The use of modern technologies in arts and crafts. Types of creativity

Arts and crafts(from Latin deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of decorative and applied creativity can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several characteristics: they have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; used for home and interior decoration. Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In academic literature, from the second half of the 19th century, it became established classification of branches of decorative and applied arts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), by technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings made from different types of wood), etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive and technological principle in the decorative and applied arts and its direct connection with production.

Types of arts and crafts

TAPESTRY -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of decorative and applied art, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, hand-woven by cross-weaving threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a painting and specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced using multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

BATIK - hand painting on fabric using reserve compounds.

On fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixative is used, called reserve (reserve composition, paraffin-based, gasoline-based, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.

HEEL -(stuffing) - a type of decorative and applied art; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color designs on fabric manually using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.

Forms for heeling are made from carved wood (manners) or typesetting (typesetting copper plates with nails), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When printing, a paint-coated form is placed on the fabric and hit with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “printing”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of colors.

Printmaking is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many nations: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.

Printing is low-productivity and has almost completely been replaced by printing designs on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece products (curtains, tablecloths). The characteristic patterns of folk printing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.

BEADING - type of decorative and applied arts, handicrafts; creating jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, wire weaving with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and creative arts (mosaics, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative capabilities, and beadwork will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that beading technology is original in nature.

EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread handicraft art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest materials - cambric, muslin, gauze, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.

KNITTING - the process of making fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crochet hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to a type of weaving.

Crochet

Knitting

MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic. - braid, fringe, lace or Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - knot weaving technique.

LACE MAKING - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, wool and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven with bobbins, crocheted, tambour and machine.

CARPET WEAVING – the production of artistic textiles, usually with multi-colored patterns, serving primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. The artistic features of a carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio border and central field of the carpet, ornamental set and composition of the pattern, color scheme.

QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English. quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

The finished spirals are given different shapes and thus quilling elements, also called modules, are obtained. They are already the “building” material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, costume jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.

This technique does not require significant material costs to begin its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since to achieve a decent result you need to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of rolling high-quality modules.

SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - scrapping, book - book, literally "book of scrapbooks") - a type of handicraft art that consists of making and decorating family or personal photo albums.

This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a unique way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of ​​scrapbooking is to preserve photographs and other mementos of events for a long time for future generations.

CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling.

In the narrow sense, the word ceramics means clay that has been fired.

The earliest ceramics were used as dishes made from clay or mixtures of it with other materials. Currently, ceramics is used as a material in industry (mechanical engineering, instrument making, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other areas.

MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicatedto the muses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

JEWELRY ART - is a term that denotes the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the entire set of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended primarily for the personal decoration of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or item to be unambiguously classified as jewelry, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.

In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions specializing in “jewelry,” a slang version of the word “jewelry” is often used.

Although it is believed that the concept of “jewelry” includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of “costume jewelry” includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we see, at present the difference between jewelry and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred , and the assessment of whether a given product is classified as jewelry or costume jewelry is each time made by experts individually in each specific case.

LACQUER MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, boxes, powder compacts, etc. is a type of decorative, applied and folk art. Such painting is called varnish because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to the colors and at the same time soften and unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.

The homeland of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. The sap of the lacquer tree was used to cover cups, boxes, and vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.

This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, and the countries of Central Asia, where in the 15th-17th centuries. Lacquer miniatures made with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects were popular. European masters significantly simplified the technology and began to use oil paints and varnishes.

In Russia, artistic varnishes have been known since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small factory of papier-mâché lacquerware in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskino). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique techniques for Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.

 Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, caskets, little capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie pins, pincushions, etc. are painted.

 Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, which developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.

 Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. Usually boxes, little boxes, pincushions, etc. are painted.

Moscow State Humanitarian University named after M.A. Sholokhov

Keywords

People creation, DPI, the region are of decorative and applied skill, highly technological machine processes, production material, bubbly aluminum film, titanium foam, grafenovyy aerogel, molecular super-Clay

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Abstract to the article

The article discusses the importance of decorative and applied arts in the modern World. The main problems of the existence of folk art are noted. New trends in the development of decorative creativity are described. Innovative materials are presented that can be used in the manufacture of DPI items.

Text of a scientific article

Throughout the existence of human society, the main area of ​​artistic creativity has been decorative and applied arts. Initially, it existed as folk art, and did not go beyond the scope of craft, but over time it took shape into an independent art form. This process was closely related to the class stratification of society, because art objects were created exclusively for the nobility in order to emphasize their status and high position in society. And in our time, authentic objects of decorative and applied art are available only to the elite, while the rest have to be content with mass-produced goods. The urban culture of modern Russia in the 1990-2000s formed and placed on a par with the generally recognized established areas of decorative art of the twentieth century, such types of art as fabric painting, printed material, tapestry, artistic ceramics, glass, jewelry, artistic enamel, lacquer miniature painting and artistic painting on wood and metal. Thus, the areas of creativity that previously lay on the periphery of “high” decorative art stand on a par with traditional crafts and needlework, and on top of everything else, they have many years of experience in non-professional amateur art and artistic craft, both in our country and abroad. Patchwork, or patchwork sewing, beading, artistic embroidery (including gold and embroidery), loop (carpet) embroidery, non-woven tapestry made using stitching and needle punching techniques, icon painting, painting of Easter eggs and matryoshka dolls, and artistic dolls have gained wide popularity. However, at the same time, the leading directions of decorative art underwent a serious evolution, and their creative spectrum expanded both due to the participation in the artistic processes of a significant number of non-professional performers, and due to the reorientation of professionals from exhibition and museum-exclusive samples to salon products, items for private interiors and art design. This phenomenon has both positive and negative sides. There is no doubt that for the development of DPI, it is necessary to move forward - the search for new ideas, plans, technologies and means of transmitting the created images. However, in the pursuit of innovation, it is very important not to lose touch with the past, with the traditions of artistic craft that have developed over centuries. And this is a very difficult task, because... In connection with the change in the World, priorities also change, which, unfortunately, are not always focused on high art and quality of applied arts products. Artists attracted by commercial gain often forget about the value of the artistic heritage of the past. However, in the 2010s, with the spread of digital technologies and the emergence of new colorful and plastic materials, including polymer ones, the fields of decorative art began to closely interact with each other and merge with sculpture and graphics. Authors began to use photographic images as artistic elements and relied on high-tech machine processes when creating decorative items. In particular, over the past few years, humanity has invented a number of different technologies and devices. However, the most important component that calls into question the very implementation of inventions in practice is the production material from which various things are made and without which it is impossible to bring certain ideas to life. Recently, materials have been invented that are poised to change the future, as their potential uses and applications are virtually limitless. Aluminum Bubble Wrap A material invented by a team of engineers at the University of North Carolina could be very useful in the production of protective equipment, product packaging and decorative products. To make it, scientists take a sheet of aluminum, roll a spiked roller over it to create uniform depressions, fill these depressions with a foaming agent like calcium carbonate or titanium hydrate, place a second sheet of the same sheet on top, roll it, and place it in an oven. Under the influence of high temperature, foaming begins and, as a result, air layers form in place of these same “bubbles”. Further production tests confirmed that this metal weighs 30 percent less than conventional sheets, while at the same time it is almost 50 percent stronger and absorbs external energy much better. In addition, the cost of producing such material is not so high compared to conventional ones. At the same time, the scope of its application is almost innumerable: from the production of shipping containers, packaging for fragile items, to the production of bicycle helmets and the creation of works of decorative art. Titanium foam By combining polyurethane foam sponge, titanium powder and special binding components, scientists have the opportunity to create a material from metal that is shaped like a sponge (or foam). During its production, the main frame made of polyurethane foam evaporates and as a result, a kind of “foam” structure is obtained from titanium, which can subsequently be endowed with the necessary properties and shapes when exposed to additional temperature. The final properties will depend on the level of porosity of such a sponge. But the most basic ones - its strength and incredible lightness - will remain. Graphene airgel Just a couple of months ago, this material won the title of the lightest material in the world. Prior to this, the palm in this property belonged to aerographite, whose density is 0.18 mg/cm3. In turn, the density of the newly developed graphene airgel is only 0.16 mg/cm3, which is lower than that of helium and only two times lower than that of hydrogen. Graphene airgel can literally “float” in the air. Artificial spider silk Silk is a surprisingly durable natural material, but it is not as easy to obtain as it seems. So Japanese startup company Spiber decided to develop a way to produce a synthetic version of this material. The company was able to identify the gene for fibroin, a key component that allows spiders to produce webs. Having identified this gene, the company bioengineered a bacterium that can produce silk incredibly quickly. Moreover, this approach opened up the opportunity for Spiber to create new types of silk in a very short period of time, literally within 10 days from the start of development to its introduction into production. At the same time, the bacterium is not very picky about food; it feeds on sugar, salt and other microelements. Afterwards, it produces a special protein, which the company’s engineers grind into powder, and then from it they create a material from which not only threads can be made, but also given any desired shape. One gram of fibroin is enough to produce 9 km of silk thread. By 2015, Spiber plans to create 10 metric tons of this miracle material. Molecular superglue A group of researchers from Oxford University, inspired by the ability of the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium to cling to other cells, created a new molecular superglue based on this principle. To produce it, scientists took one type of protein from bacteria, the one responsible for adhesion to human cells, and based on it they came up with an adhesive that creates a connection at the atomic level upon contact with neighboring cells. The bond is so strong that during laboratory tests, the equipment on which the tests were carried out broke faster than the glue could withstand. Now scientists need to find a way to combine proteins with other selected molecular structures, which will create ultra-strong types of selective adhesives that will not stick fingers together. All these innovations are quite applicable in the manufacture of decorative and applied arts products. The main thing is not to forget about the history of folk crafts that has evolved over centuries and preserve it in new, innovative incarnations.

Gushan Elena Vasilievna
Job title: DPI teacher
Educational institution: MBU DO "Khanymey Children's Art School" Khanymey village
Locality: Khanymei village, Purovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Name of material: Article
Subject: Modern educational technologies in arts and crafts
Publication date: 12.11.2016
Chapter: additional education

MODERN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS
Project technologies
help students in their creative work to better reveal their talents and abilities, because such work takes them into the world of reality and possibility. Often, the teacher’s ideas are superimposed on similar desires of the student, resulting in a finished project and a finished item: topiary, panels using the techniques of scrapbooking, quilling, mosaics, graphics. We modeled all sorts of products with students in class: boxes, caskets, flowers, postcards, and many others. Again, they took some things from familiar design experience, brought something new in, mixed the old with the new. I liked the scrapbooking that I saw on the Internet, because it has an element of novelty, but with familiar technological techniques, with familiar design concepts, using cheap materials, we studied it better, and made three-dimensional panels for the Nativity of Christ, on March 8, on May 9. Projects of this kind are completed quickly, are practical in nature, take up little space in the apartment, are easy to replace, easy to store, and most importantly, there is a demand for them. I would like to note that handmade work is in great demand these days. Why don’t students engage in similar projects, why not develop imagination, practical and work skills that will help them in the future to help them choose a profession where design technologies will form the basis of their work activity. There are many such professions. Of course, despite the apparent ease of making such projects, there is one catch. Surely, sooner or later, when performing work related to the project, the question of material resources will arise. Students willingly bring and share what they have in their home. It is very difficult to convince a child, and then, in turn, parents to purchase additional devices, materials and items to complete specific projects; I meet with parents during class hours and tell them about the students’ availability of work tools and the provision of the necessary material for creative modeling. Teachers make a list of necessary and resource materials, and the class teacher monitors the completion of this task by the student in the class entrusted to him.
Informational

communication

technologies
have firmly entered the life of modern man. Nowadays, perhaps, there is no person who does not use the Internet, computer, and mobile communications. It cannot be said that everything is so simple in using information and communication technologies. Today, the functionality of many modern information tools is significantly ahead of the possibilities of their use. Reaching perfection in computer knowledge is madness. Much is being updated, programs are changing, storage structures, modes, and access to materials are becoming more complicated. I would like to note that the student is better prepared to work on a computer than the teacher. For schoolchildren, an educational minimum has been introduced in general education schools - a computer science lesson at least once a week, but for teachers of additional education there are not even weekly courses a year. Therefore, it is not surprising that students are ahead of their teachers in the field of ICT knowledge and therefore use them more boldly, more often, and more promisingly. Definitely, the computer provides ample opportunities for practicing acquired knowledge by performing multi-level tasks and tasks.
The use of design and information and communication technologies contributes to the emergence of such interaction and relationships between students and with teachers, in which the creative efforts of the individual are realized to achieve the goal, not only the planned result is achieved, but also the development of the inner world of a growing person occurs. The educational role of design depends on the reflection of these labor relations in the spiritual life of students, in their refraction in thoughts and feelings, in the breadth and depth of the individual’s volitional efforts. Fostering love for work as the core of labor education in general is possible only when the child is imbued with the beauty of relationships between people that arise in the labor process. Carrying out a creative project is one of the aspects of education. It is aimed at making children, adolescents and young people aware of the moral value of work in life. The ability to competently and purposefully use ICT in many directions and to the required extent in school design will help the teacher and student to quickly produce a finished product, a finished form idea, a finished art design. Schoolchildren develop communication abilities and the ability to establish contact with people, activity in communication, the desire for interaction, cooperation with adults and peers, the ability to take into account the interests of other people, respect and dignity of others, and the desire for dialogue. A moral and value attitude towards work includes an understanding of not only social, but also its personal significance as a source of self-development and a condition for personal self-realization. In this case, an important factor becomes a person’s formed ability to experience joy from the process and result of the work of intellectual, volitional and physical forces. Students must choose for themselves a design object, a project topic, that is, a product that they would really like to improve, offer to the market, introduce into the objective world in order to satisfy the real needs of people. I and the DPI students work very closely with the historical and local history museum of our village. The museum has a very good collection of various items on display, stands, ethnic halls and much more. etc. The museum often hosts exhibitions of artists from our district, master classes with artists from the indigenous population. My students and I exhibit their final works in the museum; my children and I often take part in exhibitions held by the village and the museum. These exhibitions are organized annually for Mother's Day, for Victory Day, on environmental topics, on health-saving topics, on the fight against addictions, New Year's, Christmas, with a national component, etc. The positioning of our projects finds its place and its time in the halls of the museum. After all, they exist to review final works, to exchange experiences, and to draw important conclusions. There are still many unrealized plans ahead for the implementation of projects in various directions. My students and I are guided by the biblical expression “He who walks can master the road” - this helps us implement project technologies and use information and communication technologies on the school site. In DPI classes I implement
design, search and research, in-

individual, group and advisory
student activities. This work helps develop students’ abilities to select and analyze information and use the latest computer technologies. Development of creative projects, participation in thematic competitions, excursions to museums and libraries ensures optimal
solving the problem of developing the creative abilities of students, as well as preparing them for an informed choice of a future profession. In my work, I use elements of several technologies, apply original methodological techniques, modify them and reform them to suit my children, my capabilities and tastes. In this case, it would be appropriate to say that some technologies become “proprietary”. Not only me, but every teacher is a creator of technology, even if he deals with borrowings. The creation of technology is impossible without creativity. For a teacher who has learned to work at the technological level, the main guideline will always be the cognitive process in its developing state. Let's take at least
multi-level technology
, which already quite accurately speaks for itself, and yet there are a number of circumstances that force it to be adjusted to the situation. For example, an urgent competition is being held, and students of different ages must complete certain work with certain restrictions. The most crucial moment comes not only in searching for images in conveying the main theme in the composition, but also in using more rapid technologies. When working with audiences of different ages, you begin to
multi-level
technology to add
personality-oriented
or
research
,
design
or
gaming
etc. And yet, pedagogical learning technologies are a chain of actions and operations that are aimed and result-oriented. Teaching technology is defined as a set of actions to select and determine the order and sequence of using didactic means, organizing forms and methods of teaching. There are, of course, as in any work and in any activity, priority pedagogical technologies. It is impossible to master all technologies at once, but by trying one or another in the process of work, you can settle on the one that is more perfect for your work and for your type of activity. Perhaps only
health-saving technology
cannot be ignored, because it considers the care of children, the health of the children entrusted to us. My subject requires routine in everything, good lighting and the release of tension, fatigue and stress in my classes. At the moment of creation on a sheet of paper or other material, the student freely
self-expresses, self-affirms and self-realizes
, what could be better and more valuable at this moment. So new technologies still appear, but only if at that time there are no others, such as
problem-activist-

new technologies
or
information-reflexive
. The modern didactic system proceeds from the fact that both sides - teaching and learning - constitute the learning process. The modern didactic concept is created by such areas as programmed, problem-based learning, and developmental learning. Intensive training gives the student the opportunity to choose a learning technology that suits him and develop an individual personal development program. Mastering any technology requires time for both the teacher and the student for brain processing, implementation and adaptation. You have to try a lot in order to compare and choose from so many. I do this myself and advise others. In this case, the teacher is responsible for the result. If you know that any educational technology is a guarantee of success, then rest assured that everything will work out for you.

Creativity is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of new quality material and spiritual values, distinguished by uniqueness, originality and originality. It originated in ancient times. Since then, there has been an inextricable connection between him and the development of society. The creative process involves imagination and skill, which a person acquires by acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.

Creativity is an active state and a manifestation of human freedom, the result of creative activity, it is a gift given to a person from above. You don’t have to be great and talented to create, create beauty and give people love and kindness to everything around them. Today, creative activities are available to everyone, since there are different types of arts, and everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

Who is considered a creative person?

These are not only artists, sculptors, actors, singers and musicians. Any person who uses non-standard approaches in his work is creative. Even a housewife can be like that. The main thing is to love your work and put your soul into it. Rest assured: the result will exceed all your expectations!

Decorative creativity

This is a type of plastic art, which includes decorative design of the interior (decorating a room using easel painting) and exterior (using stained glass and mosaics), design art (using industrial graphics and posters), and applied art.

These types of creativity provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the cultural traditions of their people, foster a sense of patriotism and great respect for human work. Creating a creative product instills a love of beauty and develops technical abilities and skills.

Applied creativity

It is a folk decorative art designed to decorate people's lives and everyday life depending on their requirements. By creating things of a certain shape and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Objects of art are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They reveal folk wisdom, way of life, and character. In the process of creativity, a person puts his soul, feelings, and his ideas about life into works of art. This is probably why their educational value is so great.

Carrying out archaeological excavations, scientists find various things and household items. They determine the historical era, relations in the society of that distant time, conditions in the social and natural environments, the capabilities of technology, financial situation, traditions and beliefs of the people. Types of creativity can tell us about the kind of life people led, what they did and were interested in, how they related to everything around them. The artistic features of works of applied art instill in a person respect for the culture and heritage of the nation.

Decorative and applied arts. Types of techniques

What types of applied creativity are there? There are a great many of them! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:

• Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
• Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
• Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
• Types of painting: batik - painting on fabric; stained glass - glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament - repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
• Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small elements; thread graphics - making an image with threads on a hard surface.
• Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
• Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
• Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
• Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.

As you can see for yourself, there are a huge number of different types of arts and crafts techniques. Just a few of them are listed here.

Folk art

In works of art created by the people, the main thing is selected and carefully preserved; there is no place for unnecessary things. Objects of folk art are endowed with the most expressive properties. This art embodies simplicity and taste. Therefore, it became understandable, loved and accessible to people.

Since ancient times, people have sought to decorate their homes with objects of folk fine art. After all, they retain the warmth of the hands of a craftsman who understands nature and skillfully selects only the most beautiful things for his objects. Failed creations are eliminated, only valuable and great ones remain alive.

Each era has its own fashion for the interior of a person’s home, which is constantly changing. Over time, strict lines and rectangular shapes become more and more preferred. But even today people draw ideas from a priceless storehouse - people's talents.

Folklore

This is folklore, which is reflected in the artistic collective creative activity of the common man. His works reflect the life, ideals and worldviews created by the people. They then exist among the masses.

Types of folk art:

• Proverbs are poetic mini-works in the form of short rhythmic sayings. The basis is conclusion, teaching and generalized morality.
• Sayings are figures of speech or phrases that reflect life phenomena. There are often humorous notes.
• Folk songs - they do not have an author or he is unknown. The words and the music chosen for them were formed during the historical development of the culture of a particular ethnic group.
• Chatushki are Russian folk songs in miniature, usually in the form of quatrains, with humorous content.
• Riddles - they are found at any stage of development of society among all peoples. In ancient times they were considered a test of wisdom.
• Pestushki - short melodies of mothers and nannies in poetic form.
• Nursery rhymes are songs and sayings that accompany games with a child’s hands and feet.
• Jokes are funny short stories in poetic form.
• It is impossible to imagine types of folk art without chants, with the help of which people during the spread of paganism turned to various natural phenomena, asking them for protection, or to animals and birds.
• Counting rhymes are small rhythmic rhymes. With their help, the leader of the game is determined.
• Tongue twisters are phrases built on a combination of sounds that make them difficult to pronounce quickly.

Creativity related to literature

Literary creativity is represented by three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. They were created in ancient times, but still exist today, as they determine ways to solve the problems posed to literature by human society.

The basis of the epic is the artistic reproduction of the external world, when the speaker (the author or narrator himself) reports events and their details as something past and remembered, simultaneously resorting to descriptions of the setting of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. Lyrics are the direct expression of the writer's feelings and thoughts. The dramatic method combines the first two, when characters with very different characters are presented in one play with direct lyrical self-revelation.

Literary creativity, represented by epic, lyricism and drama, fully opens up limitless possibilities for a deep reflection of people's lives and their consciousness. Each literary genre has its own forms:

• Epic - fable, poem, ballad, story, story, novel, essay, artistic memoir.
• Lyrical - ode, elegy, satire, epigram.
• Dramatic - tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville, joke, stage.

In addition, individual forms of any kind of poetry are divided into groups or types. For example, the type of literary work is epic. The form is a novel. Types: socio-psychological, philosophical, family, adventure, satirical, historical, science fiction.

Folk art

This is a capacious concept that includes various genres and types of artistic creativity. They are based on original traditions and unique ways and forms of creative activity, which is associated with human labor and develops collectively, based on the continuity of traditions.

Folk art reflects the inner world of a person, his spiritual appearance, and the living memory of the people. There are several periods in its development:

• Pagan (until the 10th century).
• Christian (X-XVII centuries).
• Domestic history (XVII-XIX centuries).
• XX century.

Folk art has undergone a long development process, as a result of which the following types of artistic creativity have emerged:

• Folklore is the worldview and moral beliefs of the people, their views on man, nature and society, which are expressed in verbal, poetic, musical, choreographic, and dramatic forms.
• Decorative and applied art is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs and everyday needs of a person.
• Everyday amateur creativity is artistic phenomena in the festive and everyday life of a person.
• Amateur artistic art is organized creativity. It is focused on teaching people artistic skills.

Creativity associated with technology

Human labor activity is constantly improving and acquiring a creative character. Many people manage to rise to the highest level in their creations and inventions. So, what is technical creativity? This is an activity whose main task is to create technical solutions that will be novel and have social significance not only in their own country, but also beyond its borders, that is, worldwide. Otherwise, this is called invention, which is equivalent to the concept of technical creativity. And it is interconnected with scientific, artistic and other types.

Great opportunities are open for our contemporaries and all conditions have been created for doing what they love. There are a huge number of specialized clubs, palaces, circles, and scientific societies. In these institutions, adults and children are engaged in aircraft and ship modeling, motorcycle sports, karting, auto design, programming, computer science, and computer technology. Such types of creativity as the development of designs for sports vehicles: mini-cars, autocars, equipment for fishermen, tourists and climbers are very popular.

Master - “especially knowledgeable or skilled in his craft” (V. Dahl)

The modern education system in all its links is also focused on revealing the creative potential of the growing individual through active knowledge of society in various types of activities, among which decorative and applied arts and creativity are given great importance. Nowadays, decorative and applied art is experiencing an extraordinary flourishing: on the one hand, there is great interest in traditions, on the other, the latest materials, equipment, and technologies open up unlimited opportunities to realize one’s creative abilities.

From the first stage of a child’s education in this area, the teacher organizes a process of purposeful spiritual-contemplative, educational, creative and creative activity, as a result of which children establish a dialogical interaction with the world of art. In the process of learning, they master its artistic principles, means and techniques of expression, children experience a feeling of pleasure from the bright, cheerful colors, richness and diversity of the master, and they have a desire to learn how to create beauty themselves. And the more diverse the content, forms, methods and techniques of its implementation, the more successfully the child’s creative personality develops.

In the pedagogical activity of a teacher - a master teacher, two moments can be distinguished, which in practice are closely related, turning into one another:

1) the teacher’s transfer to the student of his attitude to art, creativity, his knowledge, skills, craftsmanship, techniques of performing work;

2) disclosure, identification and development of the best inclinations and abilities inherent in the student.

The pedagogical skill of the teacher is manifested in the organic combination of these two components, therefore, in nurturing the creative personality of the child, the competence of the teacher, not only as a teacher, but also as a professional craftsman, a specialist of a high level of decorative and applied arts, is of particular importance. Over the course of many years, a master teacher has been developing his own individual methodology, building his own system of lessons and events, introducing his own innovations, taking into account real working conditions and different categories of students. To become a master, a teacher must have a number of abilities that will help him more successfully perform his professional functions. These abilities include the following:

A) organizational skills- the ability to organize and develop a team of students, direct it to solve important problems; the ability to organize their work and joint activities with students;

b) communicative abilities - the ability to manage the process of one’s communication with students, their parents, colleagues, to prevent and promptly resolve conflicts;

V) didactic abilities- the ability to convey your knowledge in an accessible form and explain it to students; the ability to independently obtain the latest knowledge, follow the development of science and apply scientific achievements in one’s practice; teach children to think independently, express their opinions and defend them;

G) observation skills- the ability to study and understand the inner world of each student, to reveal the peculiarities of his behavior and character, the “secrets” of his spiritual world and to guide the development of the personality of each student;

d) speech abilities- the ability to accurately and meaningfully express your thoughts and feelings through oral and written speech, present educational material, methodological instructions, evaluate the knowledge, skills and behavior of students; the teacher’s ability to speak and write accurately, simply (accessibly), expressively, emotionally, meaningfully, figuratively, without stylistic and grammatical errors;

e) gnostic abilities- the ability to foresee the prospects for personal development, that is, based on materials from studying one’s students, the ability to determine the course and results of their cognitive activity and the development of personal qualities. These abilities are based on optimism, on the teacher’s faith in his students;

and) ability to control students' attention- the teacher’s ability to interest students, focus their attention on a specific issue, problem, task. This ability helps the teacher to “see” all students at the same time, identify the more capable of them, and direct their activities (educational, work, social) in the right direction.

All of the above abilities together ensure more successful activities of the teacher, contribute to the creation of his own experience, his own style of work and authority.

Contact between the teacher and the student occurs when each of them experiences interest in the classes, satisfaction with their results, when the student is captivated by ever new artistic and imaginative experiences and clearly imagines the logical and semantic tasks facing him. All this becomes an incentive for further studies.

Thus, a modern teacher must have time to keep up with the times: have high professionalism and creative potential, be mobile and ready to perceive innovations, involve them in various types of their activities, and be able to act in new ways. Scientific literacy, intellectual search, the desire to update and expand one’s pedagogical knowledge are also necessary qualities of a modern teacher. Without constant development and study, the teacher will not be able to participate in the innovation process.

Innovation in education refers to the process of improving pedagogical technologies, a set of methods, techniques and teaching aids. Currently, innovative pedagogical activity is one of the essential components of the educational activities of any educational association. What innovative technologies can a master teacher use when teaching and introducing students to arts and crafts?

For a master teacher, innovative technologies exist both in teaching and creative activities. These innovative technologies solve different problems. There is a lot of information about innovative technologies in pedagogy, both in the scientific literature and in Internet resources. Therefore, in this article I will not talk about them. Let me in this article examine some innovative technologies that can be used to introduce children and adults to creative arts, in particular when organizing their research and creative project activities, aimed at developing design thinking. Knowledge of areas where innovative technologies can be found and applied in the production of artistically significant products is important for the master teacher himself.

It is very gratifying that in the modern world, work to revive and increase the interest of modern people in decorative and applied arts as a cultural phenomenon is gradually increasing. But another problem arises - the preservation of traditional national DPI in new modern conditions of existence with the simultaneous use of innovation in this area. So, how, where and in what ways can we find these innovations or innovative approaches, solutions, technologies?

Everyone understands the importance of preserving the folk traditions of the folk culture of ethnic groups. But it is possible that not everyone knows the ways in which traditions are transmitted through all stages of ethnogenesis. Traditions in folk art are passed on as an “image of the world” imprinted in the memory of the people, and each master - bearer of this folk memory - passes it on to the next generation. But at the same time, the creator-performer inevitably improvised, and at the same time strictly adhered to the framework of tradition.

It follows from this that traditions are passed on from generation to generation in three ways: 1) through the reconstruction of ancient samples of products; 2) through innovative technologies; 3) through the transformation of existing stereotypes, i.e. traditions. In other words, the new norm is always a transformation of the old one. Only then does culture live and develop.

Thus, tradition in folk art and creativity is a system regulated by the people's consciousness, within the framework of which the development of folk art occurs. And which is always inevitably (hierophanically) transformed.

Currently, there are several areas where it is possible to use innovative technologies in the field of DPI. They are associated with traditions and innovations in the decorative and applied arts of national cultures:

• · methodological and theoretical foundations of research work in the field of decorative and applied arts;
• · features and specifics of studying modern design;
• · innovative technologies in the field of construction, design, culture and decorative arts;
• · technological aspects of the fashion industry;
• · national costume: history and modernity;
• · new opportunities in the design and manufacturing technology of light industry products;
• · combination of traditions and innovation in decorative and applied arts;
• · the use of stylistic features and improvisations in the creation of objects of decorative and applied art;
• · innovative technologies in the creation of artistic products;
• · trends in the development of the market for gifts and business souvenirs;
• · handicrafts made from natural materials;
• · implementation of various projects in the field of creative arts (creative, socio-cultural, copyright, etc.);
• · implementation of multi-component synthetic projects accumulating various creative components: plastic and multimedia art, music, choreography, cinema, theater;
• · implementation and popularization of innovative mass projects (author's, collective, joint, thematic, social, etc.); including those related to the world of rituals, folklore, folk customs and traditions, the beauty of nature, the color of national songs and dances, etc.;
• · implementation of projects based on analysis of the economic efficiency of created products;
• · implementation of projects aimed at training and educating future engineers, designers, roboticists, inventors and innovators.
• · implementation of various workshops, innovative projects, competitions.

The main innovations in the field of DPI in practice are:

• · Computer techologies;
• · use of new materials, plots and motifs to create folk art products, methods and techniques;
• · a synthetic combination of various types of art and their new interpretation in the unity of application in creative projects.

Thus, innovative technologies, innovative approaches, innovative techniques and methods - these are all examples of creative activity of teachers, similar in the main thing: a passionate attitude towards their daily work, the desire to bring something new, unconventional, original into the personal practice of teaching and raising children, desire achieve higher significant results in the development of the creative qualities of the student’s personality. It is well known that only a teacher who himself has a pronounced need for creativity can notice the sprouts of talent in every person. And this type of creativity is relevant in any time space, in any sociocultural environment, which means it occupies an important place in human cultural and leisure activities.

The success of the student depends on the teacher. From a master of his craft. In our republic, many schools employ teachers and additional education teachers who work with children in the field of arts and crafts. Among them there are teachers who combine their teaching activities with their own creativity in the arts and crafts and achieve the highest results in this field. Such teachers make a significant contribution to the development and popularization of the decorative and applied arts of Yakutia, they are awarded the high titles of “Master of Folk Arts and Crafts of the RS (Y)” and “People’s Master of the RS (Y)”. And, as a rule, teachers with the status of a master, teaching children their skills in any direction of decorative and applied arts, prepare successful students who achieve high results at various exhibitions, competitions, olympiads and conferences at both the republican and all-Russian levels. Such teachers and educators include Nadezhda Nikolaevna Ammosova, a teacher of additional education at the Khamagattinsky Sakha-French Lyceum, who trained the winner of the nomination “Best Olympiad Project” of the All-Russian Olympiad in Technology Victoria Olesova (Armavir, 2014), winners of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Step into the Future” in Moscow (2014, 2015, 2016). Nadezhda Nikolaevna herself is a recognized master in the republic in the manufacture of horsehair products. Bolshakova Arina Nikolaevna, a teacher of additional education, People's Master of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), who has trained many prize-winners of the NPK “Step into the Future” in national sewing, winners and prize-winners of many exhibitions of children's creativity, successfully works in the Chimnay secondary school of the Tattinsky ulus. Arina Nikolaevna herself is a participant and winner of the prestigious republican and all-Russian exhibitions of the DPI “Patchwork mosaic of Yakutia”, “Yakutia artisan”, twice won the high title of Laureate of the All-Russian exhibition “Patchwork mosaic of Russia” (2011, 2015); took part in the 21st International Patchwork Festival “European Crossroads 2015) in Alsace (France). A lot of work is done with children, their parents, and with the adult population in the direction of “National Clothes” by the teacher of additional education of the Churapchinsky secondary school named after S.A. Novgorodov of the Churapchinsky ulus, an excellent student of education in the RS (Y), master of folk arts and crafts of the RS (Y) Dyachkovskaya Albina Semyonovna. She brought to life such socio-cultural projects as “Children’s vests in patchwork mosaic”, “Collection of children’s demi-season clothing “Merry patches”, “Collection of family national clothes in patchwork mosaic”, with which children, adults, and the author himself performed in many republican exhibitions, arts and crafts festivals and received universal recognition. My students of MOBU Secondary School No. 33 named after L.A. Kolosova, who studied and are studying in arts and crafts studios, such as “National Sewing”, “Beading”, “Cross Stitch” in different years also took successful performances at city, republican and all-Russian exhibitions, festivals, Olympiads, conferences “Step into the Future” (2001-2016), “Intellectual Renaissance” (St. Petersburg, 2012). In 2013, while working at a school as a teacher of additional education, I completed the qualification “People’s Master of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)” and received the highest badge of a master.

Thus, the success of students and the development of their competence in creative activities in the field of creative arts directly depends on the pedagogical competence of the teacher and the teacher’s competence in artistic skills. All teachers who combine teaching activities in educational institutions with their own artistic and creative activities in the field of DPI are united by one thing - a great love for folk art, love and devotion to the creativity and culture of their people, the desire to constantly create and pass on their skills, knowledge, carrying out the continuity of mastery from teacher to student.

From all of the above, it is clear that pedagogical skill and creativity are not the property of a select few. It is quite achievable. Pedagogical intuition, the teacher’s experience, in-depth and improved to high professional skill, allows you to create your own individual system. The main thing is the ability to engage in activities that stimulate the joy of learning and evoke persistent curiosity. Science and best practices are of interest to teachers as a way to reveal the style of professional activity. The teacher strives to analyze his own experience and the experience of his workmates, records the development of students’ interests, and their performance of various tasks. Such a teacher is always in creative search, he knows well the ways to achieve the goal, constantly analyzes the results, including his own mistakes and miscalculations. He works with a perspective and sets himself quite complex psychological, pedagogical and methodological problems related, first of all, to the education of a creative personality and the preparation of students for creative work.