People's intercessors in Nekrasov's poem who live well in Rus'. Images of people's intercessors in the poem N
In his poem N.A. Nekrasov creates images of “new people” who emerged from the people’s environment and became active fighters for the good of the people. This is Ermil Girin. Whatever position he is in, whatever he does, he strives to be useful to the peasant, to help him, to protect him. He gained honor and love with “strict truth, intelligence and kindness.”
The poet suddenly breaks off the story about Ermil, who was imprisoned at the moment when the village of Stolbnyaki in the Nedykhanev district was rebelling. The pacifiers of the riot, knowing that the people would listen to Yermil, called him to exhort the rebellious peasants. Yes, apparently, the people’s intercessor did not speak to the peasants about humility.
The type of democratic intellectual, a native of the people, is embodied in the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a farm laborer and a semi-impoverished sexton. If not for the kindness and generosity of the peasants, Grisha and his brother Savva could have died of hunger. And the young men respond to the peasants with love. This love filled Grisha’s heart from an early age and determined his path:
About fifteen years old
Gregory already knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark
Native corner
It is important for Nekrasov to convey to the reader the idea that Dobrosklonov is not alone, that he is from a cohort of brave in spirit and pure in heart, those who fight for the happiness of the people:
Rus' has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of God's gift,
On honest paths
I cried for a lot of them...
If in the era of the Decembrists the best people from the nobility stood up to defend the people, now the people themselves send their best sons from among themselves to battle, and this is especially important because it testifies to the awakening of national self-awareness:
No matter how dark the vahlachina is,
No matter how crammed with corvée
And slavery - and she,
Having been blessed, I placed
In Grigory Dobrosklonov
Such a messenger.
Grisha’s path is a typical path of a commoner democrat: a hungry childhood, a seminary, “where it was dark, cold, gloomy, strict, hungry,” but where he read a lot and thought a lot...
Fate had in store for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
People's Defender,
Consumption and Siberia.
And yet the poet paints the image of Dobrosklonov in joyful, bright colors. Grisha has found true happiness, and the country whose people bless “such a messenger” for battle should become happy.
The image of Grisha contains not only the features of the leaders of revolutionary democracy, whom Nekrasov loved and revered so much, but also the features of the author of the poem himself. After all, Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet, and a poet of the Nekrasov movement, a poet-citizen.
The chapter “A Feast for the Whole World” includes songs created by Grisha. These are joyful songs, full of hope, the peasants sing them as if they were their own. Revolutionary optimism is heard in the song “Rus”:
The army rises - innumerable,
The strength in her will be indestructible!
The poem contains the image of another people's defender - the author. In the first parts of the poem, we do not yet hear his voice directly. But in the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World,” the author directly addresses the readers in lyrical digressions. In this chapter, the language takes on a special coloring: along with folk vocabulary, there are many words that are bookish, solemn, romantically elevated (“radiant”, “sublime”, “punishing sword”, “the embodiment of the people’s happiness”, “grievous slavery”, “Rus' reviving ").
The author's direct statements in the poem are imbued with a bright feeling, which is also characteristic of Grisha's songs. All the author’s thoughts are about the people, all his dreams are about people’s happiness. The author, like Grisha, firmly believes in “the power of the people - a mighty force,” in the golden heart of the people, in the glorious future of the people:
Limits have not yet been set for the Russian people: There is a wide path before them!
The poet wants to instill this faith in others, to inspire his contemporaries to a revolutionary feat:
Such soil is good - . The soul of the Russian people... O sower! come!..
The theme of the “people's protector” runs through the entire work of N. A. Nekrasov, it also sounds in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Many writers and poets have tried to answer the question “What to do?” Nekrasov also looked for an answer to this in his work. What to strive for in life? What is the real happiness of a person in Russia? What needs to be done to make everyone happy? - he asked himself. The poet believed that to resolve these issues, people are needed who are able to join the fight and lead others. He showed such characters in the images of Yakim Nagogo, Ermila Girin, Savely Korchagin, Grisha Dobrosklonov. In Yakima, Nagom presents the peculiar character of the people's truth-seeker. He lives a miserable life, like all the peasantry, but is distinguished by his rebellious disposition. Yakim is ready to stand up for his rights. This is what he says about the people: Every peasant has a Soul that is like a black cloud, Angry, menacing - and it would be necessary for Thunder to thunder from there, to rain bloody rains. Ermila Girin is a man whom the people themselves chose as mayor, recognizing his justice. Even as a clerk, Ermila gained authority among the people for the fact that ... he would advise and make inquiries; Where there is enough strength, he will help out, He will not ask for gratitude, And if you give, he will not take it! But Yermila was also guilty: he shielded his younger brother from recruiting, but the people forgave him for his sincere repentance. Only Ermila’s conscience was not at peace: he left the mayor’s office and hired a mill. And again the people fell in love with him for his good treatment, for his even attitude towards the landowner and the poor, for his kindness. The “gray-haired priest” characterizes Ermila this way: He had everything he needed for happiness and peace, And money, and honor, An enviable, true honor, Not bought either by money or fear: by strict truth. With intelligence and kindness. From the priest’s statement it is clear that Girin achieved honor through “strict truth”, “intelligence and kindness”. He is concerned about the attitude of the people towards him, but Ermila himself judges himself even more strictly. He strives to alleviate the situation of the peasants, to help them financially, although he himself was not yet ready for a revolutionary action. Girin is already satisfied that his conscience is clear, that he makes the lives of others at least a little easier. Savely the hero represents a different type of Russian peasant. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. Despite the rods and hard labor, he did not accept his fate. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. Savely embodies the best traits of the Russian character: love for the homeland and people, hatred of oppressors, self-esteem. His favorite word - “push” - helps to see in him a person who knows how to cheer up his comrades, rally them, and captivate them. Savely is one of those who stood up well for the “patrimony.” Together with the men, he executes the hated manager, the German Vogel. People like Savely will not stand by at the time of peasant unrest. The most conscientious of the “people’s defenders” is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He devotes his entire life to the struggle, lives among the people, knows their needs, and is educated. The future of Russia, the poet believes, belongs to people like Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a great name for the people’s intercessor, consumption and Siberia.” Grisha Dobrosklonov’s songs reflect his thoughts about life’s ideals, his hopes for a bright future: The people’s share, their happiness, Light and freedom First of all. In a moment of despondency, O Motherland! My thoughts fly forward. You are still destined to suffer a lot, But you will not die, I know. Saved in slavery, the heart is free - Gold, gold, the people's heart! The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov helps to understand that truly happy is the one on whose side the truth is, on whom the people rely, who chooses an honest path for himself, being a “people's defender.”
The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” already in its title contains a question, the answer to which worried any enlightened person in Nekrasov’s time. And although the heroes of the work do not find someone who lives well, the author still makes it clear to the reader who he considers happy. The answer to this question is hidden in the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, a hero who appears in the last part of the poem, but is far from the last in ideological terms.
For the first time, readers meet Grisha in the chapter “Good times - good songs”, during a feast, thanks to which the image of Grisha in “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is initially associated with the concept of national happiness. His father, the parish clerk, is loved by the people - it is not for nothing that he is invited to the peasant holiday. In turn, the clerk and sons are characterized as “simple, kind guys,” and, like men, they mow and “drink vodka on holidays.” So from the very beginning of creating the image, Nekrasov makes it clear that Grisha shares his entire life with the people.
Then the life of Grisha Dobrosklonov is described in more detail. Despite his origins from the clergy, Grisha was familiar with poverty from childhood. His father, Tryphon, lived “poorer than the last shabby peasant.”
Even the cat and dog chose to run away from the family, unable to bear the hunger. All this is due to the fact that the sexton has an “easy disposition”: he is always hungry and always looking for somewhere to drink. At the beginning of the chapter, his sons lead him, drunk, home. He boasts about his children, but he forgot to think about whether they were full.
Things are no easier for Grisha in the seminary, where the already meager food is taken away by the “economy grabber.” That is why Grisha has an “emaciated” face - sometimes from hunger he cannot sleep until the morning, he is still waiting for breakfast. Nekrasov several times focuses the reader’s attention on precisely this feature of Grisha’s appearance - he is thin and pale, although in another life he could have been a fine fellow: he has a wide bone and red hair. This appearance of the hero partly symbolizes all of Rus', which has the prerequisites for a free and happy life, but for now lives in a completely different way.
Since childhood, Grisha has been familiar first-hand with the main problems of the peasantry: overwork, hunger and drunkenness. But all this does not embitter, but rather strengthens the hero. From the age of fifteen, a firm conviction matures in him: he must live solely for the good of his people, no matter how poor and wretched they may be. In this decision, he is strengthened by the memory of his mother, the caring and hardworking Domnushka, who lived a short life because of her labors...
The image of Grisha’s mother is the image of a Russian peasant woman dearly loved by Nekrasov, resigned, unrequited, and at the same time carrying within herself a huge gift of love. Grisha, her “beloved son,” did not forget his mother after her death; moreover, her image merged for him with the image of the entire Vakhlachina. The last maternal gift - the song “Salty”, testifying to the depth of maternal love - will accompany Grisha all his life. He hums it in the seminary, where it is “gloomy, strict, hungry.”
And longing for his mother leads him to a selfless decision to devote his life to others who are equally deprived.
Note that songs are very important for characterizing Grisha in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” by Nekrasov. They briefly and accurately reveal the essence of the hero’s ideas and aspirations, and his main life priorities are clearly visible.
The first of the songs sounding from Grisha’s lips conveys his attitude towards Rus'. It is clear that he perfectly understands all the problems that were tearing the country apart: slavery, ignorance and shame of the peasants - Grisha sees all this without embellishment. He easily selects words that can terrify even the most insensitive listener, and this shows his pain for his native country. And at the same time, the song sounds hope for future happiness, the belief that the desired will is already approaching: “But you will not die, I know!”...
Grisha's next song - about a barge hauler - strengthens the impression of the first, depicting in detail the fate of an honest worker who spends "honestly acquired pennies" in a tavern. From private destinies the hero moves on to the depiction of “all mysterious Rus'” - this is how the song “Rus” is born. This is the anthem of his country, full of sincere love, in which one can hear faith in the future: “The army is rising - innumerable.” However, someone is needed to become the head of this army, and this fate is destined for Dobrosklonov.
There are two paths, Grisha believes, one of them is wide, rough, but along it is a crowd greedy for temptations. There is an eternal struggle for “mortal blessings”. It is along it, unfortunately, that the wanderers, the main characters of the poem, are initially directed. They see happiness in purely practical things: wealth, honor and power. Therefore, it is not surprising that they fail to meet Grisha, who has chosen a different path for himself, “tight but honest.” Only strong and loving souls follow this path, wanting to intercede for the offended. Among them is the future people’s intercessor Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom fate is preparing “a glorious path, ... consumption and Siberia.” This road is not easy and does not bring personal happiness, and yet, according to Nekrasov, this is the only way - in unity with all the people - and one can become truly happy. The “great truth” expressed in Grisha Dobrosklonov’s song gives him such joy that he runs home, “jumping” with happiness and feeling “immense strength” within himself. At home, his delight is confirmed and shared by his brother, who speaks of Grisha’s song as “divine” - i.e. finally admitting that the truth is on his side.
Work test
- The plot of the poem.
- The theme of people's intercession.
- Heroes are “intercessors”.
- Grisha Dobrosklonov as a “conscious defender.”
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov entered Russian poetry as the “people's sad man.” The folk theme became one of the central ones in his work. But the poet was never a simple writer of everyday life; as an artist, he was primarily concerned with the drama of the people. The theme of the “people's protector” is also heard in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the author himself appeared as the people’s “intercessor,” who not only expressed his attitude towards the people by the fact of creating this work, but was able to understand their soul and truly reveal their character. What is the real happiness of a person in Russia? What needs to be done to make everyone happy? - he asked himself. The poet believed that to resolve these issues, people are needed who are able to join the fight and lead others. The theme of popular intercession is widely represented in the poem. Intercessor is one of the key words in the work. The people's intercessor is one who not only pities and sympathizes with the peasants, but serves the people, expresses their interests, confirming this with actions and deeds. Such characters are shown in the images of Yakim Nagogo, Ermila Girin, Savely Korchagin, Grisha Dobrosklonov.
In Yakima, Nagom presents the peculiar character of the people's truth-seeker. He lives a miserable life, like all the peasantry, but is distinguished by his rebellious disposition. Yakim is ready to stand up for his rights. This is what he says about the people:
Every peasant has a Soul that is like a black cloud, Angry, menacing - and Thunder should thunder from there, Bloody rain should fall.
Ermila Girin is a man whom the people themselves chose as mayor, recognizing his justice. While still a clerk, Ermila gained authority among the people for the fact that:
...they will advise
And he will make inquiries;
Where there is enough strength, it will help out,
Doesn't ask for gratitude
And if you give it, he won’t take it!
But Yermila was also guilty: he shielded his younger brother from recruiting, but the people forgave him for his sincere repentance. Only Ermila’s conscience was not at peace: he left the mayor’s office and hired a mill. And again the people fell in love with him for his good treatment, for his even attitude towards the landowner and the poor, for his kindness. The “gray-haired priest” characterizes Ermila this way:
He had everything he needed for happiness and peace, And money, and honor, Enviable, true honor, Not bought either by money or fear: by strict truth. With intelligence and kindness.
From the priest’s statement it is clear that Girin achieved honor through “strict truth”, “intelligence and kindness”. He is concerned about the attitude of the people towards him, but Ermila himself judges himself even more strictly. He strives to alleviate the situation of the peasants, to help them financially, although he himself is not yet ready for a revolutionary action. Girin is already satisfied that his conscience is clear, that he makes the lives of others at least a little easier.
Savely the hero represents a different type of Russian peasant. He is the embodiment of strength and courage. Despite the rods and hard labor, he did not accept his fate. “Branded, but not a slave,” he says about himself. Savely embodies the best traits of the Russian character: love for the homeland and people, hatred of oppressors, self-esteem. His favorite word - “push” - helps to see in him a person who knows how to cheer up his comrades, rally them, and captivate them. Savely is one of those who stood up well for the “patrimony.” Together with the men, he executes the hated manager, the German Vogel. People like Savely will not stand by at the time of peasant unrest.
The most conscientious of the “people’s defenders” is Grisha Dobrosklonov. He devotes his entire life to the struggle, lives among the people, knows their needs. The future of Russia, the poet believes, belongs to people like Grisha Dobrosklonov, for whom “fate was preparing a glorious path, a great name for the people’s intercessor, consumption and Siberia.” The songs of Grisha Dobrosklonov reflect his thoughts about life’s ideals, his hopes for a bright future:
The people's share, their happiness, light and freedom, first of all.
The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov helps to understand that truly happy is the one on whose side the truth is, on whom the people rely, who chooses an honest path for himself, being a “people's defender.” The poem shows Grisha's difficult childhood and tells about his father and mother.
Gregory's reflections on the fate of the people testify to the liveliest compassion that makes Grisha choose such a difficult path for himself. The image of Grisha is closely connected with revolutionary democratic ideas that began to appear in society in the middle of the 19th century. Nekrasov created his hero, focusing on the fate of N. A. Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a type of commoner revolutionary. He was born into the family of a poor sexton, and from childhood he felt all the disasters characteristic of the life of the common people. Grigory received an education and, being an intelligent and enthusiastic person, cannot remain indifferent to the current situation in the country. Grigory understands perfectly well that for Russia there is now only one way out - radical changes in the social system. The common people can no longer be the same dumb community of slaves that meekly tolerates all the antics of their masters.
The image of Grigory Dobrosklonov in Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” inspires hope in the moral and political revival of Rus', in a change in the consciousness of the ordinary Russian people.
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is rightfully considered the poet’s main book, his highest achievement. And not only because we have an encyclopedic coverage of Russian reality, showing representatives of almost all classes of society, typical for a turning point in the country’s history, illuminated by the poetic genius of Nekrasov. The work is multi-layered and multifaceted. The poet created his main book for the people and in the name of the people, expressing their cherished dreams and aspirations. “Who Lives Well in Rus'” sounds like an indictment against the poet’s contemporary state system. At the same time, the poem is a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Among the gallery of images of sufferers and workers, rogues and rebels, Nekrasov also shows us a people's intercessor - one who, coming from among the people themselves, will influence their views and beliefs, and will be able to lead them.
This is the first image in Russian literature of a fighter who came from among his people, flesh of his flesh. The son of a rural sexton and seminarian, Grigory Dobrosklonov does not belong to the clergy class, since in Russia since 1868 this category did not enjoy the privileges of the clergy, but lived by the fruits of its labors, that is, eked out a meager existence as a peasant. The motif of Gregory’s hungry childhood, fed half-and-half bread with his mother’s tears, is repeated several times in the poem; his “emaciated face”, life in the seminary,
Where it was dark, cold,
Gloomy, stern, hungry,
where they woke up before the light and waited “greedily for the rusher,” where “the thrifty grabber was underfed.” With a heart filled with love for his own mother and gratitude to the native land that nurtured him, lending a helping hand in difficult times, the hero chooses his path in life. There is no calculation in him, no desire to take the “high road”:
Eternal boils there,
Inhuman
Feud-war
For mortal blessings...
Grisha chooses the “honest road”:
They walk along it
Only strong souls
Loving,
To fight, to work.
For the bypassed, for the oppressed...
This is a conscious choice from the age of fifteen, because the love for the homeland in his heart merged with the love for his poor mother - and there is no more sincere affection, sincere patriotism, which is why the words “motherland” are so natural in his mouth. Gregory already knew for sure
Who will he give his whole life to?
And for whom he will die.
Refusing personal benefits and benefits, he is going to university not for himself, not for a future career, but in order to bring more benefit to his native people.
I don't need any silver
No gold, but God willing,
So that my fellow countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely - fun
All over holy Rus'!
How does this remind us of Dobrolyubov, whose surname is so easily guessed in the hero’s name, and Rakhmetov, the hero of N. G. Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” - whose name was on the lips of the reading public during the writing of the poem. This is what the poem says about them:
Rus' has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of God's gift,
On honest paths
I mourned a lot of them
(While the falling star
They're rushing by!).
Behind the sons of Rus' one can discern the figures of N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.G. Belinsky, T.G. Shevchenko; Nekrasov brings his hero into this cohort of fighters for the people's happiness.
No matter how dark the vahlachina is,
No matter how crammed with corvée
And slavery - and she,
Having been blessed, I placed
In Grigory Dobrosklonov
Such a messenger.
Fate had in store for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
People's Defender,
Consumption and Siberia.
It was not for nothing that Nekrasov also made his hero a poet - his comrade-in-arms in the struggle. His songs “from the heart itself” are not only evidence of a blood connection with the Russian people, spiritual unity with their world, but also an attempt to comprehend what is happening, to realize his life credo. Following the songs “Hungry” and “Salty”, which recreate gloomy, hopeless pictures of the life of the people, other lines appear, marking fundamental changes in society, the growth of self-awareness of the people:
Enough! Finished with past settlement.
The settlement with the master has been completed!
The Russian people are gathering strength
And learns to be a citizen...
Developing the theme of the growth of popular indignation, the formation of a citizen, Grigory Dobrosklonov composes his main song - “Rus”. He sings about “a free heart saved in slavery,” about the mighty power of the people, creating a vivid, unique metaphor showing the growth of popular indignation and revolutionary upsurge:
Rus' does not move,
Rus' is like dead!
And she caught fire
Hidden spark -
They stood up - unwounded,
They came out - uninvited,
Live by the grain
The mountains have been damaged!
The army rises -
Uncountable,
The strength in her will affect
Indestructible!
Nekrasov considers him, the only one among the heroes of the poem, happy, because, in the opinion of the poet-fighter, only a fighter for the people's cause is happy. Nekrasov ends the story about Grisha on an optimistic note, endowing the hero with indestructible strength and, most importantly, faith in a bright future, readiness and desire to give his life for his homeland:
He heard immense sounds in his chest,
The sounds of grace delighted his ears,
The radiant sounds of the noble hymn -
He sang the embodiment of people's happiness!..
