Union of German girls. How girls were raised in Nazi Germany
September 13, 2013, 11:30Racial theory in Nazi Germany included the cult of a biologically healthy female body, the cult of childbirth and the multiplication of the nation. Thus, the very meaning of communication between a man and a woman was deprived of all romance, giving way to physiological expediency. There is an opinion that the “Aryan” standard of beauty is boring, monotonous and joyless - a muscular blond with a fixed lower jaw and a “snow queen” devoid of any piquancy.
National socialist propaganda used interest in the chastely naked human body to demonstrate the Aryan ideal of beauty and to educate a physically developed person. Marriage itself was not considered an end in itself; it served the highest task - the increase and preservation of the German nation. The personal lives of two people had to be consciously placed in the service of the state.
Antique, with its ideal perfection of forms, was chosen as the standard of beauty. The sculptors of the Third Reich - Joseph Thorach and Arno Brecker - strategically embodied the image of a superman in their monuments. Superhumans were simply obliged to resemble ancient gods and goddesses.
Stills from Olympia.
Sepp Hilz. Country Venus
E. Liebermann. By the water. 1941
In a perfect body, the visual arts of National Socialism embodied the idea of “blood” (nation). “Blood” in the ideology of National Socialism was directly connected with “soil” (earth). In this case, we were talking about the symbiosis of people and land, as well as their material and mystical connection. In general, the idea of “blood and soil” was addressed to pagan symbols of fertility, strength and harmony, expressing nature itself in human beauty.
National Socialist art attached great importance to the theme of family, women and motherhood. In the Third Reich, this value triad merged into a single whole, where a woman was exclusively the continuer of the family, the bearer of family virtues and the keeper of the home.
As Hitler said: “German women want to be wives and mothers, they do not want to be comrades, as the Reds call for. Women have no desire to work in factories, in bureaus, in parliament. A good home, a beloved husband and happy children are closer to her heart.”
National Socialist fine art formed the image of a German woman exclusively as a mother and keeper of the family hearth, depicting her with children, in the circle of her family, busy with housework.
The National Socialists did not recognize any equality of women in public life - they were assigned only the traditional roles of mother and friend. "Their place is in the kitchen and bedroom." After coming to power, the Nazis began to view women's desire for professional, political or academic careers as unnatural. Already in the spring of 1933, the systematic liberation of the state apparatus from the women employed in it began. Not only female employees of institutions were fired, but also married female doctors, because the Nazis declared caring for the health of the nation such a responsible task that it could not be entrusted to a woman. In 1936, married women who worked as judges or lawyers were released from office, since their husbands could support them. The number of female teachers sharply decreased, and in women's schools, home economics and handicrafts became the main academic subjects. Already in 1934, there were only 1,500 female students left at German universities.
The regime pursued a more differentiated policy towards women employed in production and the service sector. The Nazis did not touch either the 4 million women who worked as “domestic helpers” or the large group of saleswomen whose working hours were not fully paid. On the contrary, these occupations were declared “typically feminine.” The work of girls was encouraged in every possible way. From January 1939, labor service became mandatory for all unmarried women under 25 years of age. They were mainly sent to the village or as servants to mothers with many children.
L. Shmutzler "Village girls returning from the fields"
Gender relations in the Hitlerite state were influenced by numerous public organizations. Some of them included women together with men, others were created specifically for women, girls and girls.
The most widespread and influential among them were the Union of German Girls (BDM), the Imperial Women's Youth Labor Service (Women's RAD) and the National Socialist Women's Organization (NSF). They covered a significant part of the female population of Germany: more than 3 million girls and young women were members of the BDM at the same time, 1 million young German women went through labor camps, the NSF had 6 million participants.
In accordance with the National Socialist ideology, the League of German Girls set as its task the education of strong and courageous women who would become comrades to the political soldiers of the Reich (raised in the Hitler Youth) and, having become wives and mothers, organizing their family life in accordance with the National Socialist worldview, will raise a proud and seasoned generation. The exemplary German woman complements the German man. Their unity means the racial revival of the people. The Union of German Girls instilled racial consciousness: a real German girl should be the guardian of the purity of blood and the people and raise his sons as heroes. Since 1936, all girls of the German Reich were required to be members of the Union of German Girls. The only exceptions were girls of Jewish origin and other “non-Aryans”.
The standard uniform of the Union of German Girls is a dark blue skirt, white blouse and black tie with a leather clip. Girls were prohibited from wearing high heels and silk stockings. Rings and wristwatches were allowed as jewelry.
The worldview, norms of behavior and lifestyle acquired in Nazi organizations influenced the way of thinking and actions of many representatives of the older generation of modern Germany for a long time.
When girls turned 17, they could also be accepted into the organization "Faith and Beauty" ("Glaube und Schöncheit"), where they remained upon reaching the age of 21. Here girls were taught housekeeping and prepared for motherhood and childcare. But the most memorable event with the participation of "Glaube und Schöncheit" was the sports round dances - girls in identical white short dresses, barefoot, entered the stadium and performed simple but well-coordinated dance movements. The women of the Reich were required to be not only strong, but also feminine.
The Nazis promoted the image of a “real German woman” and a “real German girl” who does not smoke, does not wear makeup, wears white blouses and long skirts, and wears her hair in braids or in a modest bun.
Also, the authorities, in accordance with the “Blood and Soil” principle, tried to introduce “tracht” into the quality of festive clothing - that is, a dress in the national style based on the Bavarian dress.
V. Wilrich. Daughter of a Bavarian peasant. 1938
Such stylized “national clothes” were worn by participants in the grandiose theatrical celebrations that the Nazis loved to organize in stadiums.
Sports and group games occupied a special place. If for boys the emphasis was on strength and endurance, then gymnastic exercises for girls were designed to develop grace, harmony and sense of body in them. Sports exercises were selected taking into account female anatomy and the future role of women.
The Union of German Girls organized camping trips, on which the girls went with full backpacks. At rest stops they lit fires, cooked food and sang songs. Night observations of the full moon with an overnight stay in a haystack were a success.
The image of the Hollywood “vamp”, which was popular in Weimar Germany, was particularly attacked by Nazi propaganda: “War paint is more appropriate for primitive black tribes, but in no case for a German woman or a German girl.” Instead, the image of “natural German female beauty” was promoted. However, it should be noted that these requirements did not apply to German actresses and movie stars.
Portrait of a woman from Tyrol
They perceived the image of the emancipated Berliner of the 20s as a threat to public morality, male dominance in society, and even the future of the Aryan race.
Even before the war, in many public places there were posters “German women do not smoke,” smoking was prohibited in all party premises and in air-raid shelters, and Hitler planned to ban smoking altogether after the victory. At the beginning of 1941, the Reich Association of Hairdressing Establishments adopted a directive that limited the length of women's hairstyles to 10 cm. So hairdressers did not do hairstyles with longer hair and could even shorten hair that was too long if it was not tied up in a modest bun or braided in a braids.
Christmas cover of one of the women's magazines. December 1938
The German press strongly emphasized that the outstanding successes of the magnificent actress and director Leni Riefenstahl or the famous athlete-aviator Hannah Reich are directly related to their deep belief in the ideals of National Socialism. The former actress Emma Goering and the mother of six Magda Goebbels, whose elegant toilets clearly showed German women that a true National Socialist had no need to dress in the modest uniform of the League of German Girls, were also declared role models.
Hannah Reich
Leni Riefenstahl
Magda Goebbels
Emma Goering
German women generally calmly accepted the policies being pursued towards them. The improved well-being of the population also contributed to the loyalty of German women to the new regime. This was also facilitated by the favorable demographic policy of the ruling party in support of the family. The Nazi regime was very interested in increasing the population. If a working woman got married and voluntarily left her job, she was given an interest-free loan of 600 marks. Since 1934, active promotion of the birth rate began: child and family benefits were introduced, medical care was provided to large families at preferential rates. Special schools were opened where pregnant women were prepared for future motherhood.
In any case, Germany became the only large European country in which the birth rate was constantly increasing. If in 1934 just over 1 million babies were born, then in 1939 there were already about 1.5 million children.
In 1938, the order “Mother's Cross” was established - in bronze, silver and gold. The inscription on the back of the cross read: “The child ennobles the mother.” According to the plan of the Ministry of Propaganda, women were to occupy the same place of honor among the people as front-line soldiers. Three degrees of honorary title were established - 3rd degree for 4 children, 2nd for children (silver), 1st for 8 children (gold).
Paradoxically, this anti-feminist regime contributed greatly to improving the real situation of women. It is therefore not surprising that the vast majority of women in Germany adored their Fuhrer. They were largely impressed by A. Rosenberg’s statement that “a woman’s duty is to support the lyrical aspect of life.”
As has already been said, great attention was paid to the education of the younger generation in Nazi Germany. This process covers not only the Bund Deutscher Medel (BDM), the Union of German Girls, which was part of the Hitler Youth and can be organizationally divided into three groups. The organization consisted of girls aged 10 to 21 years. The first group, "BDM-Jungmedel", consisted of girls aged 10 to 14 years ("Union of Girls"). The second (“BDM-medel”) consisted of girls from 14 to 17 years old. The third group, which was called “Glaube-und-Schönheit” (“Faith and Beauty”), consisted of girls and young women in the age category from 17 to 21 years.
The Union of German Girls (German: Bund Deutscher Mädel, BDM or BdM) was a women's youth organization in Nazi Germany, a youth and children's women's movement similar to the Hitler Youth, which included German girls in the age category from 10 to 18 years. Girls aged 10 to 13 years were united by Jungmedelbund (German: Jungmädelbund, JM) - Union of Young Girls.
In 1936, mandatory membership in the Union of German Girls was established at the legislative level for girls in Germany. An exception could be considered girls who were of Jewish nationality, as well as those excluded for “racial reasons.” By the end of 1944, the Union of German Girls was considered the largest women's youth organization in the world, with about 4.6 million members.
The standard uniform of the German Girls' Union was a dark blue skirt, white blouse and black tie with a leather clip. Girls were strictly forbidden to wear high-heeled shoes, as well as silk stockings. The only jewelry I have are rings and watches. As Hitler argued, clothing should serve the purpose of educating young people.
During the Second World War, girls from BdM worked in hospitals, took part in air defense and were engaged in agriculture.
After the war ended, the League of German Girls, as a separate unit of the Hitler Youth, was banned and dissolved on the basis of Law No. 2 of the Control Council.
The first two groups had uniforms that they were required to wear. There were BDM cells and groups in all corners of the Reich, including annexed and occupied territories. There were titles in the BDM, the assignment of which depended not only on age, but also on the functions performed. In 1939, membership in the BDM, as in other divisions of the Hitler Youth, was mandatory. The decree, which was published on March 25, 1939, interpreted that all members of the Hitler Youth who had reached the age of 16-18 must annually work out a specified period of time in public works: young men were recommended to work in agriculture, that is, harvest crops, and girls - to help families who have many children. The "Landdienst", or "land service", was introduced in 1934 and was increased every year. Farm work was encouraged. Boys and girls who performed community service on the farm during the year could claim great privileges. During the war, help in harvesting and working on a farm for a year was a prerequisite. It was believed that those who take part in the work make a personal contribution to victory. The girl who worked for one year at Landdienst also had differences in uniform: the cuffs on her uniform were black and had the inscription “Landdienst”. The rank in the BDM was indicated on the dark blue uniform and white summer blouse with cloth badges. Colored laces were also worn, which also denoted rank. More often, the girls from BDM wore the so-called “Alpine jacket,” which was made of light brown material with leather or brown plastic carved buttons, convex, which resembled a soccer ball.
"Faith and Beauty" - ("Glaube und Schönheit") was a women's youth organization within the Union of German Girls. It was created in 1937 by Baldur von Schirach. Girls aged 17 to 21 could join it. They were trained in housekeeping and prepared for marriage and motherhood in accordance with the National Socialist concept of the "ideal German woman".
Girls of this age category were no longer considered members of the Union of German Girls, but did not yet have the right to join the National Socialist Women's Organization. Thus, the state and the NSDAP, with the help of “Faith and Beauty,” sought to keep them in the mainstream of public life.
"Faith and Beauty" was created in 1938 by order of the leader of the imperial youth, Baldur von Schirach, in agreement with the leadership of the Union of German Girls. Like its parent organizations - the Union of German Girls and the Hitler Youth - "Faith and Beauty" had a strict hierarchical structure. The law established voluntary membership in this organization, but in practice, all German girls graduating from the ranks of the Union automatically joined the ranks of Faith and Beauty. Leaving the organization could give reason to suspect the girl and her parents (the age of majority was 21) of oppositional views. The pressure on girls in Germany increased even more with the entry into force of the Reich Labor Service Law on September 4, 1939.
The work of "Faith and Beauty" met the political objectives of the organization. It was carried out in circles that worked once a week after hours. Sports, dance or body care courses were designed to improve the health of young women as future mothers of Germany's new generation. Circles that disseminated knowledge in the field of health, communications or air defense prepared young women so that in the event of war they could replace men who had gone to the front in production.
The organization "Faith and Beauty" was banned and liquidated after the war by Law No. 2 of the Control Council, and its property was subject to confiscation.
Girls' Union (German Jungmädelbund, JM) is the junior age group of the women's youth organization "Union of German Girls" for girls in the age category from 10 to 14 years, which was part of the Hitler Youth.
The organization in German is called Jungmädelbund, and therefore in modern historical literature the name of the organization is usually abbreviated as JM. Since it was a girls' organization, it was located in the League of German Girls, which was led by the only head of the Hitler Youth, Baldur von Schirach (later replaced by Arthur Axmann).
The organization was created in 1931, the Union of German Girls became one girls' organization. All other groups, including church groups and scout organizations, were either absorbed into the Hitler Youth or closed. In 1936, the Hitler Youth Law made membership in the Union compulsory for all girls aged 10 years and older. This law specified compulsory membership in the Hitler Youth for all boys over the age of 10 years.
New members must register between March 1st and March 10th of each year. Registration had to be carried out at local branches of the Union of German Girls. Girls had to complete fourth grade and meet the following requirements:
To be racially pure, that is, to be an ethnic part of the German nation;
Be a German citizen;
There must be no hereditary diseases.
If a girl met these requirements, then she could be assigned to a group of the Girls’ Union at her place of residence. In order to become a full member of the Union, she must attend preparatory courses, which consisted of her participation in one meeting of the Union, one sports day, which was supposed to include a test of her courage, and lectures on the tasks of the Union.
After she fulfilled these requirements, a ceremony was held to induct new members into the rank of members of the Union (April 20 - Hitler's birthday). During the ceremony, new members were sworn in, given Certificates of Membership, and personally greeted by the group leader.
In order to become a “full” member of the organization, each girl had to pass a certain series of tests: take part in a one-day trip with a group, etc. It took six months for a girl to meet all the specified requirements in order to become a full member of the Union. On October 2 of each year, those who were able to pass the tests could become full members during a ceremony where girls were officially granted the right to wear a black tie, belt and brown neckerchief with leather knot.
JM members wore a uniform that consisted of a white blouse, blue skirt, white socks and brown boots.
The girl was a member of the Union and remained in the group until she was 14, after which she was able to transfer to the Union of German Girls.
Jungfolk - The youngest age group of the Hitler Youth, which consisted of boys from 10 to 14 years old.
Joining the Jungfolk was considered voluntary by law. Education in the organization was carried out in the spirit of National Socialism with the goal of instilling in children from a very early age a National Socialist worldview of Aryan ideals. In addition, the need to remain faithful to Hitler and the regime he created was emphasized in every possible way, and the cult of physical strength, vitality and militarism was also promoted. The Nazis believed that teaching children how to become tough would free them from some of their disadvantages. Anti-Semitism was also propagated during educational work in the Jungvolk.
1. According to the law of December 1, 1936, a conscription of children born in 1927 into the Jungvolk was announced in Germany.
Thus, women's youth organizations had their own system and their own goals. The girls were preparing to become exemplary wives and soldiers' mothers. The role of women in society was reduced to the institution of family. Despite the preparation for family life, ideology played a leading role in the upbringing of girls. Thus, in women's youth organizations, girls were instilled with anti-Semitism and a special, erroneous perception of humanism.
While a lot has been written about the Hitler Youth and from different angles, the issue of raising girls in Nazi Germany is not so widely covered. Since 1936, all girls of the German Reich were required to join the ranks of the Union of German Girls. The only exceptions were girls of Jewish origin and other “non-Aryans”.
The standard uniform of the Union of German Girls is a dark blue skirt, white blouse and black tie with a leather clip.
Girls were prohibited from wearing high heels and silk stockings.
Rings and wristwatches were allowed as jewelry.
The worldview, norms of behavior and lifestyle acquired in Nazi organizations influenced the way of thinking and actions of many representatives of the older generation of modern Germany for a long time.
When girls turned 17, they could also be accepted into the organization "Faith and Beauty" ("Glaube und Schöncheit"), where they remained upon reaching the age of 21.
Here girls were taught housekeeping and prepared for motherhood and childcare.
But the most memorable event with the participation of "Glaube und Schöncheit" was the sports round dances - girls in identical white short dresses, barefoot, entered the stadium and performed simple but well-coordinated dance movements.
The women of the Reich were required to be not only strong, but also feminine.
The Nazis promoted the image of a “real German woman” and a “real German girl” who does not smoke, does not wear makeup, wears white blouses and long skirts, and wears her hair in braids or in a modest bun.
Also, the authorities, in accordance with the “Blood and Soil” principle, tried to introduce “tracht” into the quality of festive clothing - that is, a dress in the national style based on the Bavarian dress.
Such stylized “national clothes” were worn by participants in the grandiose theatrical celebrations that the Nazis loved to organize in stadiums.
Sports and group games occupied a special place.
If for boys the emphasis was on strength and endurance, then gymnastic exercises for girls were designed to develop grace, harmony and sense of body in them.
Sports exercises were selected taking into account female anatomy and the future role of women.
The Union of German Girls organized camping trips, on which the girls went with full backpacks.
At rest stops they lit fires, cooked food and sang songs.
Night observations of the full moon with an overnight stay in a haystack were a success.
The image of the Hollywood “vamp”, which was popular in Weimar Germany, was particularly attacked by Nazi propaganda: “War paint is more appropriate for primitive black tribes, but in no case for a German woman or a German girl.”
Instead, the image of “natural German female beauty” was promoted.
However, it should be noted that these requirements did not apply to German actresses and movie stars.
Even before the war, in many public places there were posters “German women do not smoke,” smoking was prohibited in all party premises and in air-raid shelters, and Hitler planned to ban smoking altogether after the victory.
At the beginning of 1941, the Reich Association of Hairdressers adopted a directive that limited the length of women's hairstyles to 10 cm.
So hairstyles with longer hair were not done in hairdressers and they could even shorten hair that was too long if it was not tied up in a modest bun or braided.
The German press strongly emphasized that the outstanding successes of the magnificent actress and director Leni Riefenstahl or the famous athlete-aviator Hannah Reich are directly related to their deep belief in the ideals of National Socialism.
The former actress Emma Goering and the mother of six Magda Goebbels, whose elegant toilets clearly showed German women that a true National Socialist had no need to dress in the modest uniform of the League of German Girls, were also declared role models.
German women generally calmly accepted the policies being pursued towards them.
The improved well-being of the population also contributed to the loyalty of German women to the new regime.
This was also facilitated by the favorable demographic policy of the ruling party in support of the family.
The Nazi regime was very interested in increasing the population.
If a working woman got married and voluntarily left her job, she was given an interest-free loan of 600 marks.
Since 1934, active promotion of the birth rate began: child and family benefits were introduced, medical care was provided to large families at preferential rates.
Special schools were opened where pregnant women were prepared for future motherhood.
In any case, Germany became the only large European country in which the birth rate was constantly increasing. If in 1934 just over 1 million babies were born, then in 1939 there were already about 1.5 million children.
In 1938, the order “Mother's Cross” was established - in bronze, silver and gold.
The inscription on the back of the cross read: “The child ennobles the mother.”
According to the plan of the Ministry of Propaganda, women were to occupy the same place of honor among the people as front-line soldiers.
Three degrees of honorary title were established - 3rd degree for 4 children, 2nd for 6 children (silver), 1st for 8 children (gold).
Union of German Girls
(Bund deutscher MIdel), a mass women's organization within the Hitler Youth.
It was under the control of Reich Youth Fuhrer Baldur von Schirach. The union was divided into two age groups: the youngest (from 10 to 14 years), the so-called. “jungmedel”, and older (from 15 to 21 years old). The lowest cell of the union was the “medelschaft”, 2–4 of which made up the “medelshar”. 2–4 “medelsharen” made up a “group”, 5 of which were combined into a “ring”. 5–6 “Ringe” formed the “Untergau”, of which there were 684. Then came the “Obergau”. The union consisted of 125 thousand leaders who were trained in 35 special schools. Hitler surrounded by girls from the BDM
All girls of the union were constantly taught that the most important task of their training was to be “bearers of the National Socialist worldview.” The girls were engaged in physical training, mastered the basics of military and civil service, and prepared for motherhood. During the annual parades, they wore blue sailor skirts, white blouses and brown jackets. When union members turned 17, they could be accepted into an organization called "Faith and Beauty" (Glaube und Schinheit), where they were prepared for future marriage and homemaking. By 1936 the union had over 2 million members.
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