How do different regions of the country differ from each other? How do peoples differ from each other: external differences, culture, countries, languages? Differences between states.

) - a territory in which paradise has certain state borders and lives according to certain laws -us. The number of countries is different from me. Now there are more than 230 of them.

The countries of the world are far from each other. They are very different in size and geographical location, in the number of inhabitants and economic activity. I-tel-no-sti. Each country has its own traditions, which manifest themselves in the character and way of life of people.

Most of the modern countries (about 200) are independent or sovereign states. The rest are under the control of some of these states.

All the countries of the world are shown on the map. It shows the borders of countries and their capitals. Different colors, in which different countries are used, are used to better distinguish the boundaries between territories -to-ri-i-mi neighboring countries. Look at the real world map (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Po-li-ti-che-skaya map of the world

The countries of the world are very different from each other.

If you look at the world map, you will see that all countries are different in size territories: some immediately catch the eye, others are difficult to see even on the most detailed map.

Rice. 2. Largest countries by area

Along with “country-na-mi-gi-gan-ta-mi”, there are also small countries, and even countries of ma-lyut-ki (An-dor-ra, Mo- na-ko, Wa-chi-kan, etc.).

You also know that countries differ in the number of inhabitants (see Fig. 3). The largest number of people live in China - almost every fifth inhabitant of the Earth.

Rice. 3. Largest countries by number of villages

Important features of any country - the type of structure, the level of eco-no-mi-che-sko- th development of the country. Many other factors on which countries are compared with each other depend on these two features.

There are two main forms of government - res-pub-li-ka and mo-narchy.

Most of the modern countries are republics. They contain the government and the head of the state from the bi-ra-yut-sya at-ro-house (see Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. House of Government of Russia

In mo-nar-hi-yahs, the country is ruled by a mo-narch (see Fig. 5). His power usually appears through life and is inherited.

In de-vis-si-mo-sti from ti-tu-la mo-nar-ha, the state-state can be referred to as a kingdom, a principality , emi-ra-ta-mi, duke-tsog-stvom and sul-ta-na-tom.

Rice. 5. Monar-ha Palace in Japan

In eco-no-mi-ka, you are countries with different levels of development.

It is very important what kind of economies dominate the country’s economy, and how many people are employed in these industries -lyakh .

Depending on the prevalence of this or that type of activity of people, you have 3 types of countries:

1. Agricultural: in these countries the share of work in agriculture is high. In some countries it exceeds 90% (Nepal, Ruan-da).

2. Indian countries: in these countries, the main link of the economy is industry. The share of employed people in industry in these countries is -30-40% (White-Russia, Russia, Words -kiya).

3. Post-industrial countries, in which the main part of the population is in the service sector (more than 60%). These are the most developed countries in the world - the USA, France, Switzerland, Germany.

Countries also differ in their geo-graphical differences.

Most countries live on ma-te-ri-kah, however, in their regions, countries differ in different ways -zhe-nu from-no-si-tel-no oke-a-na (sea).

The main part has a seaside location, that is, it is about the way to the World's Ocean. For example, Russia, China, Spain. This is important for the development of these countries and their connection with other paradises of the world. But some countries do not have direct access to the ocean, for example, Mongolia, Switzerland, Bo-li- viya.

SOURCES

http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/geografy/7-klass/chelovek-na-planete-zemlya/strany-mira?seconds=0

Movies, books and other manifestations of popular culture make us think that psychopaths as a class have a certain personality that makes them quite recognizable in the crowd. A chilling gaze, a scar above the eyebrow, a sense of personal greatness that immediately emerges during conversation, secrecy and the absence of any sympathy - all this, it seems to us, quite fully characterizes a psychopathic personality. But is this really so?

To reach this conclusion, a team of researchers from the University of Amsterdam, led by forensic psychology professor Bruno Verschuere, measured levels of psychopathy in two US offenders and one Dutch offender using the Hare Psychopathic Trait Checklist. The latter is a list of twenty signs, which includes such characteristics as “paleness,” “superficial charm,” “lack of remorse,” “impulsiveness,” “irresponsibility,” and some others.

One possible explanation for this discrepancy, writes IFL Science, is that there are differences in how professionals assess psychopathic traits in the US, the Netherlands and, logically, other countries. However, researchers are confident that psychopaths do differ from country to country, and that this difference comes down to a process called cultural conditioning. Essentially, it is about the way in which government, media and education shape what is culturally and socially acceptable in a society.

The theory is further supported by the fact that a growing number of mental health professionals today suggest that some mental conditions are, if not culturally determined, at least partly culturally determined. You can take as an example. While it affects people in a wide variety of regions, a 2014 study found that the disease manifests itself differently depending on whether a given society's culture is more collectivist or more individualistic.

Every inhabitant of the Earth is a citizen of some country. The number of countries is constantly increasing. Now there are more than 230 of them.

A country is a territory that has certain state borders and lives according to certain laws. They differ in many respects from each other in size and in the number of inhabitants and their economic activities. Each country has its own traditions, which are manifested in the character and lifestyle of people. Most modern countries (about 200) are independent or sovereign states. The rest - dependent territories - are administered by some of these states.

All countries of the world are shown on the political map. The borders of countries are drawn on it and their capitals are marked. The different colors used to indicate countries on the map are used to better distinguish the boundaries between the territories of neighboring states.

Size of territories and population of countries

Countries vary greatly in the size of their territory and the size of their population. Along with the “giant countries,” there are small countries and even “dwarf countries.”

Geographical location of countries

Countries have different geographical locations. Most of them are located on continents, but they are located differently within their boundaries. Most of it has a coastal location, that is, it has access to. This is very important for the development of connections between these countries and other parts of the world. But some countries do not have direct access to the Ocean.

Many countries are located on islands. There are countries that occupy just one island, and there are those that are located on several thousand islands. For example, it occupies 13 thousand islands, - 7 thousand, and - 4 thousand.

How are countries governed?

Every country needs governance. There are two main forms of government - republic and monarchy. Most modern countries are republics. In them, the government and head of state are elected by the people. In monarchies, the country is ruled by a monarch. His power is usually for life and is inherited. In countries that were former colonies, there is a special form of government - a state within the Commonwealth.

Economy of countries

Depending on the predominance of a particular type of human activity, there are three main types of countries. In agricultural countries, a high proportion of the working population is employed in agriculture. In some countries it exceeds 90% (Nepal,

Countries around the world differ significantly from each other in the nature of the macroeconomic problems they face. In an open economy, ways to solve these problems are absolutely individual for each of them.

But in any case, solving certain problems requires the preliminary creation and approval of a plan that identifies the problems and determines the sequence and mechanisms for solving them.

@ Macroeconomic program (macroeconomic program) - a set of existing economic conditions, set economic goals and tools for achieving them.

Macroeconomic programs can be drawn up either as an analytical guide for economic development or to correct problems that have arisen. Classification of macroeconomic programs by objectives:

Current / financial program - a program for medium-term planning or forecasting the macroeconomic development of the country. In almost all countries, it is carried out as part of the government’s budget preparation for at least the next year, but often includes its forecast for the next 2-3 years. Many countries have adopted lending programs that prioritize lending and cover either the entire banking sector or just the central bank.

Stabilization / short-term adjustment program - a program lasting up to 1-1.5 years, aimed at one-time correction of imbalances that are not related to deep structural problems of the economy. Thus, an increase in the budget deficit may be associated, for example, with unforeseen expenses for eliminating natural disasters or paying salaries to employees of state-owned enterprises that have gone on strike. A balance of payments deficit may be caused by a rapid outflow of short-term speculative capital and the need to make large payments on external debt that fell in a given year.

Long-term structural adjustment program / development program - a program lasting 3-4 years aimed at correcting deep structural imbalances in the economy and usually including measures such as privatization, demonopolization, and changes in economic regulation mechanisms.

In practice, no program can be unambiguously classified into one category or another. Often, while implementing the current program, the government is faced with an unexpected problem, which, if urgent stabilization measures are not applied, will lead to long-term imbalance. In many countries, a short-term financial crisis, which may be temporarily suppressed by a stabilization program, is a reflection of deep macroeconomic structural imbalances, either inherited from the previous regime or resulting from short-sighted current economic policies. The development of a macroeconomic program involves an analysis of past and current events in the economy and, based on this, drawing up a forecast of its development for the current year and the next few years.

@ Forecast (projection) - calculation and prediction of future economic trends based on the analysis of historical and current information.

The forecast is an integral part of any macroeconomic programs and should be based on a well-tested and established methodology that allows one to avoid technical errors and constantly update the forecast as new information becomes available.

By nature, macroeconomic programs are divided into:

Active programs are a set of measures that the government undertakes to take to achieve its goals.

Passive programs - an assessment of the possible consequences of current and planned economic policies and trends in the development of macroeconomic variables that would be desirable to achieve set goals.

Passive programs are usually developed in countries that do not experience significant macroeconomic disturbances, and are used by authorities for ongoing monitoring of economic development and for the purpose of informing the public about their plans. Active programs are most often associated with solving pressing problems of today and often involve the use of resources employed in one form or another on the global financial market. Active programs can also be long-term, aimed at deep structural reforms. Sources of external financing for such programs are limited to almost two or three international financial organizations, and therefore the possibilities for their implementation are severely limited by the volumes of domestic savings existing in the countries. An approximate relationship between different types of macroeconomic programs is presented in Table 9.1.

Class: 7

Goals:

• Consider a typology of countries based on qualitative characteristics that take into account the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world.
• Consider the diversity of countries in the modern world. Study different forms of states.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, political map of the world, atlas.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Lesson progress:

Every inhabitant of the Earth is a citizen of some country. Today we will get acquainted with various states that differ in some respects. What cards will you need for today's lesson? (political). Describe this map according to three characteristics (give a name, content, scale). What information can be obtained from this card? What signs display capitals and country borders? (conditional). Species? (area, linear, single).

3. Learning new material

You are presented with business cards of countries, determine in which countries they are located?

• Slide number 2. Guessing competition
• Slide number 3. Try to formulate the concept of country . What is a country? This is a territory that has certain state borders and lives according to certain laws.
• Slide No. 4. Countries of the world differ from each other in many ways. Most modern countries are independent or sovereign states. The rest are administered by some of these states.
• Slide No. 5. What does the concept of colony mean? A colony is a dependent, non-sovereign territory, the possession of a foreign state. Countries find themselves under the rule of other states as a result of their conquest. The largest number of dependent countries appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries. as a result of the conquest of the newly discovered territories of Africa, Australia, North and South America by European powers. Which part of the world has the most dependent states? Fewest colonies?
• Slide No. 6. How do you understand the concept of a sovereign country? A sovereign state is an independent state in internal and external affairs.
• Slide No. 7. Countries have different geographical locations, differ in the size of their territory and the size of the population living in them. Grouping of countries according to the following criteria:

1. Geographical position:
2. Square
3. Peninsular
4. Island
5. Archipelagic countries
6. Inland
7. Primorskie

Countries have different geographical locations. Most of them are located on continents, but within their borders the countries are located differently.

• Slide No. 8Peninsular states (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Italy). Name and show on the map two more peninsular states.
• Slide No. 9 Island (Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic). Many countries are located on islands. Give examples and show on a map the location of two more island states.
• Slide No. 10 There are countries that occupy only one island, and there are also those that are located on several thousand islands. For example, Indonesia occupies 13 thousand islands, the Philippines – 7 thousand, and Japan – 4 thousand. Countries are archipelagos (Japan, Philippines, Indonesia). Give examples of two or three more archipelagic countries.
• Slide No. 11. The majority of countries have a coastal location, that is, they have access to the World Ocean. This is very important for the development of connections between these countries and other parts of the world. Coastal - (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil). Give your examples of such countries and show them on the map.
• Slide number 12. But some countries are deprived of direct access to the Ocean. Inland - (Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo). The largest number of countries without access to the world's oceans are located in Eurasia - 25, of which 13 are in Europe, and 12 are in Asia. There are 15 such countries in Africa, and only 2 in South America. 42 countries in the world do not have access to the World Ocean. Give some of your examples.
• Slide No. 13. Countries vary greatly in territory size - “giant” and “dwarf” countries.
• Slide No. 14. “Giant” countries in terms of territory size: (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil).
• Slide No. 15. “Dwarf” countries (Vatican City, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Andorra)
• Slide No. 16. Countries also differ in the size of their population.
• Slide No. 17. “Giant” countries – (China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil)
• Slide No. 18. “Dwarf” countries (Vatican City, Nauru, Tuvalu, Palau, San Marino)
• Slide No. 19. Any country needs governance. There are two main forms of government – ​​republic and monarchy. Most modern countries are republics. In them, the government and head of state are elected by the people. In monarchies, the country is ruled by a monarch. His power is usually for life and is inherited. Depending on the title of the monarch, states can be called kingdoms, empires, duchies, principalities, emirates, and sultanates. Give examples of such countries.
• Slide number 20. Countries with a republican form of government.
• Slide number 21. Countries with a monarchical form of government.
• Slide No. 22. Depending on the predominance of one or another type of economic activity of people, there are three main types of countries. In agricultural countries, a high proportion of the working population is employed in agriculture. In some countries it exceeds 90% (Nepal, Rwanda). In industrialized countries, the main link in the economy is industry. In these countries, the share of people employed in industry is 30–40% (Russia, Belarus, Czech Republic). Countries in which the bulk of those employed in the economy work in the service sector (more than 60%) are called post-industrial. These are the most developed countries in the world (USA, UK, France, Germany).

4. Lesson summary