Nations and interethnic relations in modern society. Nations and interethnic relations

Detailed solution Paragraph § 15 in social studies for 11th grade students, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014

Question 1. What is a nation? How is nationality determined? Why is the policy of multiculturalism criticized?

A nation is a socio-economic, cultural, political and spiritual community of the industrial era.

A nation is a historically established part of humanity, united by a stable community of language, territory, economic life and culture.

Nationality is a person’s belonging to a certain ethnic community of people, distinguished by the characteristics of language, culture, psychology, traditions, customs, and way of life.

Multiculturalism is one of the aspects of tolerance, which consists in the requirement for the parallel existence of cultures for the purpose of their mutual penetration, enrichment and development in the universal mainstream of mass culture. The idea of ​​multiculturalism is put forward mainly in economically developed Western countries, where there is a significant influx of immigrants. In modern Europe, Multiculturalism presupposes, first of all, the inclusion in its cultural field of elements of the cultures of immigrants from the “third world” countries.

Critics of multiculturalism may argue for the cultural and social integration of various ethnic and cultural groups in accordance with the existing laws and values ​​of the country. In addition, critics may insist on the assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups, ultimately leading to a single national identity.

Questions and tasks for the document

From the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Preamble

We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, are united by a common destiny on our land, affirming human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, preserving the historically established state unity, based on the generally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, honoring the memory of our ancestors who conveyed to us love and respect for To the Fatherland, faith in goodness and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the inviolability of its democratic foundation, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, based on responsibility for our Motherland before present and future generations, recognizing ourselves as part of the world community, we accept the CONSTITUTION of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

1. Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.

2. Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity.

1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

2. Propaganda or agitation that incites social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not permitted. Promotion of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited.

1. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is Russian.

3. The Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language and create conditions for its study and development.

Question 1. How is the people who adopted this Constitution characterized in the Preamble?

The multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on their land, affirming human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, preserving the historically established state unity, based on the generally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, honoring the memory of our ancestors who conveyed to us love and respect for the Fatherland, faith in goodness and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and affirming the inviolability of its democratic foundation, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, based on responsibility for our Motherland before present and future generations, recognizing ourselves as part of the world community, we accept the CONSTITUTION of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

Question 2. What provisions of the Preamble reflect the understanding of the nation in the ethnic meaning of the word?

Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.

Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity.

Question 3. What is the humanistic approach to interethnic relations implemented in this document?

Republics have the right to establish their own official languages. In government bodies, local government bodies, and government institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.

Question 4. What manifestations of nationalist views are prohibited in the Constitution?

Propaganda or agitation that incites social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not permitted. Promotion of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited.

Question 5. How can one explain the approval of the Russian language as the state language?

The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian.

Republics have the right to establish their own official languages. In government bodies, local government bodies, and government institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation.

The state language is the language provided for by the Constitution of the country, used in legislation, office work and legal proceedings. This is the language in which government authorities communicate with citizens.

SELF-TEST QUESTIONS

Question 1. In what two meanings is the concept “nation” used? What are the characteristics of a civil nation?

The concept of “nation” is used today in two main meanings. The first connects the nation with the ethnic group. The Greek word "ethnos" means "people". An ethnos, according to a number of scientists, is understood as a historically formed set of people in a certain territory who have a common culture, language, and most importantly, a consciousness of their unity.

A nation develops over a long period of time as a result of the rapprochement, “fusion” of representatives of various (related and unrelated) tribes and nationalities. Naturally, the concept of “nation”, designed to reflect the most complex social processes, also crystallized for quite a long time.

At the beginning of the 20th century. The main characteristics of a nation were considered to be a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up. Modern scientists agree that at the stage of nation formation these signs are of great importance. At the same time, the unity of a nation can be supported by a common identity, spiritual and cultural values, as well as historical destiny.

Along with the ethnocultural one, there is another understanding of the nation. A nation is understood as a cultural and political community of citizens of a certain state. In addition to some cultural factors (language), a nation in this understanding is bound by belonging to one state. It is in this sense that the concept of a civil nation is used.

When using the concept of “nation”, we must remember these two meanings - ethnic and general civil. The meanings may change depending on the context. For example, in the phrases “national anthem”, “Russian national orchestra” the concept “national” has a general civil meaning, in the phrases “national tradition”, “national costume” or “national dance” - ethnic.

Question 2. What is tolerance in interethnic relations?

Tolerance is the willingness to favorably recognize and accept the behavior, beliefs and views of other people and organizations that differ from one's own. Moreover, even in the case when these beliefs or views are not shared, are not approved and may even be harmful to everyone.

Tolerance in interethnic relations is not just tolerance towards another nation, but a willingness to understand another opinion without imposing one’s principles, views, and beliefs in relation to the nation; the ability to find a compromise, so there is a two-way process.

Question 3. Expand the functions of national identity in the formation and unity in the modern life of the nation.

The functions of historical memory and national self-awareness in the formation and unity in the modern life of a nation lie in the fact that the nation understands the cultural heritage of its ancestors and tries to continue their activities, take an example from them or, conversely, beware of their mistakes. A member of the national society develops patriotism. In connection with all these processes, cultural activities and the formation of the state develop.

Question 4. What is the policy of multiculturalism? What do you see as its strengths and weaknesses?

Multiculturalism is a policy aimed at preserving and developing cultural differences in a single country and in the world as a whole, and the theory or ideology that justifies such a policy.

Multiculturalism is opposed to the concept of the "melting pot", where all cultures are supposed to merge into one. Examples include Canada, which cultivates an approach to different cultures as parts of the same mosaic, and the United States, where the concept of a “melting pot” was traditionally proclaimed, but the “salad bowl” concept is now recognized as more politically correct.

Multiculturalism is one of the aspects of tolerance, which consists in the requirement for the parallel existence of cultures for the purpose of their mutual penetration, enrichment and development in the universal mainstream of mass culture. The idea of ​​multiculturalism is put forward mainly in economically developed Western countries, where there is a significant influx of immigrants. In modern Europe, multiculturalism presupposes, first of all, the inclusion in its cultural field of elements of cultures of immigrants from “third world” countries.

Critics of multiculturalism argue that the result is a complete destruction of centuries-old cultural foundations and developed cultural traditions, since such mixing always leads to homogenization. In their opinion, if the low level of cultural development of migrants undoubtedly increases, then the high level of culture of the target country of multiculturalism invariably falls.

In the 2010s, a number of European right-wing, center-right and conservative leaders said they considered multiculturalism in their countries a failure.

Critics of multiculturalism may argue for the cultural and social integration of various ethnic and cultural groups in accordance with the existing laws and values ​​of the country. In addition, critics may insist on the assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups, ultimately leading to a single national identity.

Question 5. What are the most typical causes of interethnic conflicts?

The history of interethnic relations is filled with manifestations of hostility and intransigence, which often led to conflicts, sometimes tragic. And today, unfortunately, interethnic conflicts are not a thing of the past.

In interethnic clashes, people die and material assets are destroyed. There are many reasons for this, and they should be looked for not only in economic problems, in unemployment, in the deterioration of the environmental situation, in anti-democratic laws, etc. The suppression of a nation causes especially severe consequences (infringement of the rights of people based on nationality, persecution of national religion, culture, language) or belittling it, neglecting national feelings.

National feelings are very vulnerable. According to the observations of psychologists, manifestations of national hatred cause people to feel a state of deep pessimism, despair, and hopelessness. Consciously or unconsciously, they seek support in a nationally close environment, believing that it is there that they will find peace of mind and protection. The nation seems to withdraw into itself and become isolated.

History shows that in such cases there is often a desire to find someone to blame for all the troubles. And since their underlying causes often remain hidden from mass consciousness, the main culprit most often appears to be people of another nationality living in the given or neighboring territory. Gradually, an “enemy image” is emerging - a most dangerous social phenomenon. (Think about these phenomena and draw conclusions.)

Question 6. What is the danger of nationalism?

Nationalist ideology can also become a destructive force. Nationalism manifests its socio-political orientation in different ways. Thus, movements associated with the ideas of nationalism and the revival of one’s nation played an important role in the anti-colonial struggle of the peoples of America, Africa, and Asia.

However, as historical experience testifies, especially the experience of the 20th century, nationalism from the ideology and policy of the struggle against national oppression is increasingly turning into an assertion in word and deed of the superiority and even exclusivity of “one’s” nation.

The policy of nationalism received its extreme expression in countries with fascist regimes. The misanthropic idea of ​​“racial superiority” and the eradication of “inferior” races and peoples resulted in the practice of genocide - the extermination of entire population groups based on nationality.

Question 7. What is the essence of the humanistic approach to ethnic problems?

In tolerance, tolerance. Recognition that people have the right to live according to the laws of their ethnic group, if this does not contradict the conditions of community life and relationships with other ethnic groups.

TASKS

Question 1. Do you think the problem of interethnic relations affects each of us? Give reasons for your answer.

Affects. Even if you have excluded yourself from communicating with foreigners, then at least you must explain to your children “who is who” and warn them about the possible, likely negative consequences of communicating with certain representatives of other nationalities.

There are a lot of people and the problem of different people living together will always exist.

Question 2. Scientists say: aggressive nationalism is characteristic of poorly educated segments of the population and is often a way of self-justification for one’s own inability to think politically. Do you agree with this point of view? Support your answer with specific historical examples.

Aggressive nationalism is characteristic not only of the poorly educated segments of the population, but also of those who adopted Nazi ideology. Moreover, in the case of aggressiveness of the poorly educated segments of the population, their aggression is in the nature of a short-term outbreak, because they have no time to be aggressive as they are busy with pressing problems. If an entire nation arms itself with aggression, declaring itself God’s chosen ones or Aryans, then in this case the aggression can only be stopped by drastic and decisive actions.

Question 3. In the text of the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” read paragraph 1 of Art. 1. Prepare answers to the questions: 1) what, according to the law, should be understood by: a) extremist activity, b) extremist organization, c) extremist materials? 2) What actions in the sphere of national and interethnic relations does the law classify as extremist activity?

1) extremist activity (extremism):

Violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;

Public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

Inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;

Propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Obstructing citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;

Obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

Committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph "e" of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

Propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or public display of paraphernalia or symbols of extremist organizations;

Public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

Public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;

Organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;

Financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services;

2) extremist organization - a public or religious association or other organization in respect of which, on the grounds provided for by this Federal Law, the court made a decision that has entered into legal force to liquidate or prohibit activities in connection with the implementation of extremist activities;

3) extremist materials - documents or information on other media intended for publication, calling for the implementation of extremist activities or substantiating or justifying the need for such activities, including the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications substantiating or justifying national and (or) racial superiority or justifying the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at the complete or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group.

A nation is an autonomous political grouping, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values ​​and institutions. Representatives of one nation no longer have a common ancestor and common origin. They do not necessarily have a common language or religion, but the nationality that unites them was formed thanks to a common history and culture.

Signs of a nation:

• communities of territory;
• community of language;
• community of economic life;
• general features of mental makeup;
• national identity.

The nation emerges during the birth of capitalism. During this period, classes, the internal market and a unified economic structure, their own literature, and art took shape. Nations are more numerous than nationalities, numbering tens and hundreds of millions. On the basis of a single territory, language and economy, a single national character and mental makeup are formed. There is a very strong feeling of solidarity with your nation. National-patriotic and national liberation movements, interethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.

Ethnic groups are large groups of people, distinguished on the basis of a common culture, language, and awareness of the indissolubility of historical destiny.

Social communities defined by ethnicity are diverse. First of all, these are tribes, nationalities and nations.

Nations are the most developed ethnic entities that arose on the basis of linguistic, territorial, cultural, economic, socio-psychological community. They are most characteristic of the modern world, in which there are at least two thousand different ethnic groups.

Russia is a multinational state. The non-Russian population makes up about 18% and includes, according to the authors of the 1994 microcensus program, representatives of more than 170 ethnic groups. Ethnographic specialists sometimes count 1.5 - 2 times more ethnic communities in Russia. In terms of its national-state structure, the Russian Federation has no analogues in the world. Among the subjects of the Russian Federation, 32 have the status of national-territorial, for which more than 40 ethnic groups are “indigenous”. About 7% of the population, including about 130 ethnic groups and ethnic groups, do not have national-territorial entities in Russia.

Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - a tendency towards cooperation and periodic conflicts. Interethnic relations are a particularly delicate matter. Violation or infringement of national interests, discrimination against individual nations give rise to extremely complex problems and conflicts.

Nationalism is an ideology, the essence of which is preaching the uniqueness and/or exclusivity of one’s people, the priority of national values, etc.

The extreme form of nationalism is chauvinism, which preaches the exclusivity of one’s nation, opposing the interests of one’s nation to the interests of other nations, inciting national enmity and hatred.

Nationalism arises as a reaction of an ethnic group to the destructive actions of the external environment. As a political principle, nationalism was formed in the processes of formation of states and the collapse of empires. At the present stage, the nationalism of many ethnic communities is a kind of response to the intensifying global process of internationalization.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. territorial disputes;
2. historical tensions between peoples;
3. the policy of discrimination pursued by the dominant nation;
4. attempts by national political elites to use national feelings for the sake of their own popularity;
5. the desire of peoples to create their own statehood.

When resolving these conflicts, it is necessary to observe the humanistic principles of policy in the field of national relations:

1. renunciation of violence and coercion;
2. seeking agreement based on the consensus of all participants;
3. recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important value;
4. readiness for a peaceful resolution of controversial issues.

The nature of national relations is determined by two interrelated trends: towards differentiation and towards integration.

Every nation strives for self-development, to preserve its national identity, language, and culture. These aspirations are realized in the process of their differentiation, which can take the form of a struggle for national self-determination and the creation of an independent national state.

On the other hand, the self-development of nations in the modern world is impossible without their close interaction, cooperation, exchange of cultural values, overcoming alienation, and maintaining mutually beneficial contacts. The trend towards integration is intensifying due to the need to solve global problems facing humanity, with the successes of the scientific and technological revolution. It must be borne in mind that these trends are interconnected: the diversity of national cultures does not lead to their isolation, and the rapprochement of nations does not mean the disappearance of differences between them.

Interethnic relations are a particularly delicate matter. Violation or infringement of national interests, discrimination against individual nations give rise to extremely complex problems and conflicts.

In the modern world, including in Russia, there are interethnic conflicts caused by various reasons:

1. territorial disputes;
2. historically arisen tensions in relations between peoples;
3. the policy of discrimination carried out by the dominant nation against small nations and peoples;
4. attempts by national political elites to use national feelings for the sake of their own popularity;
5. the desire of peoples to leave the multinational state and create their own statehood.

It should be borne in mind that the international community, when resolving interethnic conflicts, proceeds from the priority of state integrity, the inviolability of established borders, the inadmissibility of separatism and related violence.

When resolving interethnic conflicts, it is necessary to observe the humanistic principles of policy in the field of national relations:

1. renunciation of violence and coercion;
2. seeking agreement based on the consensus of all participants;
3. recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important value;
4. readiness for a peaceful resolution of controversial issues.

Check yourself.

1. Are the judgments correct:

A. Conflict can only have negative consequences.

B. One type of conflict is intrapersonal.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

2. One strategy in conflict is:

1) avoidance

2) reconciliation

4) opposition

3. Name three negative consequences of conflict.

4. Make detailed plans on the topics: “Conflict”, “Social Conflict”, “Interpersonal Conflict”.

5. Write an essay on the topics: “Agreements prevent conflicts”, “Don’t conflict: make an agreement with a smart person, fool a fool”, “A wise person will always find a way not to start a war”, “Conflict is the intersection of interests. There is no one to blame. There are only reasons."

Pre-class society is represented by such forms of community of people as clan and tribe.

Genus- a group of blood relatives descended from one another

Tribe-combination of several genera.

Nationality-a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, culture, follows the tribe and precedes the nation. Nations emerge during the period of development of capitalist relations.

Nation-a historically established community, characterized by developed economic ties, common territory, language, culture, psychological make-up, and self-awareness.

Signs of a nation:

1. unity of territory

2. unity of language

3. common historical destiny

4. general culture

5. general self-awareness - knowledge of the history of one’s people, caring attitude towards the national. traditions, sense of nationality dignity

6. stable statehood

7. unity of economic relations

8. developed social structure

Nationality-belonging to a particular nation Ethnos- a set of people who have a common culture and are aware of this commonality as an expression of a common historical destinies. It is a general concept for a tribe, nationality, nation.

Interethnic relations:

1. relations between different states

2. relations between different nationalities within one country

Forms of interethnic relations:

1. peaceful cooperation

Ethnic mixing (inter-ethnic marriages)

Ethnic absorption- assimilation- complete dissolution of one people into another (VPN, development of North America)

2. ethnic conflict

Main directions in the development of interethnic relations:

1. integration-desire for interaction, expansion of connections, perception of the best (EU)

2. differentiation-the nation’s desire for self-development, sovereignty,

Confrontation between different ethnic groups (protectionism, extremism, separatism, etc.). Separatism- the nation’s desire for separation, isolation.

Interethnic conflict- an extreme form of contradiction between rival national formations created to protect national interests.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. socio-economic - inequality in living standards, access to benefits

2. cultural and linguistic - insufficient use of language and culture in public life

3. ethnodemographic - differences in the level of natural population growth

4. environmental

5. extraterritorial - non-coincidence of borders with the boundaries of settlement of peoples

6. historical - past relationships between peoples

7. confessional

Discrimination- belittlement, belittlement, infringement of rights Nationalism-ideology and politics based on the idea of ​​national superiority and national exclusivity. Chauvinism- extreme degree of nationalism.

Genocide - deliberate and systematic destruction of a population along racial, national or religious lines. Segregation-type of racial discrimination.

Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts:

1. humanistic approach to solving national problems. problems

Voluntary search for consent and non-violence

Recognition of the priority of human rights over the rights of the state, society, peoples

Respect for the sovereignty of peoples

2. negotiations between conflicting parties

3. information path - exchange of information between the parties about possible measures to overcome conflict situations.

4. application of the legal mechanism.

Goals of the national policy of the Russian Federation:

Legislative consolidation of the rights of nationalities

Creating favorable conditions for the development of nationalities - coordinating national interests

Principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation:

Equality of rights and freedoms of citizens

Prohibition of discrimination

Maintaining Integrity

Equality of subjects

Right to nationality

Peaceful Conflict Resolution

Support for compatriots abroad

Guaranteeing the rights of small peoples

Promoting the development of national cultures.

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Social studies lesson in 10th grade

Target:
- create conditions for students to acquire knowledge about historically established communities of people.

Lesson objectives:

Didactic: create conditions for organizing creative and exploratory activities of students in the classroom, increase the independence of students’ work.

Educational: 1.Know what “ethnicity” and “ethnic communities” are, understand the meaning of the basic concepts of the topic (racism, chauvinism, genocide, etc.), know the types and causes of interethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them.

Developmental: mastering the skills to receive and critically comprehend social information, analyze, systematize the data received, the ability to work with sources; mastering methods of cognitive, communicative, practical activity, making comparisons, drawing conclusions, giving examples from the media. The lesson includes elements of training tasks for the Unified State Exam in social studies, which helps students successfully prepare for the Unified State Exam in the subject.

Educational: to cultivate in students national patriotic feelings, tolerance, the formation of an active life position, instilling in students respect for other nations and the formation of the foundations of a culture of interethnic communication.

Basic concepts: nation, nationality, ethnicity, tribe, nationality, interethnic relations, interethnic conflict, nationalism, chauvinism, genocide, racism, tolerance

Interdisciplinary connections: history, music, geography, literature

Didactic material: text with a fragment from the works of philosophers about the nation and interethnic relations, worksheets with tasks , Constitution of the Russian Federation

Equipment: projector, screen, computer, presentation “Nations and Interethnic Relations”, manual “Social Studies for Preparation for the Unified State Exam” P.A. Baranov, Constitution of the Russian Federation

Goal setting.

Declaration of the objectives of the lesson: to practice and consolidate basic skills in the Unified State Exam training tasks and, in the process of completing tasks, repeat the basic terms, concepts, classifications and characteristics on the topic.

Lesson format: workshop lesson with elements of integration and the use of ICT.

Provision of information: presentation “Interethnic conflicts”

(interdisciplinary connection with history, music)

An approach: competence-based