts have a balance (balance) at the beginning of the period or its end only in debit.

The credit of the active account reflects operations related to the consumption of material (current) reserves of the enterprise, cash or a decrease in the value of non-current assets.

According to the debit of the active account, they increase.

The balance of active accounts can only be debit.

It is calculated by the formula:

Balance at the end of the period = Balance at the beginning + Debit turnover - Credit turnover.

The balance is reflected in the balance sheet, in its active part, and indicates the actual availability of a material resource in monetary terms.

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Active account: details for an accountant

• Fundamentals of classification of accounting accounts

  And active-passive accounts. The main active accounts are used for accounting and control ... this counter active account (contractual) is used to clarify the balance of the main active account, reduces it ... by the amount of its balance. Additional active accounts increase by the amount of their balance ... the balance of the main active account, additional passive accounts increase accordingly ...

THE CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS

Control over business transactions is carried out with the help of a system of accounting accounts. An accounting account is a way of grouping and reflecting the state and movement of an enterprise's funds. Accounts are opened for each homogeneous type of property in accordance with the classification of accounting objects - accounts "Cashier", "Authorized capital", etc.

Accounts are used for separate accounting of the economic assets of the enterprise and their sources and business processes, which are grouped according to a certain attribute. Each balance sheet item corresponds to an account with a name and a digital cipher - the account number (in the records, instead of the account name, its cipher is indicated, which speeds up accounting).

The account has the form of a two-sided table showing the status of funds of a certain type and the business operations performed with it. The left side of the account is called debit- translated from Latin it means "he must", the right one is called credit- translated from Latin, it means "he believes."

In connection with the division of the balance sheet into assets and liabilities, active and passive accounts are distinguished. Active accounts take into account the property of the enterprise, passive accounts take into account liabilities, they are designed to account for the sources of formation of economic assets.

Information is entered into the account as follows. Recording begins with an indication of the initial balance. At the beginning of the reporting period (month) or as needed, an account is opened - it is recorded from the balance sheet balance(balance at the beginning of period). The balance is recorded on the side of the account on which the corresponding article appears in the bilateral form of the balance sheet. In active accounts, i.e., those in the asset balance, the balance is debit, and in passive - credit.

After the account is opened, business transactions are recorded in it, which are carried out with the group of funds corresponding to this account. Business transactions are recorded throughout the reporting period, and at the end of its accounts are closed.

What means " close an account"? This means to calculate separately the debit turnover and the credit turnover on the account, and then display a new balance, which is called the final balance. In this case, the ending balance for this period becomes the initial balance for the next.

However, the presence of a balance is not typical for all accounts.

The purpose of the sides of the accounts (debit and credit) depends on whether the account is active or passive.

The difference is in which side of the account the balance is entered. Transactions that increase the account are written on the same side as the opening balance, and transactions that cause the account to decrease are written on the opposite side. ending balance- this is the result of adding the opening balance and the sum of all transactions that caused an increase in the account, minus the sum of transactions that resulted in a decrease in funds.

The amount of business transactions recorded in the debit is called the debit turnover (debit turnover). Credit turnover (credit turnover) is the sum of transactions recorded in the credit of the account.

In addition to these accounts, there are accounts that simultaneously reflect the property of the enterprise and the sources of its formation. These are the so-called active-passive accounts.

There are two types of active-passive accounts: with a one-sided balance (debit or credit) and with a two-sided balance - debit and credit at the same time. An example of an account with a one-sided balance is the Profit and Loss account.

If income exceeded expenses, then the difference between them gives a profit, so the account balance will be a credit (profit is a source of property formation and is reflected in the balance sheet liability). If income is less than expenses, then the difference between them is a loss, the account balance will be debit.

An example of an active-passive account with a bilateral detailed balance is the account "Settlements with different debtors and creditors". The debit balance of this account is accounts receivable, and the credit balance is accounts payable. Settlements with debtors and creditors are combined on one account so as not to open different accounts for organizations and institutions that can be either debtors or creditors.

In this account, debit entries can mean either an increase in accounts receivable or a decrease in accounts payable.

ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS

There are several types of account classification. Usually classified in relation to balance, economic content or structure. In turn, in relation to the balance sheet, the accounts are divided into: active (are in the asset of the balance), passive (are in the liability of the balance) and active-passive (they can be in the asset and in the liability of the balance).

According to the economic content of the accounts, they are intended for accounting:

– business processes;

- business funds;

- sources of formation of economic assets.

According to the structure of the account are divided into:

- basic;

- regulating;

- operating rooms;

- results;

- off-balance sheet.

The main accounts are:

- inventory accounts (active accounts that account for the company's funds, such as "Fixed assets", "Inventory");

- cash accounts (to account for the company's cash on hand, on settlement, currency and other accounts);

- stock accounts (passive accounts for accounting for enterprise funds such as "Authorized Capital", "Reserve Fund");

– Settlement accounts for accounting for a variety of settlements of the enterprise. Accounts that record settlements with buyers of products and other debtors (debtors) are active. Accounts intended for accounting of settlements with creditors are passive.

Regulatory accounts complement the information of the accounts of other groups. This:

- contract accounts. These are passive accounts that are opened in addition to active ones to regulate data on the amount of economic assets. For example, on active account 01 "Fixed assets", fixed assets are accounted for at their original cost - the cost of acquisition. In the course of operation, fixed assets wear out, their real value (residual value) at any given moment will be less than the initial one by the amount of depreciation. Depreciation is reflected in accounting using contractual account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. Contract account 02 shows the amount by which the amount indicated on account 01 must be reduced in order to obtain a residual value. In the balance sheet total, fixed assets are included at their residual value, and the initial cost and depreciation are indicated for information;

- counter-passive accounts. These are active accounts, they are opened in addition to passive ones to regulate data on the size of sources of economic funds. (A contra-passive account is opened for the passive account, showing how much of the profit is spent, and allowing you to calculate the balance that the company has);

- additional accounts.

They serve to account for additional costs.

Operating accounts include:

- billing accounts. They are designed to account for the cost of production, performance of work, provision of services. These are active accounts, as they reflect the business process;

- collection and distribution accounts. They serve to account for indirect costs, i.e., costs that cannot be attributed to a specific type of product. The peculiarity of these accounts is that they do not have a balance (non-balance accounts). At the end of the month, these accounts are closed, and all the costs recorded on them are written off to the calculation accounts in proportion to the volume of output of each type of product. These accounts can be considered active as they reflect the production process.

Resulting accounts are designed to record the results of the enterprise. Allocate accounts:

- financial and performance, showing the results of economic activity in general (active-passive account "Profit and Loss");

- operational and resultant, reflecting the results of individual operations of the enterprise (sales of products, works and services, sales of fixed assets and other assets). These accounts are non-balance active-passive accounts; at the end of the month, the results of the sale can be positive or negative, and are written off to the Profit and Loss account.

Off-balance accounts serve to summarize information about the presence and movement of values ​​that do not belong to the enterprise, but are temporarily in its use.

DOUBLE ENTRY ON ACCOUNT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Each business transaction causes equal changes in two balance sheet items and the equality of the results of the asset and liability of the balance sheet is not violated. When reflecting transactions on accounts associated with the balance sheet and opened on the basis of its items, each business transaction will also cause double equal changes. This allows you to reflect business transactions in the accounts in a double entry way. What does it mean?

In accounting, each business transaction is recorded twice in the accounts - in the debit of one and in the credit of another account. This method of recording business transactions is called the double entry method.

Before recording the operation, determine corresponding accounts. Corresponding accounts are accounts that are interconnected in the course of a given business transaction. The relationship between accounts resulting from the recording of a business transaction is called correspondence.

The text that indicates the name of the debit and credit accounts for the amount of the business transaction is called accounting item. Accounting articles are called accounting entries, accounting records or counting formulas. To make an accounting entry means to indicate on which side of which accounts the amount of the transaction should be recorded.

Accounting entries are simple (the debit of one account corresponds to the credit of one account) and complex (the debit of one account corresponds to the credit of several accounts or the debit of several accounts corresponds to the credit of one account).

SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTICAL ACCOUNTING

Accounting entries are made on a document that draws up a business transaction, in a statement or journal where the operation is recorded, or on special forms - memorial warrants.

Memorial Order- This is a document containing an instruction to record a business transaction in the relevant accounting accounts. To simplify the entries, each account is assigned a specific number (cipher) and, when compiling accounting entries, indicate not the name of the account, but its number.

In accounting, business transactions are recorded in two ways.

The journals of business transactions are kept chronological record business transactions in the sequence of their execution and documentation, regardless of the content. Systematic record is to register business transactions in accordance with their content in the accounts of accounting. This registration is carried out by double entry. The sum of the debit turnovers of all accounts for the reporting period should be equal to the sum of the credit turnovers of all accounts and at the same time the total amount of the business transactions journal. This double registration of business transactions allows you to control the correctness of the record.

Data on economic activity must be grouped.

For a generalized grouping, use synthetic accounts. Such an account combines data on funds or their sources with one common feature, while on other features they may differ significantly. Thus, the synthetic account "Materials" takes into account funds that are united by the fact that they are objects of labor intended for use in production or for economic needs. In this case, it does not matter that these funds may differ significantly in their nature and role in production, that they are measured using different natural meters. A prerequisite is that accounting on synthetic accounts is kept only in monetary terms. Synthetic accounting data is used in the preparation of reports, including the balance sheet.

The form of synthetic accounts does not depend on the nature of the information, therefore, all synthetic accounts are the same in form.

To check the correctness of entries on synthetic accounts, a set of turnovers and balances is compiled, which is called working balance.

For the operational management of the enterprise, control over the safety of property, accounting for production costs, settlements with the budget, organizations and employees of the enterprise, generalized accounting is not enough. This requires more detailed information. For this purpose, in addition to synthetic accounts, analytical accounts for each element of the synthetic account separately. For example, to the synthetic account "Settlements with suppliers", analytical accounts are opened for each supplier of the enterprise, etc. for all accounts.

Accounting carried out on analytical accounts is called analytical. It is kept in quantitative and value terms, and to verify the correctness of the records on analytical accounts, they make up a set of turnovers and balances, called turnover sheet.

In the turnover sheet for synthetic accounts, there should be three equalities in total: equality of balances at the beginning of the reporting period for debit and credit; equality of turnover on debit and credit; equality of balances at the end of the reporting period for debit and credit.

The first equality is due to the fact that the total of synthetic accounts for debit shows the sum of all the funds of the enterprise at the beginning of the reporting period, and the total for credit shows the sum of the sources of these funds. In other words, they reflect the balance of the enterprise at the beginning of the reporting period.

The second equality is due to the use of the method of double entry of operations on accounts (each operation is recorded in the same amount for the debit and credit of different accounts).

The third equality is explained as the first one, only the debit and credit balances show the balance not at the beginning, but at the end of the reporting period.

The third equality is due to the first two: if the opening debit and credit balances of all accounts are equal, the total turnover on these accounts is equal, then the closing debit and credit balances of all accounts are equal.

The equality of the results of all three pairs of columns of the turnover sheet for synthetic accounts is of great control value, indicating the correctness of the entries on the accounts.

But it must be borne in mind that not all errors made in accounting will be revealed when compiling a turnover sheet for synthetic accounts. Equality will not be violated when recording the same transaction on accounts several times, when transactions are skipped, when transactions are recorded in an incorrect, but equal amount for debit and credit. To identify errors of this kind, the total turnover of the turnover sheet for synthetic accounts is compared with the total of the chronological record (registration journal).

The turnover sheet for synthetic accounts includes information on account balances at the end of the reporting period, which allows it to be used to compile a new balance sheet, since the main part of the balance sheet items corresponds to the names of synthetic accounts. The turnover sheet for synthetic accounts is used to obtain generalized information about the status and changes in the property and obligations of the organization.

The forms of turnover sheets depend on the subject that they take into account, they are compiled in various forms. If analytical accounting is kept only in monetary terms, then the turnover sheet for analytical accounts is compiled in the form of a turnover sheet for synthetic accounts. If analytical accounting is also conducted in physical terms, then in the form of a turnover sheet for analytical accounts, columns are provided with knowledge not only of cost, but also in physical terms.

Turnover statements for analytical and synthetic accounts are compiled mainly to verify the correctness of entries in analytical accounts. The results of the turnover sheet for analytical accounts are compared with the results of the corresponding synthetic account. They must be equal. Turnover statements for analytical accounts are also used to monitor the status and movement of certain types of property.

CHART OF ACCOUNTS

For the correct organization of accounting, the use of the Chart of Accounts for accounting for the financial and economic activities of an enterprise and instructions that establish uniform approaches to reflecting the economic activities of an enterprise is of decisive importance. A chart of accounts is a systematized list of synthetic accounting accounts. The chart of accounts is unified and mandatory for use in organizations of all sectors of the economy and types of activities (except for banks and budgetary institutions), regardless of subordination, form of ownership, organizational and legal form.

To account for specific transactions, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance (or other relevant body), organizations can enter additional synthetic accounts into the Chart of Accounts using free codes for this.

Sub-accounts reflected in the Chart of Accounts are used based on the requirements of analysis, control and reporting. Enterprises themselves can clarify the content of some of them, exclude or combine, introduce additional ones.

The chart of accounts is a scheme for registering and grouping the facts of economic activity in accounting.

The Chart of Accounts contains the following sections:

1. Fixed assets and other long-term investments.

2. Industrial stocks.

3. Production costs.

4. Finished products, goods and sales.

5. Cash.

6. Calculations.

7. Financial results and use of profits.

8. Funds and reserves.

9. Loans and financing.

Each section contains the names of synthetic accounts (accounts of the first order), their numbers, numbers and names of subaccounts into which the first order account can be divided. In this case, the number of the subaccount is formed from the number of the synthetic account to which it is opened, and the number of this subaccount. So, the synthetic account "Materials" is assigned the number 10. It has 8 sub-accounts. According to the Chart of Accounts, the sub-account "Spare Parts" is indicated at number 5. Accordingly, this sub-account will have the number 10-5.

The instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts regulate the positions related to the main methodological principles of accounting. Let's list them:

– continuous documentation;

- inventory;

- summarizing information on accounts;

– double entry;

- balance sheet and reporting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOUNTS

The accounts of section 1 “Fixed assets and other long-term investments” are intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of labor means belonging to the enterprise, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are related to fixed assets, intangible assets, investments of the enterprise in other assets of a long-term nature.

Account 01 "Fixed assets"

Account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets"

Account 03 "Profitable investments in material assets"

Account 04 "Intangible assets"

Account 05 "Amortization of intangible assets"

Account 06 "Long-term financial investments"

Account 07 "Equipment for installation"

Account 08 "Capital investments"

Account 01 "Fixed assets" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of fixed assets owned by the enterprise, in operation, on conservation or leased (except for long-term leases). Account 01 also takes into account: capital investments of an inventory nature in land plots, forest and water lands, subsoil provided to the enterprise for use. The land plots themselves, forest and water lands, mineral deposits provided to the enterprise for use are not reflected in the system accounting (land plots, forest and water lands, mineral deposits transferred in accordance with the current legislation to the enterprise in the ownership, are accounted for on account 01 “Main funds" separately); costs of completed capital works in leased fixed assets.

Account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” is intended to summarize information on the depreciation of fixed assets owned by the enterprise and leased by it for a long time.

To account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" sub-accounts can be opened:

02-1 “Depreciation of own fixed assets” - the movement of depreciation of fixed assets owned by the enterprise is taken into account.

02-2 “Depreciation of leased property” - the movement of depreciation of leased fixed assets is taken into account.

Account 03 "Profitable investments in material assets" is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of the enterprise's investments in material assets provided under a lease (property lease) agreement for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use in order to generate income.

Account 04 "Intangible assets" is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of intangible assets owned by the enterprise.

Account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" is intended to summarize information on the accumulated depreciation charges for objects of intangible assets owned by the enterprise and for which the cost is being repaid.

Account 06 "Long-term financial investments" is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of long-term investments (investments) in securities of other enterprises, interest-bearing bonds of state and local loans, authorized funds of other enterprises established in the country, capital of enterprises abroad, etc. etc., as well as loans provided by the enterprise to other enterprises.

To account 06 "Long-term financial investments" sub-accounts can be opened:

06-1 "Shares and shares",

06-2 "Bonds",

06-3 "Granted loans", etc.

Account 07 "Equipment for installation" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of technological, power and production equipment (including equipment for workshops, pilot plants and laboratories) that requires installation and is intended for installation in capital investment projects under construction (reconstruction). This account is used by developers.

To account 07 "Equipment for installation" sub-accounts can be opened:

07-1 "Domestic equipment for installation"

07-2 "Imported equipment for installation".

Account 08 "Capital investments" is intended to summarize information about the developer's investments in fixed assets, the enterprise's investments in land plots and nature management facilities, intangible assets, as well as the expenses of the enterprise for the formation of the main herd of productive and working livestock (except for poultry, fur animals, rabbits, bees, sled and guard dogs, experimental animals, which are current assets regardless of cost).

To account 08 "Capital investments" sub-accounts can be opened:

08-1 "Acquisition of land plots",

08-2 "Acquisition of objects of nature management",

08-3 "Construction of fixed assets",

08-4 "Acquisition of individual fixed assets",

08-5 "Costs that do not increase the value of fixed assets",

08-6 "Acquisition of intangible assets",

08-7 "Transfer of young animals to the main herd",

08-8 "Acquisition of adult animals",

08-9 "Delivery of animals received free of charge", etc.

Account 09 "Lease obligations receivable"

The accounts of section II “Inventory” are intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of objects of labor owned by the enterprise (including those in transit and processing) intended for processing, processing or use in production, or for household needs, means of labor, which in in accordance with the established procedure, they are included in the composition of funds in circulation as low-value and wearing items, as well as operations related to their procurement (acquisition) and revaluation.

Account 10 "Materials"

Account 11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening"

Account 12 "Low-value and wearing items"

Account 13 "Wear of low-value and wearing items"

Account 14 "Revaluation of material assets"

Account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials"

Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials"

Account 19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values"

Account 10 "Materials" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, containers, etc. belonging to the enterprise.

To account 10 "Materials" sub-accounts can be opened:

10-1 "Raw materials and materials",

10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts",

10-3 "Fuel",

10-4 "Containers and packaging materials",

10-5 "Spare parts",

10-6 "Other materials",

10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the side",

10-8 "Building materials", etc.

Account 11 "Animals for rearing and fattening" is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of young animals belonging to the enterprise; adult animals that are fattening and fattening; birds; animals; rabbits; families of bees; adult cattle culled from the main herd for sale (without putting on fattening); livestock accepted from the population for sale.

Account 12 "Low-value and wearing items" is intended to summarize information on the presence and movement of low-value and wearing items belonging to the enterprise, household equipment, tools and devices for general and special purposes and other means of labor, which, in accordance with the established procedure, are included in the funds in circulation . It also takes into account the temporary (not title) structures, fixtures and devices operated by the enterprise. Ready-made uniforms intended for issuance to employees of the enterprise are subject to accounting on account 12 “Low-value and wearing items”; materials for tailoring the specified clothes are taken into account on account 10 "Materials".

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 12 “Low-value and wearing items”:

12-1 "Low-value and wearing items in stock",

12-2 "Low-value and wearing items in operation",

12-3 "Temporary (non-title) structures" and others.

Account 13 "Depreciation of low-value and wearing out items" is intended to summarize information on the wear and tear of low-value and wearing out items and other property accounted for on account 12 "Low-value and wearing out items", as well as rental items recorded on account 03 "Profitable investments in material values".

Account 14 "Revaluation of material assets" is intended to summarize information on the results of the revaluation of assets related to assets in circulation (including work in progress, finished products, goods, etc.), as well as data on deviations in the value of these assets at current market prices from the value, determined on the accounts of accounting.

Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of materials" is intended to summarize information on the procurement and acquisition of material assets related to assets in circulation (including low-value and wearing items, etc.).

Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" is intended to summarize information on differences in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices. This account is used by enterprises that record materials on account 10 "Materials" and low-value and wearing items on account 12 "Low-value and wearing items" at discount prices.

Account 19 "Value added tax on acquired valuables" is intended to summarize information on the amounts of value added tax paid (to be paid) by the enterprise on acquired valuables.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 19 “Value added tax on acquired valuables”:

19-1 "Value added tax when making capital investments",

19-2 "Value added tax on acquired intangible assets",

19-3 "Value added tax on acquired material resources",

19-4 "Value added tax on acquired low-value and wearing items", etc.

The accounts of section III "Costs of production" are intended to summarize information on the costs associated with the implementation of the statutory activities of the enterprise, as well as with social services for employees of the enterprise. The grouping of costs by place of origin and other features, as well as cost accounting can be carried out in a separate system of accounts, the composition and methodology of which are established by the enterprise based on the characteristics of production activities, structure, management organization.

Account 20 "Main production"

Account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production"

Account 23 "Auxiliary production"

Account 25 "General production costs"

Account 26 "General business expenses"

Account 28 "Marriage in production"

Account 29 "Service industries and farms"

Account 30 "Non-capital work"

Account 31 "Deferred expenses"

Account 36 "Completed stages of work in progress"

Account 37 "Output of products (works, services)"

Account 20 "Main production" is intended to summarize information on the costs of the main production.

Account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of semi-finished products of own production at enterprises that keep separate records of them.

Account 23 "Auxiliary production" is intended to summarize information on the costs of production, which are auxiliary (auxiliary) for the main production or the main activity of the enterprise. In particular, this account is used to account for the costs of industries that provide: maintenance of various types of energy (electricity, steam, gas, air, etc.); transport service; repair of fixed assets; production of tools, stamps, spare parts; building parts, structures or enrichment of building materials (mainly in construction companies); mining of stone, gravel, sand and other non-metallic materials; logging, sawmilling; salting, drying and conservation of agricultural products (mainly in trade enterprises), etc.

Account 25 "General production costs" is intended to summarize information on the costs of servicing the main and auxiliary production of the enterprise. In particular, the following expenses may be reflected on this account: for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment; depreciation deductions for full restoration and repair costs for fixed assets for production purposes; expenses for insurance of industrial property; expenses for heating, lighting and maintenance of industrial premises; rent for production premises, machinery and equipment, other leased facilities used in production; wages of production personnel engaged in maintenance of production; other similar expenses.