What is an adverbial phrase? Usage examples

The syntax of the Russian language is a perfect and harmonious system. Its main units are considered to be phrases and sentences. Among the latter, the most frequently used are sentences with participial and participial phrases.

Schoolchildren usually easily learn what a participial phrase is, but it’s worth talking about the participial phrase in detail. What kind of construction is this, what are its features, how to correctly compose a sentence with it?

A participial phrase (DO) is a syntactic unit that includes such a part of speech as the words dependent on it. The specified part of speech, as a component of the turnover, indicates that the subject performs not only the main, but also an additional action.

This main member is most often expressed by independent parts of speech, for example, a noun or pronoun.

The participle includes the characteristics of the verb and, therefore it is logical that it is necessary to ask the questions of circumstance: How? How? Where? and so on.

For convenience, you can ask special questions: What are you doing? What did you do? The turnover answers these same questions.

As a member of a sentence, the adverbial phrase is a circumstance. When parsing, it is underlined with a dash-dotted line. When characterizing the construction, it is necessary to indicate that the proposal is complicated by a separate circumstance.

Examples of structures that include subsidiaries:

1. Having finally left the north, forgetting the feasts for a long time, I visited Bakhchisarai, a dormant palace in oblivion. (A. Pushkin)
2. Jumping on his horse, the prince galloped into the field, crossed the bridge over Kaya, and behind him, his slaves flew, rattling their weapons. (A. Tolstoy)
3. She pronounced the words of her own role, when she left the room, she bowed from the waist, laughed, covering herself with her sleeve, and earned Marfushi’s approval. (A. Pushkin).

Participial phrases are studied in the classical Russian language course according to the school curriculum in the 7th grade. Below are some exercise options.

Assignment: Copy it in your notebook, placing commas in the right places, underline DO.

Assignment: Read the instructions for the exercise carefully. Rewrite the sentences, correcting any grammatical errors.

Assignment: Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Choose the appropriate participles from the brackets.

1. 1. I vegetated as a hooligan (chasing, chasing) pigeons and (playing, playing) in the towns with my peers, of whom there were a great many living in the area.
   2. One autumn, my mother was making honey jam in the living room and I (licking my lips, licking my lips) looked at the seething foam.
   3. (Waking up, waking up) quite late in the morning, I looked out the window and noticed that there was not a trace left of yesterday’s bad weather.
   4. (Arriving, having arrived) in Vladivostok, I arrived straight from the station to my aunt and uncle.

Commas in sentences with DO

In a sentence, the participial phrase is always isolated, that is, it is highlighted in writing with commas.

The rule is easy to remember, since there are only three types of commas:

• First, DO can come at the beginning of a sentence, in which case the punctuation mark is placed after it.
• Secondly, DO can stand in the middle, then commas are placed on both sides.
• Thirdly, DO may end the sentence. If so, then the sign must be placed in front of it.

It is important to know! Sometimes an adverbial phrase can be represented by a phraseological unit. In this case, the turnover is not isolated. For example: He rushed through the puddles at breakneck speed.

Use of participial phrases in a sentence

Constructing sentences with participles often causes problems for schoolchildren. In order to avoid speech errors, it is necessary to remember that the gerund in a sentence denotes an additional action that is performed by the subject. In other words, the subject is the person who must perform both the main and additional action.

For example: Having risen from the face, the miner squinted for a long time, looking at the sunset.

Considering the grammatical meaning of the gerund, it is not recommended to use it as part of a phrase in the cases described below:

• One-part impersonal sentence. For example: While watching the program, I couldn’t sleep.
• The predicate in the sentence is expressed by the short passive participle.
• The main action expressed by the verb and the additional action refer to different persons. For example: While running non-stop around the school stadium, the boy’s legs began to give way.

How to find the participial phrase in a sentence correctly? To do this, a number of conditions must be met:

1. First, find the participle. Its formal indicators are the morphemes -а/-я, -в/-shi/-вшы.
2. Secondly, determine the predicate and ask a question from it, since DO always refers to the predicate verb.
3. Thirdly, the participial phrase in writing is highlighted by commas, and in oral speech it is highlighted by intonation.

How to correctly compose an adverbial phrase and a sentence with it

Forming a grammatically correct sentence with DO is not an easy task. To avoid mistakes, you must follow the rules:

• The action expressed by a gerund cannot refer to the subject and to any other member of the sentence.
• In sentences with a passive connotation, gerunds cannot be used.
• In sentences where the predicate verb is expressed in the future tense, it is undesirable to use the participial phrase.

• Leaning out the window, my hat flew off.
• Leaving the apartment, the citizen was frightened by the unexpected barking of a dog.
• Once I start cooking dinner, I will definitely watch the evening news.

Important! It is rare that the use of an adverbial phrase is appropriate in a one-part construction, but in the case where its main member is an infinitive. For example: When planning a lesson, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of the students.

The place of the participial phrase in a sentence is not strictly regulated. But in some cases you need to follow a strict procedure:

If DO is placed before the predicate, then it must denote what came before in relation to the meaning of the predicate. – Having collected the notebooks, the girl put them on the teacher’s desk.

After the predicate there must be a DO, the meaning of which is the subsequent action. “Boiling water splashed out, scalding my leg.

The type of participle is important. The imperfect form of this part of speech is combined with a verb that denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the additional one. – Laughing, the girl caught rainbow splashes.

Perfective participles go well with predicates, the meaning of which precedes the additional action. – Laughing, the little girl clasped her hands.

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Conclusion

Now the question of how to find an adverbial phrase will not take the student by surprise. The competent use of such constructions in written speech indicates a high level of education and allows you to more accurately express your thoughts.

An additional action performed by a pronoun or noun is called a participial phrase in Russian. The article provides the rules for writing it in a sentence, exceptions to the rules, as well as various options for using the participial phrase.

What is an adverbial phrase in Russian?

Participial turnover is a speech construction consisting of a gerund and dependent words. An adverbial phrase indicates an additional action that is performed by a noun or pronoun (represented by the subject of a sentence), and usually refers to a verb (predicate). Answers the questions - Doing what? What did you do?

Example sentence: Without opening my eyes, I enjoyed the morning birdsong.

The green line underlines the participial phrase, and the red line underlines the predicate verb to which it refers.

The participle as a part of speech, as well as the rules for using participle phrases, are studied in the 7th grade.

What is an adverbial phrase in a sentence?

As a rule, in a sentence the participial phrase plays the syntactic role of an adverbial adverb and is separated by commas.

Examples:
Smoke, enveloping houses, rose up (went up - how? - enveloping houses).
I'm taking notes while reading a book (making notes - when? - reading a book).
I started thinking solving a problem (thought - when? - solving a problem).

Simple sentences with participial phrases are usually called sentences with a complicated isolated circumstance.

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Spelling of participial phrases

In sentences, the participial phrase is highlighted by commas on both sides (isolated) regardless of what position it is in relative to the predicate verb. In addition, participial phrases in a sentence are always separated from conjunctions by commas.

Examples:
I took the book going to the closet.
After drinking water, I quenched my thirst.
We worked for a long time and finished with business, decided to rest.

Exception. If an adverbial phrase is a phraseological unit, then it is not separated by commas in the sentence. Examples: I ran headlong. They work carelessly.

Note! The participle phrase is used only in cases where it denotes an additional action of the same person (object, phenomenon) as the main verb. In other cases, the participial phrase is not used. An example of a violation when using an adverbial phrase: When choosing fruits, I liked red apples(subject - apples, predicate - liked it, participial turnover choosing fruits meaning refers to the secondary member of the sentence to me).

Example sentences

• He ran out slamming the door behind you.
• Driver, noticing a prohibitory traffic light signal, pressed the brake pedal.
• Be sure to complete the practical tasks preparing for the exam.
• When relaxing in the forest, remember fire safety.
• Buying groceries, you should look at the expiration date.

An example of incorrect use of an adverbial phrase:

Approaching the apartment, rustling noises were heard behind the door.

The main action is performed by rustling noises (rustles were heard). But the action of the participial phrase (Approaching the apartment) is aimed at another object (for example, he or I).

The answer to the question of how a participle phrase differs from an adverbial phrase lies in the terminology. It is enough to remember what their forming parts of speech are:

• participle – an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adjective, expressing a procedural characteristic of the subject;
• A gerund is an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adverb, expressing a procedural feature of an action (more often it denotes an additional element).

The combination of participles and gerunds with words grammatically dependent on them is called turns.

Comparison

The syntactic constructions under consideration inherit all the properties and features of their fundamental parts of speech. The participial phrase denotes a temporary attribute of an object as an action that it produces or is subjected to. Peter, headed the Land Noble Cadet Corps, proved himself to be a worthy successor to Minich’s work. An adverbial phrase denotes an additional action that characterizes another action. Sofia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having arrived in Russia, tried to become Ekaterina Alekseevna as soon as possible.

The difference between a participial phrase and a participial phrase is easy to notice from the questions asked: the first one answers “what did/did/is doing?” or, more generally, “which one?”; the second is “what by/having done?” or “how/in what way?”

The participial phrase is associated with a noun, numeral or pronoun, the participial phrase is associated with the predicate verb. It always refers to the person performing the main action. Berlioz, able to speak verbosely but meaningfully, the conversation with the supposed foreigner was easy. Poet Homeless, forced to act as a listener, I fully shared his point of view.

The participial phrase does not change, unlike the participle, which is declined according to gender, number and case. A boy who bought chocolate, a girl who bought chocolate, first-graders who bought chocolate, someone who bought chocolate as a gift, a client who bought chocolate. The boy (girl, first graders), having bought chocolate, headed towards the exit.

In a sentence, the participial phrase acts as an agreed-upon isolated definition (and is emphasized by a wavy line during syntactic parsing), the participial phrase acts as a separate adverbial adverb (graphically indicated by dots with dashes).

What is the difference between participial and participial phrases in terms of punctuation? For the first, its location relative to the word being defined is important: when it comes forward in a sentence, the construction is highlighted with commas, when, on the contrary, punctuation marks are not placed between them. The participial phrase is isolated in any case if it refers to a personal pronoun, has an additional causal, conditional or clarifying meaning, and also if there are other members of the sentence between it and the word being defined.

The participial phrase is always highlighted with commas if it is not part of a stable combination (carelessly, headlong). The exception is when it is included in the semantic center of the statement. The students, who were waiting for Kedrov quite nervously and in awe in advance, dispersed in bewilderment. In addition, if it acts as a member of a sentence, homogeneous with a non-isolated circumstance, then it is not distinguished punctuationally. Members of the institute commission studied the girl with the last name Brushtein suspiciously and frowning.

Table

Participle - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:

transitivity and intransitivity of action

control

compatibility with adverb.

How adjective, participle:

denotes an attribute of an object

varies by gender, number and case

when declined, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective

acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.

Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:

control

ability to be defined by an adverb

The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May also apply to other members of the sentence:

addition (maintaining silence)

definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)

adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)

The use of participles is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).

Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Participles of the present tense, active and passive, are formed from verbs of the imperfect form and are not formed from verbs of the perfect form that do not have forms of the present tense. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood and so on.

Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.

Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- And -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.

Stylistic character of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed upon definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also add special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here, the expressive function is played by participles, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

The aesthetic assessment of participles is influenced by the negative attitude of writers towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).

The formation of verbal forms in -no, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived as a violation of the literary norm: start - started, arrive - received.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying

colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.

Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

Tatiana Efremova, Vitaly Kostomarov

The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: “Most often, verbal adjectives and derived function words are incorrectly classified as parts of speech; participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives are not distinguished.”

We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows ( adjective ),

not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),

mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive present participles, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),

? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.

Participle forms

1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.

2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.

Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).

3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),taking (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.

In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open mouth), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing and so on.

3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial

A large number of errors are made in the use of participial phrases. Let's look at this with a specific example. Let's take a sentence:

The book lying on the table has been read.

« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...

Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.

The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;We are speaking:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. The written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but it should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries.”

Participial turnover

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".

Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it talks about two active objects in the grammatical meaning of the word - about the passenger (he drove up to the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”

Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).

It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.

The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I finished my homework, I went for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more compressed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

Participles and participial phrases are highly expressive, which is why they are widely used in the language of fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).